scholarly journals Water Condensation in Traction Battery Systems

Energies ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (6) ◽  
pp. 1171
Author(s):  
Woong-Ki Kim ◽  
Fabian Steger ◽  
Bhavya Kotak ◽  
Peter Knudsen ◽  
Uwe Girgsdies ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cooling System ◽  
Lithium Ion ◽  
Internal Surface ◽  
Normal Operation ◽  
Battery System ◽  
Water Condensation ◽  
Battery Systems ◽  
Gradient Based ◽  
And Performance ◽  
High Level

Lithium-ion traction battery systems of hybrid and electric vehicles must have a high level of durability and reliability like all other components and systems of a vehicle. Battery systems get heated while in the application. To ensure the desired life span and performance, most systems are equipped with a cooling system. The changing environmental condition in daily use may cause water condensation in the housing of the battery system. In this study, three system designs were investigated, to compare different solutions to deal with pressure differences and condensation: (1) a sealed battery system, (2) an open system and (3) a battery system equipped with a pressure compensation element (PCE). These three designs were tested under two conditions: (a) in normal operation and (b) in a maximum humidity scenario. The amount of the condensation in the housing was determined through a change in relative humidity of air inside the housing. Through PCE and available spacing of the housing, moisture entered into the housing during the cooling process. While applying the test scenarios, the gradient-based drift of the moisture into the housing contributed maximum towards the condensation. Condensation occurred on the internal surface for all the three design variants.

Fault Detection and Isolation for Lithium-Ion Battery System Using Structural Analysis and Sequential Residual Generation

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhentong Liu ◽  
Qadeer Ahmed ◽  
Giorgio Rizzoni ◽  
Hongwen He
Keyword(s):  
Structural Analysis ◽  
Fault Detection ◽  
Cooling System ◽  
Hazard Analysis ◽  
Lithium Ion ◽  
Test Construction ◽  
Fault Isolation ◽  
Fault Detection And Isolation ◽  
Battery Cell ◽  
Battery Systems

This paper presents a systematic methodology based on structural analysis and sequential residual generators to design a Fault Detection and Isolation (FDI) scheme for nonlinear battery systems. The faults to be diagnosed are highlighted using a detailed hazard analysis conducted for battery systems. The developed methodology includes four steps: candidate residual generators generation, residual generators selection, diagnostic test construction and fault isolation. State transformation is employed to make the residuals realizable. The simulation results show that the proposed FDI scheme successfully detects and isolates the faults injected in the battery cell with cooling system at different times. In addition, there are no false or missed detections of the faults.

scholarly journals Thermal Conductivity in Aged Li-Ion Cells under Various Compression Conditions and State-of-Charge

Batteries ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 42
Author(s):  
Georgi Kovachev ◽  
Andrea Astner ◽  
Gregor Gstrein ◽  
Luigi Aiello ◽  
Johann Hemmer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Conductivity ◽  
Cooling System ◽  
Short Circuit ◽  
Lithium Ion ◽  
Measurement Procedure ◽  
Thermal Parameter ◽  
State Of Charge ◽  
Normal Operation ◽  
Battery Lifetime ◽  
Li Ion

Thermal conductivity (TC) is a parameter, which significantly influences the spatial temperature gradients of lithium ion batteries in operative or abuse conditions. It affects the dissipation of the generated heat by the cell during normal operation or during thermal runaway propagation from one cell to the next after an external short circuit. Hence, the thermal conductivity is a parameter of great importance, which concurs to assess the safety of a Li-ion battery. In this work, an already validated, non-destructive measurement procedure was adopted for the determination of the evolution of the through-plane thermal conductivity of 41 Ah commercially available Li-ion pouch cells (LiNiMnCoO2-LiMn2O4/Graphite) as function of battery lifetime and state of charge (SOC). Results show a negative parabolic behaviour of the thermal conductivity over the battery SOC-range. In addition, an average decrease of TC in thickness direction of around 4% and 23% was measured for cells cycled at 60 °C with and without compression, respectively. It was shown that pretension force during cycling reduces battery degradation and thus minimises the effect of ageing on the thermal parameter deterioration. Nevertheless, this study highlights the need of adjustment of the battery pack cooling system due to the deterioration of thermal conductivity after certain battery lifetime with the aim of reducing the risk of battery overheating after certain product life.

scholarly journals DBSCAN-Based Thermal Runaway Diagnosis of Battery Systems for Electric Vehicles

Energies ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (15) ◽  
pp. 2977 ◽  
Author(s):  
Da Li ◽  
Zhaosheng Zhang ◽  
Peng Liu ◽  
Zhenpo Wang
Keyword(s):  
Electric Vehicles ◽  
Spatial Clustering ◽  
Lithium Ion ◽  
Thermal Runaway ◽  
Battery System ◽  
Diagnosis And Prognosis ◽  
Dbscan Clustering ◽  
System Diagnosis ◽  
Battery Systems ◽  
Diagnosis Method

Battery system diagnosis and prognosis are essential for ensuring the safe operation of electric vehicles (EVs). This paper proposes a diagnosis method of thermal runaway for ternary lithium-ion battery systems based on the Density-Based Spatial Clustering of Applications with Noise (DBSCAN) clustering. Two-dimensional fault characteristics are first extracted according to battery voltage, and DBSCAN clustering is used to diagnose the potential thermal runaway cells (PTRC). The periodic risk assessing strategy is put forward to evaluate the fault risk of battery cells. The feasibility, reliability, stability, necessity, and robustness of the proposed algorithm are analyzed, and its effectiveness is verified based on datasets collected from real-world operating electric vehicles. The results show that the proposed method can accurately predict the locations of PTRC in the battery pack a few days before the thermal runaway occurrence.

scholarly journals Dimensioning and Optimization of Hybrid Li-Ion Battery Systems for EVs

2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 19 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jan Becker ◽  
Thomas Nemeth ◽  
Raphael Wegmann ◽  
Dirk Sauer
Keyword(s):  
Fixed Ratio ◽  
Lithium Ion ◽  
Maximum Power ◽  
Battery Pack ◽  
Optimization Approach ◽  
System Specification ◽  
Control Logic ◽  
Battery Cell ◽  
Battery System ◽  
Battery Systems

Commercial electric vehicles nowadays are powered by a battery system containing one kind of lithium-ion battery cell. Due to the fixed ratio of the cells’ maximum power to nominal energy, the possibilities for designing power and energy of the battery pack independently are limited. The battery system’s energy and maximum power can only be scaled by adapting the number of cells and modules, and the parameters furthermore depend on the characteristics of the cells used. Additional power electronics in the form of one or more dc/dc converters can be used to form a hybrid battery system comprised of more than one pack and different cell technologies. This allows for individually designing each battery pack and thus optimizing the overall battery system specification. This work presents a battery dimensioning and optimization approach for single pack and hybrid battery systems. It is based on an evolutionary optimization algorithm and a detailed, modular Matlab-Simulink vehicle model. Studies on the advantages of hybrid batteries for different vehicle classes were carried out. Results indicate that optimized hybrid battery systems can lead to weight and volume savings and further advantages in total cost of ownership, for example, by enhanced battery life time or reduced investment costs. On the other hand, they require more complex control logic, which is also discussed in this paper.

Scenario-Based Development of Disassembly Systems for Automotive Lithium Ion Battery Systems

2014 ◽  
Vol 907 ◽  
pp. 391-401 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christoph Herrmann ◽  
Annika Raatz ◽  
Stefan Andrew ◽  
Jan Schmitt
Keyword(s):  
End Of Life ◽  
System Development ◽  
Lithium Ion ◽  
Integrated Sensor ◽  
Battery Cell ◽  
Battery System ◽  
Working Space ◽  
Battery Systems ◽  
Core Elements ◽  
Automated Disassembly

The rising number of lithium ion batteries from electric vehicles makes an economically advantageous and technically mature disassembly system for the end-of-life batteries inevitable. The disassembly system needs to cope with the size, the design and the remaining state of charge of the respective battery system. The complex design resulting from the number and type of connection elements challenges an automated disassembly. The realisation of an automated disassembly presupposes the consideration of elements from Design for Disassembly throughout the battery system development. In this paper a scenario-based development of disassembly systems is presented with varying possible design aspects as well as different amounts of end of life battery systems. These scenarios point out the resulting implications on battery disassembly systems in short, medium and long term. Using a morphological box the best option for each disassembly scenario is identified and framed in a disassembly system design. The disassembly systems are explained and the core elements are introduced. Newly developed and innovative disassembly tools, such as a robot that allows a hybrid human-robot-working-space and an advanced battery cell gripper are introduced. The gripper system for the battery cells enables with an integrated sensor an instant monitoring of the battery cell condition. The proposed disassembly element is verified in an experimental test series with automotive pouch cell batteries.

ADAPTIVE ALGORITHMS OF CONTROLLING THE SMART LI-ION BATTERY CONTROLLER

2018 ◽  
pp. 104-110
Author(s):  
I. A. Borovoy ◽  
O. V. Danishevskiy ◽  
A. V. Parfenov
Keyword(s):  
Power Supply ◽  
Power Supply System ◽  
Electric Energy ◽  
Lithium Ion ◽  
Control Device ◽  
Control Algorithms ◽  
Battery System ◽  
Electronic Control Device ◽  
Li Ion ◽  
Cell Balancing

The article substantiates the necessity of organizing the control system of modern lithium-ion batteries. Passive and active methods of cell balancing are described. The method of increase of efficiency of modes of accumulation of electric energy by means of the special electronic control device (the intellectual controller) and its further use for power supply of the functional equipment is considered. The structure of the intelligent controller as a part of the autonomous power supply system with the description of its main functional units and purpose is presented. Practical results of application in the intellectual controller of original adaptive control algorithms defining modes of operation of lithium-ion drives depending on various environmental conditions are resulted. The results of the analysis obtained by the results of experimental operation of the battery system, reflecting the qualitative and quantitative advantages of the proposed method.

https://imsciences.edu.pk/files/journals/vol12_2/New%201%20MA.864.pdf

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 19-50 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhammad Siddique ◽  
Shandana Shoaib ◽  
Zahoor Jan
Keyword(s):  
Organizational Performance ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Service Sector ◽  
Performance Outcomes ◽  
Theory And Practice ◽  
Relational Coordination ◽  
Multiple Sources ◽  
And Performance ◽  
High Level

A key aspect of work processes in service sector firms is the interconnection between tasks and performance. Relational coordination can play an important role in addressing the issues of coordinating organizational activities due to high level of interdependence complexity in service sector firms. Research has primarily supported the aspect that well devised high performance work systems (HPWS) can intensify organizational performance. There is a growing debate, however, with regard to understanding the “mechanism” linking HPWS and performance outcomes. Using relational coordination theory, this study examines a model that examine the effects of subsets of HPWS, such as motivation, skills and opportunity enhancing HR practices on relational coordination among employees working in reciprocal interdependent job settings. Data were gathered from multiple sources including managers and employees at individual, functional and unit levels to know their understanding in relation to HPWS and relational coordination (RC) in 218 bank branches in Pakistan. Data analysis via structural equation modelling, results suggest that HPWS predicted RC among officers at the unit level. The findings of the study have contributions to both, theory and practice.

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