scholarly journals Optimal Distribution Grid Operation Using DLMP-Based Pricing for Electric Vehicle Charging Infrastructure in a Smart City

Energies ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 686 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bruno Canizes ◽  
João Soares ◽  
Zita Vale ◽  
Juan Corchado
Keyword(s):  
Dynamic Pricing ◽  
Distribution System ◽  
Smart City ◽  
User Behavior ◽  
Distribution Grid ◽  
Charging Infrastructure ◽  
Energy Pricing ◽  
Electric Vehicle Charging ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Ev Charging

The use of electric vehicles (EVs) is growing in popularity each year, and as a result, considerable demand increase is expected in the distribution network (DN). Additionally, the uncertainty of EV user behavior is high, making it urgent to understand its impact on the network. Thus, this paper proposes an EV user behavior simulator, which operates in conjunction with an innovative smart distribution locational marginal pricing based on operation/reconfiguration, for the purpose of understanding the impact of the dynamic energy pricing on both sides: the grid and the user. The main goal, besides the distribution system operator (DSO) expenditure minimization, is to understand how and to what extent dynamic pricing of energy for EV charging can positively affect the operation of the smart grid and the EV charging cost. A smart city with a 13-bus DN and a high penetration of distributed energy resources is used to demonstrate the application of the proposed models. The results demonstrate that dynamic energy pricing for EV charging is an efficient approach that increases monetary savings considerably for both the DSO and EV users.

A Tale of Two Entities

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-21
Author(s):  
Hossam ElHussini ◽  
Chadi Assi ◽  
Bassam Moussa ◽  
Ribal Atallah ◽  
Ali Ghrayeb
Keyword(s):  
Power Flow ◽  
Power Grid ◽  
Communication Protocols ◽  
Charging Infrastructure ◽  
Electric Vehicle Charging ◽  
Public Data ◽  
Simulation Based ◽  
Charging Stations ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Ev Charging

With the growing market of Electric Vehicles (EV), the procurement of their charging infrastructure plays a crucial role in their adoption. Within the revolution of Internet of Things, the EV charging infrastructure is getting on board with the introduction of smart Electric Vehicle Charging Stations (EVCS), a myriad set of communication protocols, and different entities. We provide in this article an overview of this infrastructure detailing the participating entities and the communication protocols. Further, we contextualize the current deployment of EVCSs through the use of available public data. In the light of such a survey, we identify two key concerns, the lack of standardization and multiple points of failures, which renders the current deployment of EV charging infrastructure vulnerable to an array of different attacks. Moreover, we propose a novel attack scenario that exploits the unique characteristics of the EVCSs and their protocol (such as high power wattage and support for reverse power flow) to cause disturbances to the power grid. We investigate three different attack variations; sudden surge in power demand, sudden surge in power supply, and a switching attack. To support our claims, we showcase using a real-world example how an adversary can compromise an EVCS and create a traffic bottleneck by tampering with the charging schedules of EVs. Further, we perform a simulation-based study of the impact of our proposed attack variations on the WSCC 9 bus system. Our simulations show that an adversary can cause devastating effects on the power grid, which might result in blackout and cascading failure by comprising a small number of EVCSs.

scholarly journals Modeling the Impact of the Vehicle-to-Grid Services on the Hourly Operation of the Power Distribution Grid

Designs ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 55 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tawfiq Aljohani ◽  
Osama Mohammed
Keyword(s):  
Power Distribution ◽  
Distribution System ◽  
Test System ◽  
Distribution Grid ◽  
Dynamic Simulations ◽  
Charging Infrastructure ◽  
Vehicle To Grid ◽  
Available Energy ◽  
Stability Issues ◽  
The Impact

Electric Vehicles (EVs) impact on the grid could be very high. Unless we monitor and control the integration of EVs, the distribution network might experience unexpected high or low load that might exceed the system voltage limits, leading to severe stability issues. On the other hand, the available energy stored in the EVs can be utilized to free the distribution system from some of the congested load at certain times or to allow the grid to charge more EVs at any time of the day, including peak hours. This article presents dynamic simulations of the hour-to-hour operation of the distribution feeder to measure the grid’s reaction to the EV’s charging and discharging process. Four case scenarios were modeled here considering a 24-h distribution system load data on the IEEE 34 bus feeder. The results show the level of charging and discharging that were allowed on this test system, during each hour of the day, before violating the limits of the system. It also estimates the costs of charging throughout the day, utilizing time-of-use rates as well as the number of EVs to be charged on an hourly basis on each bus and provide hints on the best locations on the system to establish the charging infrastructure.

The Impact of Charging Plug-In Electric Vehicles on Distribution System Considering Spatial and Temporal Distribution

2014 ◽  
Vol 953-954 ◽  
pp. 1367-1371
Author(s):  
Dong Hua Wang ◽  
Cheng Xiong Mao ◽  
Min Wei Wang ◽  
Ji Ming Lu ◽  
Hua Fan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electric Vehicles ◽  
Distribution System ◽  
Distribution Systems ◽  
Temporal Distribution ◽  
Load Flow ◽  
Distribution Grid ◽  
Initial State ◽  
Start Time ◽  
Charging Infrastructure ◽  
The Impact

The plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs) would exert inevitable impact on distribution system operation due to the spatial and temporal stochastic nature of the charging load. Based on the probability distributions of battery charging start time and the initial state-of-charge (SOC), the spatial and temporal charging loads of PEVs are analyzed on load nature and charging behaviors among different functional distribution areas. Taking IEEE 33-bus distribution system as an example, the Monte Carlo method is adopted to simulate charging load under different charging strategies and charging places for assess the impact on network loss and nodal voltage using standard load flow calculations. The results show that the choice of control strategies can improve the impacts of PEVs charging on distribution grid; a well-developed public charging infrastructure could reduce the stress on the residential distribution systems; optimal assignment of PEVs charging in residential area and industrial or commercial areas would provide a reference for charging infrastructure construction.

scholarly journals Indicator-Based Methodology for Assessing EV Charging Infrastructure Using Exploratory Data Analysis

Energies ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 1869 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexandre Lucas ◽  
Giuseppe Prettico ◽  
Marco Flammini ◽  
Evangelos Kotsakis ◽  
Gianluca Fulli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Energy Demand ◽  
Energy Use ◽  
Spatial Density ◽  
Carbon Intensity ◽  
Impact Indicator ◽  
Charging Infrastructure ◽  
Smart Charging ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Ev Charging

Electric vehicle (EV) charging infrastructure rollout is well under way in several power systems, namely North America, Japan, Europe, and China. In order to support EV charging infrastructures design and operation, little attempt has been made to develop indicator-based methods characterising such networks across different regions. This study defines an assessment methodology, composed by eight indicators, allowing a comparison among EV public charging infrastructures. The proposed indicators capture the following: energy demand from EVs, energy use intensity, charger’s intensity distribution, the use time ratios, energy use ratios, the nearest neighbour distance between chargers and availability, the total service ratio, and the carbon intensity as an environmental impact indicator. We apply the methodology to a dataset from ElaadNL, a reference smart charging provider in The Netherlands, using open source geographic information system (GIS) and R software. The dataset reveals higher energy intensity in six urban areas and that 50% of energy supplied comes from 19.6% of chargers. Correlations of spatial density are strong and nearest neighbouring distances range from 1101 to 9462 m. Use time and energy use ratios are 11.21% and 3.56%. The average carbon intensity is 4.44 gCO2eq/MJ. Finally, the indicators are used to assess the impact of relevant public policies on the EV charging infrastructure use and roll-out.

scholarly journals Modeling the Impact of Electric Vehicle Charging Infrastructure on Regional Energy Systems: Fields of Action for an Improved e-Mobility Integration

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (23) ◽  
pp. 7992
Author(s):  
Dominik Husarek ◽  
Vjekoslav Salapic ◽  
Simon Paulus ◽  
Michael Metzger ◽  
Stefan Niessen
Keyword(s):  
Peak Reduction ◽  
Charging Infrastructure ◽  
Infrastructure Networks ◽  
Charging Station ◽  
Electric Vehicle Charging ◽  
Economic Framework ◽  
Infrastructure Investments ◽  
Grid Operators ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Charging Demand

Since e-Mobility is on the rise worldwide, large charging infrastructure networks are required to satisfy the upcoming charging demand. Planning these networks not only involves different objectives from grid operators, drivers and Charging Station (CS) operators alike but it also underlies spatial and temporal uncertainties of the upcoming charging demand. Here, we aim at showing these uncertainties and assess different levers to enable the integration of e-Mobility. Therefore, we introduce an Agent-based model assessing regional charging demand and infrastructure networks with the interactions between charging infrastructure and electric vehicles. A global sensitivity analysis is applied to derive general guidelines for integrating e-Mobility effectively within a region by considering the grid impact, the economic viability and the Service Quality of the deployed Charging Infrastructure (SQCI). We show that an improved macro-economic framework should enable infrastructure investments across different types of locations such as public, highway and work to utilize cross-locational charging peak reduction effects. Since the height of the residential charging peak depends up to 18% on public charger availability, supporting public charging infrastructure investments especially in highly utilized power grid regions is recommended.

scholarly journals Controllability Evaluation of EV Charging Infrastructure Transformed from Gas Stations in Distribution Networks with Renewables

Energies ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (8) ◽  
pp. 1577
Author(s):  
Shuang Gao ◽  
Jianzhong Wu ◽  
Bin Xu
Keyword(s):  
Power Distribution ◽  
Queuing Theory ◽  
Distribution Networks ◽  
Temporal And Spatial Distribution ◽  
Charging Infrastructure ◽  
Optimal Dispatch ◽  
Gas Stations ◽  
Charging Stations ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Ev Charging

A considerable market share of electric vehicles (EVs) is expected in the near future, which leads to a transformation from gas stations to EV charging infrastructure for automobiles. EV charging stations will be integrated with the power grid to replace the fuel consumption at the gas stations for the same mobile needs. In order to evaluate the impact on distribution networks and the controllability of the charging load, the temporal and spatial distribution of the charging power is calculated by establishing mapping the relation between gas stations and charging facilities. Firstly, the arrival and parking period is quantified by applying queuing theory and defining membership function between EVs to parking lots. Secondly, the operational model of charging stations connected to the power distribution network is formulated, and the control variables and their boundaries are identified. Thirdly, an optimal control algorithm is proposed, which combines the configuration of charging stations and charging power regulation during the parking period of each individual EV. A two-stage hybrid optimization algorithm is developed to solve the reliability constrained optimal dispatch problem for EVs, with an EV aggregator installed at each charging station. Simulation results validate the proposed method in evaluating the controllability of EV charging infrastructure and the synergy effects between EV and renewable integration.

scholarly journals Impact of Rooftop Photovoltaics on the Distribution System

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-23 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kamel A. Alboaouh ◽  
Salman Mohagheghi
Keyword(s):  
Distribution System ◽  
Lessons Learned ◽  
Historical Background ◽  
Distribution Grid ◽  
System A ◽  
Voltage Quality ◽  
High Penetration ◽  
Pv Penetration ◽  
Smart Inverters ◽  
The Impact

This paper presents a review of the impact of rooftop photovoltaic (PV) panels on the distribution grid. This includes how rooftop PVs affect voltage quality, power losses, and the operation of other voltage-regulating devices in the system. A historical background and a classification of the most relevant publications are presented along with the review of the important lessons learned. It has been widely believed that high penetration levels of PVs in the distribution grid can potentially cause problems for node voltages or overhead line flows. However, it is shown in the literature that proper control of the PV resource using smart inverters can alleviate many of those issues, hence paving the way for higher PV penetration levels in the grid.

scholarly journals An Insight into Practical Solutions for Electric Vehicle Charging in Smart Grid

Energies ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (7) ◽  
pp. 1545 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sara Deilami ◽  
S. M. Muyeen
Keyword(s):  
Smart Grid ◽  
Power System ◽  
Distribution System ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Low Voltage ◽  
Co2 Reduction ◽  
Renewable Energy Resources ◽  
Smart Power ◽  
Electric Vehicle Charging ◽  
Ev Charging

The electrification of transportation has been developed to support energy efficiency and CO2 reduction. As a result, electric vehicles (EVs) have become more popular in the current transport system to create more efficient energy. In recent years, this increase in EVs as well as renewable energy resources (RERs) has led to a major issue for power system networks. This paper studies electrical vehicles (EVs) and their applications in the smart grid and provides practical solutions for EV charging strategies in a smart power system to overcome the issues associated with large-scale EV penetrations. The research first reviews the EV battery infrastructure and charging strategies and introduces the main impacts of uncontrolled charging on the power grid. Then, it provides a practical overview of the existing and future solutions to manage the large-scale integration of EVs into the network. The simulation results for two controlled strategies of maximum sensitivity selection (MSS) and genetic algorithm (GA) optimization are presented and reviewed. A comparative analysis was performed to prove the application and validity of the solution approaches. This also helps researchers with the application of the optimization approaches on EV charging strategies. These two algorithms were implemented on a modified IEEE 23 kV medium voltage distribution system with switched shunt capacitors (SSCs) and a low voltage residential network, including EVs and nonlinear EV battery chargers.

scholarly journals Impact of Electric Vehicle Charging Strategy on the Long-Term Planning of an Isolated Microgrid

Energies ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (13) ◽  
pp. 3455
Author(s):  
Jean-Michel Clairand ◽  
Carlos Álvarez-Bel ◽  
Javier Rodríguez-García ◽  
Guillermo Escrivá-Escrivá
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Energy Use ◽  
Environmental Benefits ◽  
Electric Vehicle Charging ◽  
Power Generation Planning ◽  
Smart Charging ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Ev Charging ◽  
Charging Strategy

Isolated microgrids, such as islands, rely on fossil fuels for electricity generation and include vehicle fleets, which poses significant environmental challenges. To address this, distributed energy resources based on renewable energy and electric vehicles (EVs) have been deployed in several places. However, they present operational and planning concerns. Hence, the aim of this paper is to propose a two-level microgrid problem. The first problem considers an EV charging strategy that minimizes charging costs and maximizes the renewable energy use. The second level evaluates the impact of this charging strategy on the power generation planning of Santa Cruz Island, Galapagos, Ecuador. This planning model is simulated in HOMER Energy. The results demonstrate the economic and environmental benefits of investing in additional photovoltaic (PV) generation and in the EV charging strategy. Investing in PV and smart charging for EVs could reduce the N P C by 13.58%, but a reduction in the N P C of the EV charging strategy would result in up to 3.12%.

scholarly journals Effect of Electric Vehicles Charging Loads on Realistic Residential Distribution System in Aqaba-Jordan

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 218
Author(s):  
Mohammad A. Obeidat ◽  
Abdulaziz Almutairi ◽  
Saeed Alyami ◽  
Ruia Dahoud ◽  
Ayman M. Mansour ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electric Vehicles ◽  
Distribution System ◽  
Voltage Drop ◽  
Response Strategy ◽  
Proper Actions ◽  
Real Distribution ◽  
The Monte Carlo Method ◽  
Residential Distribution ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Ev Charging

In recent years, air pollution and climate change issues have pushed people worldwide to switch to using electric vehicles (EVs) instead of gas-driven vehicles. Unfortunately, most distribution system facilities are neither designed nor well prepared to accommodate these new types of loads, which are characterized by random and uncertain behavior. Therefore, this paper provides a comprehensive investigation of EVs’ effect on a realistic distribution system. It provides a technical evaluation and analysis of a real distribution system’s load and voltage drop in the presence of EVs under different charging strategies. In addition, this investigation presents a new methodology for managing EV loads under a dynamic response strategy in response to the distribution system’s critical hours. The proposed methodology is applied to a real distribution network, using the Monte Carlo method and the CYME program. Random driver behavior is taken into account in addition to various factors that affect EV load parameters. Overall, the results show that the distribution system is significantly affected by the addition of EV charging loads, which create a severe risk to feeder limits and voltage drop. However, a significant reduction in the impact of EVs can be achieved if a proper dynamic demand response programme is implemented. We hope that the outcomes of this investigation will provide decision-makers and planners with prior knowledge about the expected impact of using EVs and, consequently, enable them to take the proper actions needed to manage such load.

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