scholarly journals Risk Analysis of Lightning and Surge Protection Devices for Power Energy Structures

Energies ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 1999 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chien-Hsun Liu ◽  
Yirga Muna ◽  
Yu-Tung Chen ◽  
Cheng-Chien Kuo ◽  
Hung-Yi Chang
Keyword(s):  
Cost Saving ◽  
Annual Cost ◽  
Low Voltage ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Economic Value ◽  
Structure Design ◽  
Effective Protection ◽  
Protective Measures ◽  
Protection Measures ◽  
Annual Cost Saving

This paper studies the risk data and protection measurements of lightning based on the IEC62305 standard. In addition, Visual Basic (VB) is used to build a lightning risk calculation program with a Graphical User Interface (GUI). The data structure, including environment data, line data, zone data, economic data, and protection measures is designed to simulate risk of loss of human life (R1) and risk of loss of economic value (R4). To achieve the most economical protection structure design, additional protection measurements and annual savings are considered. In the practical application, the main purpose is to discuss effective protection distances of surge protective devices (SPDs) for low-voltage power distribution. This paper takes advantage of Electromagnetic Transients Program (EMTP) to simulate the voltage of equipment with different types of loads and length of the cable. After using the protection measures, the value of risk of human life reduces form 21.299 × 10−5 to 0.439 × 10−5 and the value of risk of economic value reduces from 2696.754 × 10−5 to 98.062 × 10−5. The results mean that the protection measures let the values of the risk below the tolerance. By considering the annual cost saving. Assume the cost of protection measures, the interest rate, the depreciation rate, and the maintenance rate are 150,000 $, 4%, 5%, and 1%, respectively. The annual cost before using protective measures, the annual cost after using protective measures, the annual cost of protective measures, and the annual cost saving are $925,000, $33,635, $15,000 and $876,365, respectively. Consequently, it is feasible that the simulation result can provide users with great suggestions to choose the best installation location and achieve the most effective protection design.

scholarly journals Ruído: Medidas de Proteção Coletivas e Individuais

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. S82-S90
Author(s):  
Mónica Santos ◽  
Armando Almeida ◽  
Catarina Lopes ◽  
Tiago Oliveira
Keyword(s):  
Occupational Health ◽  
Full Text ◽  
Noise Exposure ◽  
Structure Design ◽  
Protective Equipment ◽  
Cochrane Central Register ◽  
Protective Measures ◽  
Protection Measures ◽  
Occupational Risk Factor ◽  
Cochrane Database

Introduction / framework / objectives Noise is an occupational risk factor extensively addressed in the Occupational Health literature. However, its pathophysiological consequences have traditionally been emphasized, sometimes neglecting more detailed explanations concerning personal protective equipment and collective protective measures. Methodology This is a Scoping Review, initiated by a September 2019 search of the databases “CINALH plus with full text, Medline with full text, Cochrane Database of Abstracts of Reviews of Effects, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Cochrane Methodology Register, Nursing and Allied Health Collection: Comprehensive, Academic Search Ultimate, Science Direct, SCOPUS and RCAAP.” Content There are several collective protection measures (at the workspace structure/ design and use of various materials/ devices) that are able to attenuate noise exposure. When exceeding the lower exposure value (80 decibels) the employer must provide hearing protection; if the upper exposure value (85 decibels) is reached or exceeded its use is required (after prior enhancement of collective protective measures). However, workers and their representatives have to be consulted to choose the model. In selecting the latter, account should be taken of European Community certification, appropriate attenuation, compatibility with tasks and other protective equipment used simultaneously; as well as the physical condition of the worker, acceptability and comfort that it will generate. The effectiveness of these will depend on time of use, correct utilization, shape/ size, fit to the ear, pressure (head and/ or ear), resistance to extreme temperatures and material. Conclusions Occupational health team professionals generally need up-to-date information on individual and collective protection measures to mitigate the effects of noise in the workplace. The bibliography (in indexed databases) on these two themes is not very abundant and / or easily accessible. However, these measures, well used, can attenuate noise, promoting safer and healthier work. It would be pertinent for Occupational Health teams who deal with clients with different noise levels, to investigate which of these techniques are most appropriate to each situation and how employees adhere better to the process and perform their part more effectively.

APPLICATION OF THERMAL ENERGY STORAGE SYSTEM FOR A LOWLAND GREENHOUSE

2015 ◽  
Vol 77 (30) ◽  
Author(s):  
Haslinda Mohamed Kamar ◽  
Nazri Kamsah ◽  
Norull Ahmad Norull Azman
Keyword(s):  
Cost Saving ◽  
Annual Cost ◽  
Storage System ◽  
Operating Cost ◽  
Energy Storage System ◽  
Cooling Load ◽  
Thermal Energy Storage System ◽  
Annual Cost Saving ◽  
Annual Operating Cost ◽  
The Cost

This article presents a study to estimate the potential saving in annual operating cost of a hypothetical greenhouse used for planting strawberry, in Johor Bahru, Malaysia. The greenhouse needs to be maintained at a constant temperature of 20°C at all time. The goal of this study is to select a suitable TES system that can save the annual cost of electricity usage to meet the cooling load requirement of the greenhouse, based on a 24 hours operating duration and local electricity tariff. Comparison is made with the annual cost for running a conventional air-conditioning (AC) system to meet the cooling requirement. The cooling load requirement of the greenhouse dictates the capacity and size of the potential TES systems, which was estimated based on the highest total annual cooling load. Three TES system operating arrangements were considered in this study: TES full storage combined with AC systems, TES full storage and TES partial storage. Among these three arrangements, the TES full storage was found to have the highest an annual cost saving of about RM 58,990 compared to the cost of using the conventional AC system alone. This represents about 68 % of annual operating cost saving, which is considered very significant.

The Value of Private Non-Industrial Forestland for Wildlife Species Conservation

EDIS ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Shelly A. Johnson ◽  
Timm Kroeger ◽  
Josh Horn ◽  
Alison E. Adams ◽  
Damian C. Adams
Keyword(s):  
Animal Species ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Economic Value ◽  
Species Conservation ◽  
Fact Sheet ◽  
Monetary Value ◽  
Wildlife Species ◽  
Wildlife Viewing ◽  
Animal Habitat

Animals in Florida provide a variety of benefits to people, from recreation (fishing, hunting, or wildlife viewing) to protection of human life and property (oysters and corals provide reef structures that help protect coasts from erosion and flooding). By measuring the economic value of these benefits, we can assign a monetary value to the habitats that sustain these species and assess the value that is lost when development or other human-based activities degrade animal habitat. This 5-page fact sheet presents the results of a study that assessed the value of protecting five animal species in Florida and showed the economic value of protecting animal habitat.

Community Based 3R Waste Management Strategy (Reduce, Reuse, Recycle) Bantas Village, Selemadeg Timur District, Tabanan Regency

2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (09) ◽  
pp. 21041-21049 ◽  
Author(s):  
I Putu Sudana Satria Artha ◽  
Nyoman Utari Vipriyanti ◽  
I Putu Sujana
Keyword(s):  
Waste Management ◽  
Management Strategy ◽  
Swot Analysis ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Economic Value ◽  
Community Based ◽  
Waste Products ◽  
Governmental Organizations ◽  
Non Governmental Organizations ◽  
Inorganic Waste

Garbage can be interpreted as a consequence of the activities of human life. It is undeniable, garbage will always be there as long as life activities continue to run. Every year, it can be ascertained that the volume of waste will always increase along with the increasing pattern of public consumerism. The landfill which is increasingly polluting the environment requires a technique and management to manage waste into something useful and of economic value, Bantas Village, Selemadeg Timur District, Tabanan Regency currently has a Waste Management Site (TPS3R) managed by Non-Governmental Organizations (KSM ) The source of waste comes from Households, Stalls, Restaurant Entrepreneurs, Schools, Offices and Ceremonies which are organic and inorganic waste. The waste management system at Bantas Lestari TPS with 3R system is Reduce (reduction of waste products starts from the source), Reuse (reuse for waste that can be reused) and Recycle (recycling waste) to date it is still running but not optimal. The method used in this research is descriptive quantitative with data analysis using SWOT analysis. This study produces a Waste Management Strategy which is the result of research from the management aspect, aspects of human resources and aspects of infrastructure facilities.

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