scholarly journals Designing a CHAM Block Cipher on Low-End Microcontrollers for Internet of Things

Electronics ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (9) ◽  
pp. 1548
Author(s):  
Hyeokdong Kwon ◽  
SangWoo An ◽  
YoungBeom Kim ◽  
Hyunji Kim ◽  
Seung Ju Choi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Internet Of Things ◽  
Block Cipher ◽  
Optimization Methods ◽  
The State ◽  
Sensor Nodes ◽  
New Techniques ◽  
Engineering Technique ◽  
Mode Of Operation ◽  
Iot Devices ◽  
State Of Art

As the technology of Internet of Things (IoT) evolves, abundant data is generated from sensor nodes and exchanged between them. For this reason, efficient encryption is required to keep data in secret. Since low-end IoT devices have limited computation power, it is difficult to operate expensive ciphers on them. Lightweight block ciphers reduce computation overheads, which are suitable for low-end IoT platforms. In this paper, we implemented the optimized CHAM block cipher in the counter mode of operation, on 8-bit AVR microcontrollers (i.e., representative sensor nodes). There are four new techniques applied. First, the execution time is drastically reduced, by skipping eight rounds through pre-calculation and look-up table access. Second, the encryption with a variable-key scenario is optimized with the on-the-fly table calculation. Third, the encryption in a parallel way makes multiple blocks computed in online for CHAM-64/128 case. Fourth, the state-of-art engineering technique is fully utilized in terms of the instruction level and register level. With these optimization methods, proposed optimized CHAM implementations for counter mode of operation outperformed the state-of-art implementations by 12.8%, 8.9%, and 9.6% for CHAM-64/128, CHAM-128/128, and CHAM-128/256, respectively.

scholarly journals STATE ANALYSIS INTERNET OF THINGS DEVICES BASED ON BAGGING

T-Comm ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (12) ◽  
pp. 45-50
Author(s):  
Mikhail E. Sukhoparov ◽  
◽  
Ilya S. Lebedev ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Time Series ◽  
Internet Of Things ◽  
The State ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Process Time ◽  
K Nearest Neighbors ◽  
Computational Point ◽  
Iot Devices ◽  
The Internet Of Things

The development of IoT concept makes it necessary to search and improve models and methods for analyzing the state of remote autonomous devices. Due to the fact that some devices are located outside the controlled area, it becomes necessary to develop universal models and methods for identifying the state of low-power devices from a computational point of view, using complex approaches to analyzing data coming from various information channels. The article discusses an approach to identifying IoT devices state, based on parallel functioning classifiers that process time series received from elements in various states and modes of operation. The aim of the work is to develop an approach for identifying the state of IoT devices based on time series recorded during the execution of various processes. The proposed solution is based on methods of parallel classification and statistical analysis, requires an initial labeled sample. The use of several classifiers that give an answer "independently" from each other makes it possible to average the error by "collective" voting. The developed approach is tested on a sequence of classifying algorithms, to the input of which the time series obtained experimentally under various operating conditions were fed. Results are presented for a naive Bayesian classifier, decision trees, discriminant analysis, and the k nearest neighbors method. The use of a sequence of classification algorithms operating in parallel allows scaling by adding new classifiers without losing processing speed. The method makes it possible to identify the state of the Internet of Things device with relatively small requirements for computing resources, ease of implementation, and scalability by adding new classifying algorithms.

scholarly journals An IoT-Based Network for Smart Urbanization

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-14
Author(s):  
Sabeeh Ahmad Saeed ◽  
Farrukh Zeeshan Khan ◽  
Zeshan Iqbal ◽  
Roobaea Alroobaea ◽  
Muneer Ahmad ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Data Structure ◽  
Internet Of Things ◽  
Information Exchange ◽  
Smart Cities ◽  
Sensor Nodes ◽  
Sink Node ◽  
Process Data ◽  
Data Format ◽  
Iot Devices

Internet of Things (IoT) is considered one of the world’s ruling technologies. Billions of IoT devices connected together through IoT forming smart cities. As the concept grows, it is very challenging to design an infrastructure that is capable of handling large number of devices and process data effectively in a smart city paradigm. This paper proposed a structure for smart cities. It is implemented using a lightweight easy to implement network design and a simpler data format for information exchange that is suitable for developing countries like Pakistan. Using MQTT as network protocol, different sensor nodes were deployed for collecting data from the environment. Environmental factors like temperature, moisture, humidity, and percentage of CO2 and methane gas were recorded and transferred to sink node for information sharing over the IoT cloud using an MQTT broker that can be accessed any time using Mosquitto client. The experiment results provide the performance analysis of the proposed network at different QoS levels for the MQTT protocol for IoT-based smart cities. JSON structure is used to formulate the communication data structure for the proposed system.

scholarly journals Parallel Implementations of ARX-Based Block Ciphers on Graphic Processing Units

Mathematics ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (11) ◽  
pp. 1894
Author(s):  
SangWoo An ◽  
YoungBeom Kim ◽  
Hyeokdong Kwon ◽  
Hwajeong Seo ◽  
Seog Chung Seo
Keyword(s):  
Graphics Processing Units ◽  
Block Cipher ◽  
Personal Information ◽  
Operation Mode ◽  
Optimization Methods ◽  
Block Ciphers ◽  
Optimization Techniques ◽  
Parallel Optimization ◽  
Graphic Processing Units ◽  
Iot Devices

With the development of information and communication technology, various types of Internet of Things (IoT) devices have widely been used for convenient services. Many users with their IoT devices request various services to servers. Thus, the amount of users’ personal information that servers need to protect has dramatically increased. To quickly and safely protect users’ personal information, it is necessary to optimize the speed of the encryption process. Since it is difficult to provide the basic services of the server while encrypting a large amount of data in the existing CPU, several parallel optimization methods using Graphics Processing Units (GPUs) have been considered. In this paper, we propose several optimization techniques using GPU for efficient implementation of lightweight block cipher algorithms on the server-side. As the target algorithm, we select high security and light weight (HIGHT), Lightweight Encryption Algorithm (LEA), and revised CHAM, which are Add-Rotate-Xor (ARX)-based block ciphers, because they are used widely on IoT devices. We utilize the features of the counter (CTR) operation mode to reduce unnecessary memory copying and operations in the GPU environment. Besides, we optimize the memory usage by making full use of GPU’s on-chip memory such as registers and shared memory and implement the core function of each target algorithm with inline PTX assembly codes for maximizing the performance. With the application of our optimization methods and handcrafted PTX codes, we achieve excellent encryption throughput of 468, 2593, and 3063 Gbps for HIGHT, LEA, and revised CHAM on RTX 2070 NVIDIA GPU, respectively. In addition, we present optimized implementations of Counter Mode Based Deterministic Random Bit Generator (CTR_DRBG), which is one of the widely used deterministic random bit generators to provide a large amount of random data to the connected IoT devices. We apply several optimization techniques for maximizing the performance of CTR_DRBG, and we achieve 52.2, 24.8, and 34.2 times of performance improvement compared with CTR_DRBG implementation on CPU-side when HIGHT-64/128, LEA-128/128, and CHAM-128/128 are used as underlying block cipher algorithm of CTR_DRBG, respectively.

scholarly journals Coleção de dados sobre ataques a dispositivos de Internet das Coisas

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcos Felipe Barboza de Abreu ◽  
Kleber Vieira Cardoso ◽  
Thierson Rosa
Keyword(s):  
Internet Of Things ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Attack Detection ◽  
Machine Learning Algorithms ◽  
Intrusion Detection Systems ◽  
Detection Problem ◽  
Test Environment ◽  
New Techniques ◽  
Detection Systems ◽  
Iot Devices

The number of Internet of Things (IoT) devices has increased every day and along with this growth arises the security concerns. Several techniques have been studied for the prevention, detection and treatment of attacks in conventional networks, such as the work of KDD CUP 99 that proposed a labeled collection, which has been quite exploited in recent decades. A good evaluation of techniques and algorithms of intrusion detection systems is related to the existence of good datasets. However, few works exploit the detection of attacks on Internet of Things and until now no collection of data has been proposed for this problem. Along with new technologies and devices arise new techniques of invasion, and even more elaborated. Therefore, it is necessary to treat the attack detection problem in a special way. In view of this, this work is dedicated to setting up a test environment that represents an Internet of Things network, collecting normal device traffic, simulating attacks, assembling a collection of data and analyzing it. For this, we run invasion tests on emulated devices, resulting in a new collection of data. We validate the new collection by applying machine learning algorithms and comparing with the KDD collection.

scholarly journals Towards a Low-Cost Precision Viticulture System Using Internet of Things Devices

IoT ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 5-20 ◽  
Author(s):  
Petros Spachos
Keyword(s):  
Internet Of Things ◽  
Precision Agriculture ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Base Station ◽  
Sensor Nodes ◽  
Wireless Sensor Nodes ◽  
Precision Viticulture ◽  
Iot Devices ◽  
Agricultural Areas ◽  
The Internet Of Things

Precision Agriculture (PA) is an ever-expanding field that takes modern technological advancements and applies it to farming practices to reduce waste and increase output. One advancement that can play a significant role in achieving precision agriculture is wireless technology, and specifically the Internet of Things (IoT) devices. Small, inch scale and low-cost devices can be used to monitor great agricultural areas. In this paper, a system for precision viticulture which uses IoT devices for real-time monitoring is proposed. The different components of the system are programmed properly and the interconnection between them is designed to minimize energy consumption. Wireless sensor nodes measure soil moisture and soil temperature in the field and transmit the information to a base station. If the conditions are optimal for a disease or pest to occur, a drone flies towards the area. When the drone is over the node, pictures are captured and then it returns to the base station for further processing. The feasibility of the system is examined through experimentation in a realistic scenario.

scholarly journals The Future of Low-End Motes in the Internet of Things: A Prospective Paper

Electronics ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 111 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Oliveira ◽  
Miguel Costa ◽  
Sandro Pinto ◽  
Tiago Gomes
Keyword(s):  
Internet Of Things ◽  
Reconfigurable Computing ◽  
Sensor Nodes ◽  
Security And Privacy ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Wireless Sensor Nodes ◽  
Privacy Concerns ◽  
Energy Needs ◽  
Iot Devices ◽  
The Internet Of Things

Undeniably, the Internet of Things (IoT) ecosystem continues to evolve at a breakneck pace, exceeding all growth expectations and ubiquity barriers. From sensor to cloud, this giant network keeps breaking technological bounds in several domains, and wireless sensor nodes (motes) are expected to be predominant as the number of IoT devices grows towards the trillions. However, their future in the IoT ecosystem still seems foggy, where several challenges, such as (i) device’s connectivity, (ii) intelligence at the edge, (iii) security and privacy concerns, and (iv) growing energy needs, keep pulling in opposite directions. This prospective paper offers a succinct and forward-looking review of recent trends, challenges, and state-of-the-art solutions of low-end IoT motes, where reconfigurable computing technology plays a key role in tomorrow’s IoT devices.

scholarly journals A Framework for Agricultural Pest and Disease Monitoring Based on Internet-of-Things and Unmanned Aerial Vehicles

Sensors ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (5) ◽  
pp. 1487 ◽  
Author(s):  
Demin Gao ◽  
Quan Sun ◽  
Bin Hu ◽  
Shuo Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Internet Of Things ◽  
Unmanned Aerial Vehicles ◽  
Sensor Nodes ◽  
Cloud Data Center ◽  
Cloud Data ◽  
Pests And Diseases ◽  
Aerial Vehicles ◽  
Sensing Technology ◽  
Weather Parameters ◽  
Iot Devices

With the development of information technology, Internet-of-Things (IoT) and low-altitude remote-sensing technology represented by Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) are widely used in environmental monitoring fields. In agricultural modernization, IoT and UAV can monitor the incidence of crop diseases and pests from the ground micro and air macro perspectives, respectively. IoT technology can collect real-time weather parameters of the crop growth by means of numerous inexpensive sensor nodes. While depending on spectral camera technology, UAVs can capture the images of farmland, and these images can be utilize for analyzing the occurrence of pests and diseases of crops. In this work, we attempt to design an agriculture framework for providing profound insights into the specific relationship between the occurrence of pests/diseases and weather parameters. Firstly, considering that most farms are usually located in remote areas and far away from infrastructure, making it hard to deploy agricultural IoT devices due to limited energy supplement, a sun tracker device is designed to adjust the angle automatically between the solar panel and the sunlight for improving the energy-harvesting rate. Secondly, for resolving the problem of short flight time of UAV, a flight mode is introduced to ensure the maximum utilization of wind force and prolong the fight time. Thirdly, the images captured by UAV are transmitted to the cloud data center for analyzing the degree of damage of pests and diseases based on spectrum analysis technology. Finally, the agriculture framework is deployed in the Yangtze River Zone of China and the results demonstrate that wheat is susceptible to disease when the temperature is between 14 °C and 16 °C, and high rainfall decreases the spread of wheat powdery mildew.

scholarly journals Internet of Things Analytics for Smart Home Applications

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (7) ◽  
pp. 583-588
Keyword(s):  
Internet Of Things ◽  
Activity Recognition ◽  
Human Activity ◽  
Smart Home ◽  
Wearable Devices ◽  
Sensor Nodes ◽  
Air Conditioner ◽  
Efficient Manner ◽  
Home Appliances ◽  
Iot Devices

With advancement in smart home services on mobile and wearable devices, individual can smartly control his/her home appliances such as fan, refrigerator, TV, air conditioner, etc., in an efficient manner. Internets of Things (IoT) devices are extensively utilized to interchange the data between smart applications, mobiles, and wearables. IoT devices are responsible for monitoring and sensing the data about home appliances with the help of sensor nodes, the obtained data is then communicate to given high-end devices for taking the suitable action. The overall objective of this paper is to study the existing IoT analytics techniques which are used to build smart applications for homes. This paper also discusses the various challenges to design a suitable smart home using IoTs. Thereafter, a comparative analyzes are considered to evaluate the shortcomings of these techniques and various gaps are formulated in the existing techniques. Finally, a methdology has been devised which can overcome the shortcomings of existing models and help enhancing the functioning of human activity recognition in smart homes.

The Impact of Internet of Things Self-Security on Daily Business and Business Continuity

2019 ◽  
pp. 481-498 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hasan Emre Yılmaz ◽  
Altan Sirel ◽  
M. Fevzi Esen
Keyword(s):  
Internet Of Things ◽  
Cyber Security ◽  
State Level ◽  
The State ◽  
Personal Life ◽  
Business Continuity ◽  
Security Risks ◽  
Iot Devices ◽  
The Impact

The number of devices operating on IoTs has exceeded billions globally. This chapter aims to examine the cyber security risks of such systems with widespread use and investigate some IoT vulnerabilities. It examines the effects of these vulnerabilities on business life and personal life, and the precautions to be taken to eliminate them. In addition, the regulations and measures to be applied at the state level is discussed. The safe use of IoT systems cannot be achieved solely by individual awareness. An awareness and sense of responsibility in the manufacturing layer is also a must. This chapter investigates the reasons behind the lack of security precautions taken in the manufacturing phase of IoT devices and suggests solutions. It also discusses the details of malwares such as Mirai, whose targets are mainly IoT vulnerabilities.

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