scholarly journals Intelligent Load Balancing Techniques in Software Defined Networks: A Survey

Electronics ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (7) ◽  
pp. 1091 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thabo Semong ◽  
Thabiso Maupong ◽  
Stephen Anokye ◽  
Kefalotse Kehulakae ◽  
Setso Dimakatso ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Load Balancing ◽  
Performance Metrics ◽  
Denial Of Service ◽  
Internet Traffic ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Single Server ◽  
Multiple Servers ◽  
Future Research Directions ◽  
Load Balancer ◽  
Multiple Clients

In the current technology driven era, the use of devices that connect to the internet has increased significantly. Consequently, there has been a significant increase in internet traffic. Some of the challenges that arise from the increased traffic include, but are not limited to, multiple clients on a single server (which can result in denial of service (DoS)), difficulty in network scalability, and poor service availability. One of the solutions proposed in literature, to mitigate these, is the use of multiple servers with a load balancer. Despite their common use, load balancers, have shown to have some disadvantages, like being vendor specific and non-programmable. To address these disadvantages and improve internet traffic, there has been a paradigm shift which resulted in the introduction of software defined networking (SDN). SDN allows for load balancers that are programmable and provides the flexibility for one to design and implement own load balancing strategies. In this survey, we highlight the key elements of SDN and OpenFlow technology and their effect on load balancing. We provide an overview of the various load balancing schemes in SDN. The overview is based on research challenges, existing solutions, and we give possible future research directions. A summary of emulators/mathematical tools commonly used in the design of intelligent load balancing SDN algorithms is provided. Finally, we outline the performance metrics used to evaluate the algorithms.

scholarly journals An Investigation of Using Traffic Load in SDN Based Load Balancing

2020 ◽  
pp. 65-74
Keyword(s):  
Load Balancing ◽  
Network Performance ◽  
Traffic Load ◽  
System Throughput ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Single Server ◽  
Multiple Servers ◽  
Load Balancer ◽  
The Internet Of Things ◽  
Sdn Controller

The number of devices connected to networks and the internet such as the Internet of Things, machine to machine, social media or speech traffic, etc., are rapidly increased that results in a huge amount of traffic. This leads to congestion that increases packet loss and reduces system performance. Therefore, a single server cannot handle this traffic and need to use some approaches to optimize network performance. The use of a load balancer to distribute network traffic among multiple servers could minimize the load on a single server, provide availability, scalability, and enhance network performance. A load balancer in a traditional network is a dedicated hardware device that is expensive, close vender, and non-programmable. A load balancer contains few algorithms that network engineers cannot change or create a new one. In contrast, Software Defined Network (SDN) that utilizes load balancer is programmable (hardware independent) and more agilely. The objective of this investigation is to implement the Least packet load algorithm, which is used in the traditional load balancer, using an SDN-controller Python Network Operating system (POX) in order to distribute load among servers. Moreover, it discusses some research opportunities that this work introduces to improve load balancing in SDN. This work is validated through extensive simulations and emulations that compare the proposed algorithm with four of the most widely cited schemes. The results indicate that the proposed algorithm improved network performance and achieve up to 21% increase to system throughput compared to other benchmark approaches.

Security of the Cloud

2015 ◽  
pp. 363-404 ◽  
Author(s):  
Khalid Al-Begain ◽  
Michal Zak ◽  
Wael Alosaimi ◽  
Charles Turyagyenda
Keyword(s):  
Service Providers ◽  
Denial Of Service ◽  
Cloud Service ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Cloud Environment ◽  
Ddos Attacks ◽  
Security Attacks ◽  
Edos Attacks ◽  
Future Research Directions ◽  
Cloud Users

The chapter presents current security concerns in the Cloud Computing Environment. The cloud concept and operation raise many concerns for cloud users since they have no control of the arrangements made to protect the services and resources offered. Additionally, it is obvious that many of the cloud service providers will be subject to significant security attacks. Some traditional security attacks such as the Denial of Service attacks (DoS) and distributed DDoS attacks are well known, and there are several proposed solutions to mitigate their impact. However, in the cloud environment, DDoS becomes more severe and can be coupled with Economical Denial of Sustainability (EDoS) attacks. The chapter presents a general overview of cloud security, the types of vulnerabilities, and potential attacks. The chapter further presents a more detailed analysis of DDoS attacks' launch mechanisms and well-known DDoS defence mechanisms. Finally, the chapter presents a DDoS-Mitigation system and potential future research directions.

Security of the Cloud

2018 ◽  
pp. 1511-1554
Author(s):  
Khalid Al-Begain ◽  
Michal Zak ◽  
Wael Alosaimi ◽  
Charles Turyagyenda
Keyword(s):  
Service Providers ◽  
Denial Of Service ◽  
Cloud Service ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Cloud Environment ◽  
Ddos Attacks ◽  
Security Attacks ◽  
Edos Attacks ◽  
Future Research Directions ◽  
Cloud Users

The chapter presents current security concerns in the Cloud Computing Environment. The cloud concept and operation raise many concerns for cloud users since they have no control of the arrangements made to protect the services and resources offered. Additionally, it is obvious that many of the cloud service providers will be subject to significant security attacks. Some traditional security attacks such as the Denial of Service attacks (DoS) and distributed DDoS attacks are well known, and there are several proposed solutions to mitigate their impact. However, in the cloud environment, DDoS becomes more severe and can be coupled with Economical Denial of Sustainability (EDoS) attacks. The chapter presents a general overview of cloud security, the types of vulnerabilities, and potential attacks. The chapter further presents a more detailed analysis of DDoS attacks' launch mechanisms and well-known DDoS defence mechanisms. Finally, the chapter presents a DDoS-Mitigation system and potential future research directions.

scholarly journals Metron

2021 ◽  
Vol 38 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 1-45
Author(s):  
Georgios P. Katsikas ◽  
Tom Barbette ◽  
Dejan Kostić ◽  
JR. Gerald Q. Maguire ◽  
Rebecca Steinert
Keyword(s):  
Load Balancing ◽  
High Speed ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Single Server ◽  
Packet Processing ◽  
Commodity Hardware ◽  
Multiple Servers ◽  
Underlying Network ◽  
Network Functions

Deployment of 100Gigabit Ethernet (GbE) links challenges the packet processing limits of commodity hardware used for Network Functions Virtualization (NFV). Moreover, realizing chained network functions (i.e., service chains) necessitates the use of multiple CPU cores, or even multiple servers, to process packets from such high speed links. Our system Metron jointly exploits the underlying network and commodity servers’ resources: ( i ) to offload part of the packet processing logic to the network, ( ii )  by using smart tagging to setup and exploit the affinity of traffic classes, and ( iii )  by using tag-based hardware dispatching to carry out the remaining packet processing at the speed of the servers’ cores, with zero inter-core communication. Moreover, Metron transparently integrates, manages, and load balances proprietary “blackboxes” together with Metron service chains. Metron realizes stateful network functions at the speed of 100GbE network cards on a single server, while elastically and rapidly adapting to changing workload volumes. Our experiments demonstrate that Metron service chains can coexist with heterogeneous blackboxes, while still leveraging Metron’s accurate dispatching and load balancing. In summary, Metron has ( i )  2.75–8× better efficiency, up to ( ii )  4.7× lower latency, and ( iii )  7.8× higher throughput than OpenBox, a state-of-the-art NFV system.

Obesity Levels of Individuals With Intellectual Disabilities

2022 ◽  
pp. 83-99
Author(s):  
Ebru Efeoglu ◽  
Ayşe Tuna
Keyword(s):  
General Population ◽  
Intellectual Disabilities ◽  
Health Inequalities ◽  
Performance Metrics ◽  
Eating Habits ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Physical Conditions ◽  
Prevalence Of Obesity ◽  
Future Research Directions ◽  
Individuals With Intellectual Disabilities

Individuals with intellectual disabilities (ID) have considerable health inequalities including higher levels of unmet health needs and a shorter life expectancy compared to the general population. The prevalence of obesity, a commonly accepted measure of health inequalities, is higher in people with ID than in the general population, and the factors leading to the increased prevalence among people with ID have not been well understood yet. This has become worse during the COVID-19 pandemic due to nationwide full and partial curfews. In this study, based on a dataset that comprises a set of parameters related to eating habits and physical conditions of a number individuals, the use of classification algorithms for predicting obesity levels of individuals with ID is proposed, and a performance analysis is made using well-known performance metrics. The results could be used by researchers and practitioners in this field to choose the best classifier for their mobile application solutions. Opportunities, research challenges, and future research directions in this topic are also presented.

Meta-Heuristic and Non-Meta-Heuristic Energy-Efficient Load Balancing Algorithms in Cloud Computing

2020 ◽  
pp. 203-222
Author(s):  
Rojalina Priyadarshini ◽  
Rabindra Kumar Barik ◽  
Brojo Kishore Mishra
Keyword(s):  
Cloud Computing ◽  
Load Balancing ◽  
Energy Efficient ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Computing Paradigm ◽  
Computing Services ◽  
Cloud Computing Services ◽  
Future Research Directions ◽  
Cloud Environments ◽  
Power And Energy

The number of users of cloud computing services is drastically increasing, thereby increasing the size of data centers across the globe. In virtue of it, the consumption of power and energy is a major concern for system designers and developers. Their goal is now to develop power and energy-efficient products at the same time maintaining the quality and cost of products and services. For managing the power and efficiency, several aspects are taken into consideration in cloud computing paradigm. Load balancing, task scheduling, task migration, resource allocation are some of the techniques, which need to be efficiently employed to minimize the energy consumption. This chapter represents the detailed survey of the existing solutions and approaches for energy-efficient load balancing algorithms used in cloud environments. The research challenges as well as future research directions are also discussed in this chapter.

scholarly journals FUNCTIONAL PURPOSE OF THE LOAD BALANCER IN CLOUD MICROSERVICE ARCHITECTURES

Telecom IT ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 67-75
Author(s):  
V. Elagin ◽  
V. Nikolaev
Keyword(s):  
Load Balancing ◽  
Denial Of Service ◽  
Response Speed ◽  
Fast Response ◽  
Modern World ◽  
Proportional Increase ◽  
Load Balancer ◽  
Microservice Architecture ◽  
Performance Research ◽  
Functional Purpose

Scalability is a fundamental characteristic of any cloud-based microservice architecture. In the modern world, any service that is designed to provide services to a wide number of consumers should be characterized by good scalability and fast response speed. Potential users will never want to suffer constant errors, lost requests, denial of service, and other problems associated with a lack of service performance. Research subject: load balancing system in query processing and interaction within the cloud microservice architecture. Method: implementing additional elements in the cloud microservice architecture to provide load balancing. Core results: a number of popular load balancing algorithms in cloud microservice structures are compared, and options for upgrading in cloud microservice architectures for traffic balancing at different levels of the OSI model are proposed. Practical relevance: the study solved the problem of increasing the volume of processed requests without using a proportional increase in hardware resources.

scholarly journals Mitigating ARP Cache Poisoning Attack in Software-Defined Networking (SDN): A Survey

Electronics ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (10) ◽  
pp. 1095 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zawar Shah ◽  
Steve Cosgrove
Keyword(s):  
Performance Metrics ◽  
Denial Of Service ◽  
Software Defined Networking ◽  
Local Area ◽  
Attack Detection ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Media Access Control ◽  
Media Access ◽  
Address Resolution Protocol ◽  
Time Calculation

Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) is a widely used protocol that provides a mapping of Internet Protocol (IP) addresses to Media Access Control (MAC) addresses in local area networks. This protocol suffers from many spoofing attacks because of its stateless nature and lack of authentication. One such spoofing attack is the ARP Cache Poisoning attack, in which attackers poison the cache of hosts on the network by sending spoofed ARP requests and replies. Detection and mitigation of ARP Cache Poisoning attack is important as this attack can be used by attackers to further launch Denial of Service (DoS) and Man-In-The Middle (MITM) attacks. As with traditional networks, an ARP Cache Poisoning attack is also a serious concern in Software Defined Networking (SDN) and consequently, many solutions are proposed in the literature to mitigate this attack. In this paper, a detailed survey on various solutions to mitigate ARP Cache Poisoning attack in SDN is carried out. In this survey, various solutions are classified into three categories: Flow Graph based solutions; Traffic Patterns based solutions; IP-MAC Address Bindings based solutions. All these solutions are critically evaluated in terms of their working principles, advantages and shortcomings. Another important feature of this survey is to compare various solutions with respect to different performance metrics, e.g., attack detection time, ARP response time, calculation of delay at the Controller etc. In addition, future research directions are also presented in this survey that can be explored by other researchers to propose better solutions to mitigate the ARP Cache Poisoning attack in SDN.

scholarly journals Social commerce - A Bibliometric Analysis and Future Research Directions

2021 ◽  
Vol 29 (6) ◽  
pp. 0-0
Keyword(s):  
Bibliometric Analysis ◽  
Purchase Intention ◽  
Performance Metrics ◽  
User Preferences ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Social Commerce ◽  
Research Directions ◽  
Research Themes ◽  
Future Research Directions ◽  
And Performance

The present study performs the bibliometric analysis of the social commerce (s-commerce) literature, highlights the major research themes, and suggests future research directions. The HistCite software has been used for bibliometric analysis on a sample of 660 s-commerce papers obtained from the ISI Web of Science database. This study analyses these papers to present the details about the influential journals, authors, and universities regarding s-commerce research. Following research themes have been identified based on the content analysis as well as citation mapping of the top-cited 53 s-commerce papers: 1) S-commerce – Purchase Intention, 2) S-commerce – Sharing Intention, 3) Social Media – Marketing and Consumer Engagement, 4) S-commerce – User Preferences and Concerns. Subsequently, a multi-dimensional conceptual model has been developed to highlight the coupling and flow between s-commerce growth drivers, practice indicators, and performance metrics. Finally, future research directions have been recommended.

A Conceptual Framework Towards Implementing a Cloud-Based Dynamic Load Balancer Using a Weighted Round-Robin Algorithm

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 22-35 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sudipta Sahana ◽  
Tanmoy Mukherjee ◽  
Debabrata Sarddar
Keyword(s):  
Load Balancing ◽  
Response Time ◽  
Dynamic Load ◽  
Processing Time ◽  
Round Robin ◽  
Cloud Infrastructure ◽  
Previous Survey ◽  
Survey Papers ◽  
Multiple Servers ◽  
Load Balancer

Cloud load balancing has become one of the most vital aspects of Cloud computing that has captured the attention of IT organizations and business firms in recent years. Among the issues related to this particular aspect, one such issue which needs to be addressed is the issue of effectively serving the clients' requests among multiple servers using an appropriate load balancer. Previous survey papers discussed various issues of cloud load balancing and accordingly devised various methods and techniques to address those issues with the objectives of reduction of processing time and response time along with optimization of costs. In this article, we have discussed an effective load balancing technique using the weighted Round-Robin algorithm which can process the client requests among multiple servers with minimal response time. Considering all these aspects, a cloud-based dynamic load balancer is being used to solve the problem of load balancing in the cloud infrastructure.

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