scholarly journals Hydrothermal Carbonization Brewer’s Spent Grains with the Focus on Improving the Degradation of the Feedstock

Energies ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 3226 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pablo Arauzo ◽  
Maciej Olszewski ◽  
Andrea Kruse
Keyword(s):  
Water Content ◽  
Liquid Product ◽  
Reaction Times ◽  
Hydrothermal Carbonization ◽  
Heating Value ◽  
High Heating Value ◽  
Acid Addition ◽  
Spent Grains ◽  
Different Temperatures ◽  
Higher Temperature

Hydrochar is a very interesting product from agricultural and food production residues. Unfortunately, severe conditions for complete conversion of lignocellulosic biomass is necessary, especially compared to the conversion of sugar compounds. The goal of this work is to improve the conversion of internal carbohydrates by application of a two-steps process, by acid addition and slightly higher water content. A set of experiments at different temperatures (180, 200, and 220 °C), reaction times (2 and 4 h), and moisture contents (80% and 90%) was performed to characterize the solid (high heating value (HHV), elemental) and liquid product phase. Afterwards, acid addition for a catalyzed hydrolysis reaction during hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) and a two-steps reaction (180 and 220 °C) were tested. As expected, a higher temperature leads to higher C content of the hydrochar and a higher fixed carbon (FC) content. The same effect was found with the addition of acids at lower temperatures. In the two-steps reaction, a primary hydrolysis step increases the conversion of internal carbohydrates. Higher water content has no significant effect, except for increasing the solubility of ash components.

scholarly journals Hydrothermal Carbonization (HTC) of Seaweed (Macroalgae) for Producing Hydrochar

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (7) ◽  
pp. 1805
Author(s):  
Neel Patel ◽  
Bishnu Acharya ◽  
Prabir Basu
Keyword(s):  
Batch Reactor ◽  
Reaction Times ◽  
Hydrothermal Carbonization ◽  
Process Conditions ◽  
Maritime Provinces ◽  
Heating Value ◽  
Direct Combustion ◽  
Ecological Problems ◽  
Liquid Slurry ◽  
Work Done

Waste seaweed that is collected at coastal regions of maritime provinces in Canada is creating ecological problems as it promotes an anoxic event, which produces nearly zero dissolved oxygen in water along with hydrogen sulfide emission. The work done in this study attempts to address this issue by producing a coal-like solid hydrochar and nutritious liquid slurry (processed water) by employing a rather recent thermo-chemical process called hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) on the seaweed. The HTC was carried out in a batch reactor system for three different reaction temperatures, 180 °C, 200 °C, 220 °C, and three different reaction times, 30, 60, and 120 min. Each of the produced hydrochars was characterized by different analytical methods. The effects of the process conditions on the yield and the properties of the hydrochar and process water were examined. The hydrochar produced at 220 °C and 120 min showed the highest carbon content (48.5%) and heating value (18.93 MJ/kg). The energy density and carbon to nitrogen (C/N) ratio in the hydrochar increased significantly as compared to raw seaweed. Moreover, HTC reduced the ash yield and volatile compounds of the seaweed. Thus, hydrochar can be used as a fuel for direct combustion, in soil remediation, or in carbon sequestration applications.

scholarly journals Pyrolysis Kinetics of Hydrochars Produced from Brewer’s Spent Grains

Catalysts ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (7) ◽  
pp. 625 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maciej P. Olszewski ◽  
Pablo J. Arauzo ◽  
Przemyslaw A. Maziarka ◽  
Frederik Ronsse ◽  
Andrea Kruse
Keyword(s):  
Solid Material ◽  
Hydrothermal Carbonization ◽  
Economic Feasibility ◽  
Coupled Processes ◽  
Pyrolysis Kinetics ◽  
Spent Grains ◽  
Market Situation ◽  
Different Temperatures ◽  
Thermochemical Processes ◽  
Isothermal Kinetic

The current market situation shows that large quantities of the brewer’s spent grains (BSG)—the leftovers from the beer productions—are not fully utilized as cattle feed. The untapped BSG is a promising feedstock for cheap and environmentally friendly production of carbonaceous materials in thermochemical processes like hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) or pyrolysis. The use of a singular process results in the production of inappropriate material (HTC) or insufficient economic feasibility (pyrolysis), which hinders their application on a larger scale. The coupling of both processes can create synergies and allow the mentioned obstacles to be overcome. To investigate the possibility of coupling both processes, we analyzed the thermal degradation of raw BSG and BSG-derived hydrochars and assessed the solid material yield from the singular as well as the coupled processes. This publication reports the non-isothermal kinetic parameters of pyrolytic degradation of BSG and derived hydrochars produced in three different conditions (temperature-retention time). It also contains a summary of their pyrolytic char yield at four different temperatures. The obtained KAS (Kissinger–Akahira–Sunose) average activation energy was 285, 147, 170, and 188 kJ mol−1 for BSG, HTC-180-4, HTC-220-2, and HTC-220-4, respectively. The pyrochar yield for all hydrochar cases was significantly higher than for BSG, and it increased with the severity of the HTC’s conditions. The results reveal synergies resulting from coupling both processes, both in the yield and the reduction of the thermal load of the conversion process. According to these promising results, the coupling of both conversion processes can be beneficial. Nevertheless, drying and overall energy efficiency, as well as larger scale assessment, still need to be conducted to fully confirm the concept.

scholarly journals Hydrothermal carbonization of biomass waste under low temperature condition

2018 ◽  
Vol 154 ◽  
pp. 01025 ◽  
Author(s):  
Herlian Eriska Putra ◽  
Enri Damanhuri ◽  
Kania Dewi ◽  
Ari Darmawan Pasek
Keyword(s):  
Low Temperature ◽  
Solid Phase ◽  
Material Balance ◽  
Calorific Value ◽  
Hydrothermal Carbonization ◽  
Banana Peel ◽  
Biomass Waste ◽  
Heating Value ◽  
High Heating Value ◽  
Stirred Reactor

In this paper, the use of banana peel for energy purposes was investigated. Banana peel is a lignocellulosic waste since it is the most widely produced and consumed fruit in Indonesia. Among the others, hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) was chosen as alternative themochemical process, suitable for high moisture biomass. Through a 1 L stirred reactor, hydrothermal treatments were performed under low temperature condition (190, 210 and 230 °C), residence times (30 and 60 min), and biomass to water ratio (1:3, 1:5, and 1:10). Three of product were collected from the process with primary material balance. Solid phase (hydrochar) was evaluated in terms of calorific value, proximate and ultimate analysis. The results suggested that the hydrothermal carbonization of banana peel gave high heating value (HHV) of 20.09 MJ/kg for its char after dried naturally.

scholarly journals Conversion of organic fraction of municipal solid waste into solid fuel via hydrothermal carbonization

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Herlian Eriska ◽  
Kania Dewi ◽  
Enri Damanhuri ◽  
Ari Darmawan Pasek
Keyword(s):  
Municipal Solid Waste ◽  
Process Condition ◽  
Hydrothermal Carbonization ◽  
Mixture Component ◽  
Process Conditions ◽  
Organic Fraction ◽  
Heating Value ◽  
High Heating Value ◽  
High Heating ◽  
Solid Load

Hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) is thermochemical process that can convert wet biomass into coal-like material. In this study, a series of HTC experiments was done. In the first stage targeted to obtain the process condition for mixture component. The process conditions comprised temperature, solid load, and holding time. Five typical components were used as representative pseudo-components of organic fraction of municipal solid waste. Each of substrates was carried out on the prototype HTC reactor. Process condition took place tempera- ture at 190, 210 and 230 oC, with a holding time (30 and 60 minutes) and feed to water ratio (0.1, 0,2, 0.3). The result from first stage showed that the optimum process condition for mixture component were temperature 215 oC, 55 minutes, and solid load 0.16. The process conditions were applied for next stage. In the second stage, mixture component comprised 15% fruit peel, 10% food waste, 10% of office paper, 30% leaves, and 35% sawdust were used as feedstock. Model to determine process condition for mixture component and also to predict high heating value have been developed. The fuel characteristics and combustion behavior of HTC-derived hydrochars were eval- uated. Hydro-thermal carbonization of waste gave high heating value (HHV) with value of 20.24 MJ/kg higher than its raw 16.42 MJ/kg.

scholarly journals Analisis Limbah Kelapa Sawit Sebagai Bahan Bakar Boiler dengan Menggunakan Variasi Campuran Antara Fiber dan Cangkang Buah Sawit

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 22
Author(s):  
Jatmiko Edi Siswanto
Keyword(s):  
Water Content ◽  
Palm Oil ◽  
Flue Gas ◽  
Calorific Value ◽  
Heating Value ◽  
Fiber Composition ◽  
High Heating Value ◽  
High Heating ◽  
Shell Composition ◽  
Research Analysis

The growth of the palm oil management industry in Jambi which has an impact on the increasing size of palm oil management holidays include Fiber and Shells. Each processing of 1 ton of FFB produces 120 kg of fiber and produces 50 kg of shells. Where the two wastes have a high calorific value and thousands of tons of FFB are processed in Jambi every month. In this analysis will analyze the composition of combustion using fiber and shell to get the highest calorific value on the Boiler, where the composition analyzed is the ratio of 100% Fiber, 75% Fiber 25% Shell, 50% Fiber 50% Shell, 25% Fiber 75% Shell 100% shell. The results of research analysis The heating value of fiber and shell composition variations ranged from 14978,053 kJ/kg to 15463,083 kJ/kg. With the highest heating value is 100% fiber composition (15463,083 kJ / kg), and the lowest heating value is 100% shell composition. (14978,053 kJ/kg). The composition that gives the highest profit is the composition of 100% fiber. With the details of the value of water content, air requirements, low flue gas, and also produces a high heating value.

scholarly journals Energetic Valorization of Solid Wastes from the Alcoholic Beverage Production Industry: Distilled Gin Spent Botanicals and Brewers’ Spent Grains

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (21) ◽  
pp. 10158
Author(s):  
Jesús A. Montes ◽  
Carlos Rico
Keyword(s):  
Anaerobic Digestion ◽  
Alcoholic Beverage ◽  
Power Source ◽  
Solid Wastes ◽  
Heating Value ◽  
Digestion Process ◽  
High Heating Value ◽  
Spent Grains ◽  
High Heating ◽  
Production Industry

In this paper, the authors assess the possibilities of energetic valorization for two solid wastes from alcoholic beverage production. Distilled gin spent botanicals (DGSB) and brewers’ spent grains (BSG) are tested, both by themselves and as co-substrates, for their possibilities as substrates for anaerobic digestion in a system of box-type digesters, suited for the process. While BSGs show a good performance for anaerobic digestion, DGSBs, despite showing an acceptable biomethanogenic potential result as not suitable for the process. Experiments using DGSBs as substrate in the reactors result in failure. And, as a co-substrate, the biomethanogenic digestion process appears to be hampered and lagged. Possible explanations for this behavior are explored, as well as other possibilities for the use of the material as a power source given its high heating value.

Influence of Reaction Time, Temperature And Heavy Metal On Characteristics of Cellulose- And Wood-Derived Hydrochars From Hydrothermal Carbonization

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xin Zhao ◽  
Zhaonan Li ◽  
Yao Chen ◽  
Zhanwen Ma ◽  
Jin Huang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metal ◽  
Reaction Times ◽  
Hydrothermal Carbonization ◽  
Promising Technique ◽  
Fixed Carbon ◽  
Alkyl Groups ◽  
Combustion Properties ◽  
Metal Element ◽  
Different Temperatures ◽  
Heavy Metal Element

Abstract Hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) is a promising technique to convert biomass into valuable solid fuels. In this work, cellulose and wood-derived hydrochars were synthesized under hydrothermal carbonization conditions with different temperatures (200-250 ℃), reaction times (6 h or 12 h) and to determine their influence on hydrochars. Heavy metal element zinc is chosen to introduce into samples to simulate the heavy metal accumulate in biomass. The physical, chemical, and combustion properties of the hydrochars revealed that the majority of cellulose and wood conversion occurs at first 6 h, and faster conversion occurs at higher temperatures. The content of fixed carbon in the cellulose-derived hydrochar is higher than in wood-derived hydrochar. Moreover, cellulose is easier to be carbonized during HTC reaction than wood. O/C and H/C ratios of all hydrochars were similar to those of lignite and decreased with increasing reaction temperature. The composition of solids recovered after 12 h is similar at all temperatures, consisting primarily of sp2 carbons (furanic and aromatic groups) and alkyl groups. When a large amount of metal is introduced, part of the metal is combined with the energetic group, while the rest condense on the surface of the sample as zinc ions.

Upgrading Bagasse Quality by Torrefaction for a Biomass Power Plant

2020 ◽  
Vol 846 ◽  
pp. 267-273
Author(s):  
Sarun Sirijuncheun ◽  
Varinrumpai Seithtanabutara ◽  
Tanakorn Wongwuttanasatian
Keyword(s):  
Power Plant ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Physical Structure ◽  
Experimental Investigations ◽  
Energy Yield ◽  
Heating Value ◽  
Biomass Structure ◽  
Different Temperatures ◽  
Higher Temperature ◽  
Biomass Power Plant

Torrefaction process was employed to upgrade bagasse as a better fuel compared with raw bagasse in a biomass power plant. Torrefaction is a process that unnecessary organic and inorganic matters are removed from the biomass structure. The remaining solid components can then be used as fuel. This preliminary work was a set of experimental investigations of bagasse torrefaction. The process temperatures were varied as 250, 280 and 320 °C during a fixed reaction time of 30 minutes. Moisture content, mass and heating value of untreated bagasse (before) and torrified bagasse (after) were determined and compared for the 3 different temperatures. Then, energy yield for each case was calculated based on the experimental results to find the optimal condition of bagasse torrefaction. At 320 °C, moisture content was reduced by 92.4% and the torrified bagasse has 4 times higher heating value compared to raw bagasse. While at 250 °C, the reduction of moisture was only 79.7% with approximately 2 times higher in heating value. It was found that the higher reaction temperature was, the better physical structure and higher heating value were. However, higher temperature resulted in lower remaining mass and less energy yield. Therefore, the optimum case was selected based on the energy yield. It was shown that the highest energy yield of 176% was obtained in the case of 250 °C. On the other hand, for the case of 320 °C, energy yield was only 135%. It was thus evident that bagasse should be upgraded by torrefaction process with a temperature as low as 250 °C for a better energy yield rather than better heating value.

Characteristics of Products from Hydrothermal Carbonization of Bamboo

2014 ◽  
Vol 654 ◽  
pp. 7-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xue Hua Wu ◽  
Jia Luo ◽  
Hua Wang ◽  
Zhen Fang
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Content ◽  
Hydrothermal Carbonization ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Heating Value ◽  
High Heating Value ◽  
High Heating ◽  
Derivatives Of

Hydrothermal carbonization of bamboo was conducted at 300-370 °C for 1 h. Products in solid, oil, aqueous and gaseous phases were collected and studied. More than 20% carbon was water-soluble. Oil phase was mainly hydroxylated derivatives of benzene. Hydrochars were composed of many microspheres in morphology, with carbon content of 72.1-81.0%. Around 50-60% of carbon in bamboo remained in hydrochars. High heating value of hydrochars was 1.3-1.6 folds of original bamboo. The hydrochars had higher antioxidative stability than pyrolysis biochar.

scholarly journals Preparation and properties of hydrochars from macadamia nut shell via hydrothermal carbonization

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (10) ◽  
pp. 181126 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fangyu Fan ◽  
Zongling Yang ◽  
Han Li ◽  
Zhengjun Shi ◽  
Huan Kan
Keyword(s):  
Residence Time ◽  
Hydrothermal Carbonization ◽  
Energy Yield ◽  
Mass Yield ◽  
Heating Value ◽  
High Heating Value ◽  
Dehydration Reactions ◽  
High Heating ◽  
Macadamia Nut ◽  
Nut Production

Macadamia nut shell (MNS) is a type of waste lignocellulose obtained from macadamia nut production processing. Large MNS wastes caused serious resource waste and environmental pollution. So, preparation of hydrochars from MNS via hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) is of great significance. HTC of MNS was conducted to study the effect of process parameters, including HTC temperature (180–260°C) and residence time (60–180 min) on the properties of hydrochars. Results showed that the increase in HTC temperature and residence time decreased the mass yield of hydrochars and increased the high heating value of hydrochars. Furthermore, the C content of hydrochars increased, whereas the H and O contents decreased. Mass yield of hydrochar is 46.59%, energy yield is 64.55% and the higher heating value is 26.02 MJ kg −1 at a temperature of 260°C and time of 120 min. The surface structure of hydrochars was rougher compared with that of MNS as observed via scanning electron microscopy. The chemical and combustion behaviour of MNS and hydrochars was analysed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and thermogravimetric analysis indicated that decarboxylation and dehydration reactions were the predominant pathways during the HTC process. Results showed that HTC can facilitate the transformation of MNS into solid fuel.

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