scholarly journals Transboundary Exchanges of Renewable Energy and Desalinated Water in the Middle East

Energies ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (8) ◽  
pp. 1455 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Katz ◽  
Arkadiy Shafran
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Middle East ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Open Space ◽  
Solar Irradiation ◽  
Palestinian Authority ◽  
Pv Systems ◽  
Desalinated Water ◽  
Feasible Option ◽  
High Population Growth

The Levant area of the Middle East suffers from both chronic water scarcity and high population growth. It is also a region highly dependent of fossil fuels. In order to address current and expected water demands, several countries in the region, including Israel, Jordan and the Palestinian Authority (PA), are depending increasingly on desalination, which is expected to intensify energy consumption and energy related emissions. Given that the region also benefits from high levels of solar irradiation nearly year-round, much attention has been given to the possibility of developing renewable energy in general and for desalination specifically. This paper presents partial results of a pre-feasibility study assessing the prospects of transfers of desalinated water from Israel and/or the PA, which have access to the Mediterranean Sea, to Jordan, in exchange for renewable solar-produced electricity from Jordan, which, unlike its neighbors, has an abundance of available open space suitable for solar production. The analysis shows that single-axis tracking photovoltaic (PV) systems appear to be the most economically feasible option. Moreover, the study shows that the proposed idea of international cooperation and water-energy exchanges, while facing political obstacles, could provide numerous economic, environmental and geopolitical benefits to all parties involved. As such, an arrangement such as that examined may be a more promising means of promoting both desalination and renewable energy than if each country unilaterally develops desalination and renewable energy in isolation from one another.

Experimental study and modeling of three grid-connected photovoltaic technologies of Meknes City

2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 390 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Bouhaki ◽  
R. Saadani ◽  
R. Agounoun ◽  
K. Sbai ◽  
M. Rahmoune
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Electrical Energy ◽  
Photovoltaic System ◽  
Solar Irradiation ◽  
Total Power ◽  
Pv System ◽  
Pv Systems ◽  
Average Annual Production ◽  
Reduce Emissions

Photovoltaic (PV) systems are the most promising renewable energy source in Morocco due to its abundant solar irradiation. The Moroccan government has launched various renewable energy programs to encourage the use of PV systems. In this work we present a comparative study in terms of energy produced and the efficiency of a grid connected photovoltaic (PV) system installed on the roof of the building occupied by the “Ecole Supérieure de Technologie de Meknes” (ESTM). The on-grid connected photovoltaic system has a total power of 5860 Watts (Wp). This system provides an average daily reduction of 30 kWh in the consumption of electrical energy at ESTM facilities; this will allow us to save fossil fuels and reduce emissions of greenhouse gas. The average annual production of electric power is estimated at 10.5 MWh, equivalent to burning 0.9 tons of oil, which will prevent the emission of about 2 tons / year of CO2 in the atmosphere. Three different commercial solar modules, manufactured with different materials and technologies in monocrystalline silicon, polycrystalline silicon and amorphous silicon were tested.

scholarly journals Effect of Single Axis Solar Tracking System on the Performance of Photovoltaic System: A Comparative Experimental Study

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 1746-1751
Author(s):  
Ravindra Pratap Singh
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Study ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Technological Development ◽  
Tracking System ◽  
Clean Energy ◽  
Photovoltaic System ◽  
Solar Irradiation ◽  
Pv Systems ◽  
Solar Tracking ◽  
Cost Efficient

Nowadays the demand for energy increased rapidly duo to escalating population and global technological development. Consequently, the focus on non-conventional energy sources is increasing rapidly due to change in climates and unhealthy environment caused by fossil fuels. Solar energy is vital to fulfill this growing need of clean energy. The performance of the photovoltaic (PV) technology used for capturing sun’s radiation is directly affected by solar irradiation. The optimum performance of the PV systems would be possible if the solar panel is always orientated towards the direction of maximum radiations of sun. Hence, in order improve the performance of the PV, tracking of maximum radiation of the sun is extremely important. In this experimental study, solar tracking is done using a single axis solar sun tracker which not only provides accurate but also cost efficient solar sun tracking in comparison with an existing stationary system of same capacity. The results show that a single axis solar tracking systems have generated approximately 28.3% more compared to static systems and is also found to be more economic than a solar tracking system which uses microcontroller.

scholarly journals Fuzzy logic application in the evaluation of performance of a prototype vehicle powered from solar energy and water electrolysis process

2016 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 176
Author(s):  
Marcos Dos Santos ◽  
Bruna Russo Bahiana ◽  
Marcone Freitas dos Reis ◽  
Ernesto Rademaker Martins ◽  
Fabrício da Costa Dias
Keyword(s):  
Fuzzy Logic ◽  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Water Electrolysis ◽  
Solar Irradiation ◽  
Energy Sources ◽  
Human Communication ◽  
Electrolysis Process

The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the performance of a prototype vehicle that uses a reversible fuel cell capable of producing and storing hydrogen and oxygen by breaking the water molecule - the electrolysis process, made possible with the use of solar panels. The vehicle shown only uses two main sources of energy: solar and hydrogen cells, both clean and renewable energy sources. Water is the only residue generated. The Fuzzy Logic was used in the establishment of linguistic variables and on the composition of inference rules based on power, solar panel area and solar irradiation. The Fuzzy Logic provides a method of translating verbal, vague, imprecise and qualitative expressions, common in human communication in numeric values. This enables the conversion of the human experience in a way understandable by computers. Thus, the technology made possible by the fuzzy approach has a practical value. In view of the severe environmental degradation in which the planet is going through and the scarcity of energy sources, especially fossil fuels, one of the great challenges of the scientific community is to develop new technologies that use clean and renewable energy sources, that are economically viable and promote sustainable technologies and processes.

scholarly journals Design and Energy Requirements of a Photovoltaic-Thermal Powered Water Desalination Plant for the Middle East

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 1001
Author(s):  
Saeed Alqaed ◽  
Jawed Mustafa ◽  
Fahad Awjah Almehmadi
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Middle East ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Minimum Cost ◽  
Electrical Energy ◽  
Water Desalination ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Remote Community ◽  
East Region ◽  
Middle East Region

Seawater or brackish water desalination is largely powered by fossil fuels, raising concerns about greenhouse gas emissions, particularly in the arid Middle East region. Many steps have been taken to implement solar resources to this issue; however, all attempts for all processing were concentrated on solar to electric conversion. To address these challenges, a small-scale reverse-osmosis (RO) desalination system that is in part powered by hybrid photovoltaic/thermal (PVT) solar collectors appropriate for a remote community in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) was designed and its power requirements calculated. This system provides both electricity to the pumps and low-temperature thermal energy to pre-heat the feedwater to reduce its viscosity, and thus to reduce the required pumping energy for the RO process and for transporting the feedwater. Results show that both thermal and electrical energy storage, along with conventional backup power, is necessary to operate the RO continuously and utilize all of the renewable energy collected by the PVT. A cost-optimal sizing of the PVT system is developed. It displays for a specific case that the hybrid PVT RO system employs 70% renewable energy while delivering desalinized water for a cost that is 18% less than the annual cost for driving the plant with 100% conventional electricity and no pre-heating of the feedwater. The design allows for the sizing of the components to achieve minimum cost at any desired level of renewable energy penetration.

scholarly journals Comparison of Middle-Sized PTC and PV Power Plants for METU NCC

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 53-59
Author(s):  
Gozde Taylan ◽  
Onur Taylan ◽  
Murat Fahrioglu
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Solar Energy ◽  
Power Plants ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Meteorological Data ◽  
Capacity Factor ◽  
Solar Irradiation ◽  
Parabolic Trough ◽  
Cost Of Energy ◽  
Energy Options

Since usage of fossil fuels for producing electricity causes climate change, renewable energy options have become one of the best substitution for fossil fuels. Solar energy promises high amount of resources for producing electricity. Among solar energy alternatives, Photovoltaic (PV) and Parabolic Trough Collectors (PTC) are dominant in the market. This paper compares middle size of PV and PTC power plant for the electricity need of Middle East Technical University Northern Cyprus Campus. Based on the maximum hourly demand of METU NCC, both PV and PTC are sized to 3 MWe. The simulations were performed via SAM software using the hourly values from typical meteorological data, which include solar irradiation, wind speed, dry and wet bulb temperatures, relative humidity and pressure. For the PTC and PV plants, commercially available components are used. The scenario assumes METU NCC to be a grid-connected micro-grid with one-way tariff, so that any deficit energy can be met by the utility and any excess energy produced by the suggested renewable energy systems will be given to the grid for free. The results indicate that 3 MW PV plant would generate annual energy of about 4.95 GWh with a capacity factor of 18.9%. These numbers would yield to a LCOE value of 2.60 ¢/kWh. On the other hand, the suggested 3 MW PTC plant with 2 solar multiple would supply about annual energy of 6.3 GWh at a capacity factor of 24.0%. The LCOE of the energy from PTC plant was estimated to be 8.47 ¢/kWh due to high capital and operation cost of PTC plants compared to PV plants. However, over years the cost of PTC power plants has been decreasing. Additionally, both PTC plant and PV plant would consume water only for cleaning purposes that makes them suitable for Cyprus water scarcity conditions. Overall, this study shows pros and cons of middle-sized PV and PTC plants with the case study of METU NCC.   Keywords: economic comparison, levelized cost of energy, parabolic trough, photovoltaic, renewable energy, solar energy

scholarly journals Feasibility study of renewable energy resources and optimization of electrical hybrid energy systems: Case study for Islamic Azad University, South Tehran Branch, Iran

2017 ◽  
Vol 21 (1 Part A) ◽  
pp. 335-351 ◽  
Author(s):  
Farivar Fazelpour ◽  
Nima Soltani
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Solar Radiation ◽  
Hybrid Systems ◽  
Feasibility Study ◽  
Hybrid System ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Solar Irradiation ◽  
Renewable Energy Resources ◽  
Diesel Generator ◽  
Hourly Data

Renewable energies are increasingly seen as the best solution to a growing global population demanding affordable access to electricity while reducing the need for fossil fuels. Country of Iran has vast untapped solar, wind, geothermal and hydroelectric sources that hold the potential to meet domestic needs. Renewable energy is also essential to Iran as it will curb massive air pollution. In this paper economical and feasibility study of various hybrid systems are performed by using HOMER software model for supplying electricity to the Engineering Department of Islamic Azad University. For this study, annual electricity demand of the university is 1,174,935 kWh with a peak demand of about 331 kW, average wind speeds, based on hourly data during the period of eleven years (2000-2010), are between 3 to 5 m/s in all months of the year. For solar radiation, six models are evaluated to select the best model for estimation of the daily global solar radiation (GSR) on a horizontal surface in the study location. Among these six models, H/HO=a+b (S/S0)+ c(S/S0)2 is chosen as the most optimum model for estimating solar irradiation. The results indicate that among the three hybrid systems for fulfilling electrical energy needs, the Wind/Diesel/Battery hybrid system with 9 wind turbines (20 kW), one diesel generator (300 kW), 50 batteries, and 50 kW power converters with net present cost of $4,281,800 and cost of energy of 0.285 $/kWh is the most economically efficient hybrid system. (based on 2015 US dollar).

A tes

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
IJE Manager
Keyword(s):  
Energy Supply ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Geographical Location ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Past Century ◽  
Solar Pv ◽  
Pv Systems ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
A Site ◽  
Selection Methodology

In the past century, fossil fuels have dominated energy supply in Indonesia. However, concerns over emissions are likely to change the future energy supply. As people become more conscious of environmental issues, alternatives for energy are sought to reduce the environmental impacts. These include renewable energy (RE) sources such as solar photovoltaic (PV) systems. However, most RE sources like solar PV are not available continuously since they depend on weather conditions, in addition to geographical location. Bali has a stable and long sunny day with 12 hours of daylight throughout the year and an average insolation of 5.3 kWh/m2 per day. This study looks at the potential for on-grid solar PV to decarbonize energy in Bali. A site selection methodology using GIS is applied to measure solar PV potential. Firstly, the study investigates the boundaries related to environmental acceptability and economic objectives for land use in Bali. Secondly, the potential of solar energy is estimated by defining the suitable areas, given the technical assumptions of solar PV. Finally, the study extends the analysis to calculate the reduction in emissions when the calculated potential is installed. Some technical factors, such as tilting solar, and intermittency throughout the day, are outside the scope of this study. Based on this model, Bali has an annual electricity potential for 32-53 TWh from solar PV using amorphous thin-film silicon as the cheapest option. This potential amount to three times the electricity supply for the island in 2024 which is estimated at 10 TWh. Bali has an excessive potential to support its own electricity demand with renewables, however, some limitations exist with some trade-offs to realize the idea. These results aim to build a developmental vision of solar PV systems in Bali based on available land and the region’s irradiation.

Energy After COVID

2020 ◽  
Vol 119 (820) ◽  
pp. 317-322
Author(s):  
Michael T. Klare
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Electric Vehicles ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Fossil Fuel ◽  
White Collar ◽  
Peak Oil ◽  
Business Travel ◽  
Reduce Energy Consumption ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Energy Companies

By transforming patterns of travel and work around the world, the COVID-19 pandemic is accelerating the transition to renewable energy and the decline of fossil fuels. Lockdowns brought car commuting and plane travel to a near halt, and the mass experiment in which white-collar employees have been working from home may permanently reduce energy consumption for business travel. Renewable energy and electric vehicles were already gaining market share before the pandemic. Under pressure from investors, major energy companies have started writing off fossil fuel reserves as stranded assets that are no longer worth the cost of extracting. These shifts may indicate that “peak oil demand” has arrived earlier than expected.

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