scholarly journals An Optimized Balance of Plant for a Medium-Size PEM Electrolyzer: Design, Control and Physical Implementation

Electronics ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. 871
Author(s):  
Julio José Caparrós Mancera ◽  
Francisca Segura Manzano ◽  
José Manuel Andújar ◽  
Francisco José Vivas ◽  
Antonio José Calderón
Keyword(s):  
High Efficiency ◽  
Experimental Results ◽  
Industrial Plant ◽  
Medium Size ◽  
Control Logic ◽  
Correct Operation ◽  
Hydrogen Flow ◽  
Balance Of Plant ◽  
Technology Improvement ◽  
Pem Electrolyzer

The progressive increase in hydrogen technologies’ role in transport, mobility, electrical microgrids, and even in residential applications, as well as in other sectors is expected. However, to achieve it, it is necessary to focus efforts on improving features of hydrogen-based systems, such as efficiency, start-up time, lifespan, and operating power range, among others. A key sector in the development of hydrogen technology is its production, renewable if possible, with the objective to obtain increasingly efficient, lightweight, and durable electrolyzers. For this, scientific works are currently being produced on stacks technology improvement (mainly based on two technologies: polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) and alkaline) and on the balance of plant (BoP) or the industrial plant (its size depends on the power of the electrolyzer) that runs the stack for its best performance. PEM technology offers distinct advantages, apart from the high cost of its components, its durability that is not yet guaranteed and the availability in the MW range. Therefore, there is an open field of research for achievements in this technology. The two elements to improve are the stacks and BoP, also bearing in mind that improving BoP will positively affect the stack operation. This paper develops the design, implementation, and practical experimentation of a BoP for a medium-size PEM electrolyzer. It is based on the realization of the optimal design of the BoP, paying special attention to the subsystems that comprise it: the power supply subsystem, water management subsystem, hydrogen production subsystem, cooling subsystem, and control subsystem. Based on this, a control logic has been developed that guarantees efficient and safe operation. Experimental results validate the designed control logic in various operating cases, including warning and failure cases. Additionally, the experimental results show the correct operation in the different states of the plant, analyzing the evolution of the hydrogen flow pressure and temperature. The capacity of the developed PEM electrolysis plant is probed regarding its production rate, wide operating power range, reduced pressurization time, and high efficiency.

scholarly journals Optimized Balance of Plant for a Medium-size PEM electrolyzer. Design, Modelling and Control

2021 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
pp. 133-141
Author(s):  
Julio José Caparrós ◽  
Francisco José Vivas ◽  
Francisca Segura ◽  
José Manuel Andújar
Keyword(s):  
Medium Size ◽  
Balance Of Plant ◽  
Pem Electrolyzer ◽  
And Control

Compiler-Aided Run-Time Performance Speed-Up in Super-Scalar Processor

10.28945/3391 ◽  
2009 ◽  
Author(s):  
Moshe Pelleh
Keyword(s):  
Embedded Systems ◽  
Embedded System ◽  
General Purpose ◽  
Experimental Results ◽  
Medium Size ◽  
Organic System ◽  
Software Application ◽  
Organic Systems ◽  
Special Cases ◽  
Run Time

In our world, where most systems become embedded systems, the approach of designing embedded systems is still frequently similar to the approach of designing organic systems (or not embedded systems). An organic system, like a personal computer or a work station, must be able to run any task submitted to it at any time (with certain constrains depending on the machine). Consequently, it must have a sophisticated general purpose Operating System (OS) to schedule, dispatch, maintain and monitor the tasks and assist them in special cases (particularly communication and synchronization between them and with external devices). These OSs require an overhead on the memory, on the cache and on the run time. Moreover, generally they are task oriented rather than machine oriented; therefore the processor's throughput is penalized. On the other hand, an embedded system, like an Anti-lock Braking System (ABS), executes always the same software application. Frequently it is a small or medium size system, or made up of several such systems. Many small or medium size embedded systems, with limited number of tasks, can be scheduled by our proposed hardware architecture, based on the Motorola 500MHz MPC7410 processor, enhancing its throughput and avoiding the software OS overhead, complexity, maintenance and price. Encouraged by our experimental results, we shall develop a compiler to assist our method. In the meantime we will present here our proposal and the experimental results.

scholarly journals Skyrmion Logic-In-Memory Architecture for Maximum/Minimum Search

Electronics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 155
Author(s):  
Luca Gnoli ◽  
Fabrizio Riente ◽  
Marco Vacca ◽  
Massimo Ruo Roch ◽  
Mariagrazia Graziano
Keyword(s):  
High Efficiency ◽  
Digital Design ◽  
Control Logic ◽  
Minimum Number ◽  
Physical Simulations ◽  
Good Energy ◽  
Logic Functions ◽  
Time And Energy ◽  
Cmos Implementation ◽  
Maximum Minimum

In modern computing systems there is the need to utilize a large amount of data in maintaining high efficiency. Limited memory bandwidth, coupled with the performance gap between memory and logic, impacts heavily on algorithms performance, increasing the overall time and energy required for computation. A possible approach to overcome such limitations is Logic-In-Memory (LIM). In this paper, we propose a LIM architecture based on a non-volatile skyrmion-based recetrack memory. The architecture can be used as a memory or can perform advanced logic functions on the stored data, for example searching for the maximum/minimum number. The circuit has been designed and validated using physical simulations for the memory array together with digital design tools for the control logic. The results highlight the small area of the proposed architecture and its good energy efficiency compared with a reference CMOS implementation.

scholarly journals Gamma-ray astrophysics in the MeV range

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alessandro De Angelis ◽  
Vincent Tatischeff ◽  
Andrea Argan ◽  
Søren Brandt ◽  
Andrea Bulgarelli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Efficiency ◽  
Gamma Ray ◽  
Earth Science ◽  
Technological Development ◽  
Cosmic Ray ◽  
Space Mission ◽  
Compact Objects ◽  
Medium Size ◽  
Cosmic Ray Interactions ◽  
Silicon Microstrip Detectors

AbstractThe energy range between about 100 keV and 1 GeV is of interest for a vast class of astrophysical topics. In particular, (1) it is the missing ingredient for understanding extreme processes in the multi-messenger era; (2) it allows localizing cosmic-ray interactions with background material and radiation in the Universe, and spotting the reprocessing of these particles; (3) last but not least, gamma-ray emission lines trace the formation of elements in the Galaxy and beyond. In addition, studying the still largely unexplored MeV domain of astronomy would provide for a rich observatory science, including the study of compact objects, solar- and Earth-science, as well as fundamental physics. The technological development of silicon microstrip detectors makes it possible now to detect MeV photons in space with high efficiency and low background. During the last decade, a concept of detector (“ASTROGAM”) has been proposed to fulfil these goals, based on a silicon hodoscope, a 3D position-sensitive calorimeter, and an anticoincidence detector. In this paper we stress the importance of a medium size (M-class) space mission, dubbed “ASTROMEV”, to fulfil these objectives.

sorbed dose must be measured by placing dose meters into the carriers, as described in Section V. If all of the gamma radiation coming from the 60Co source were absorbed by the irradiated goods, the radiation facility would have % irradiation efficiency. This is of course impossible because some of the radiation will be absorbed by the concrete shielding, by the carrier metal, and by the water below the source rack. Well-designed gamma facilities have an efficiency of about 30%. Designs differ­ ent from that shown in Figure 3 may use tote boxes on a conveyor belt instead of carriers hanging from a monorail, or the carriers may move around the source in a double loop instead of a single loop. Storage of the radioactive source in air in a concrete-shielded or lead-shielded cask instead of the water pool is also possible but is not often practiced. The outside appearance of a gamma irradiation facility is not much different from that of any other small or medium size industrial plant. A view of the first irradiation plant in the United States designed exclusively for the processing of foods (1) is shown in Figure 4. In principle, a 137Cs irradiator operates exactly like a 60Co irradiator. Some­ what less concrete shielding (1.2 m) is needed because the 0.66 MeV gamma rays of ,37Cs are less penetrating than the 1.33 MeV of Co. The longer half-life of

1995 ◽  
pp. 33-33
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Gamma Radiation ◽  
Half Life ◽  
The United States ◽  
Conveyor Belt ◽  
Radioactive Source ◽  
Industrial Plant ◽  
Medium Size ◽  
Double Loop ◽  
60Co Source

Reinforced concrete slabs on yielding supports under dynamic load

2021 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. 109-117
Author(s):  
G. I. Odnokopylov ◽  
Z. R. Galyautdinov ◽  
V. B. Maksimov
Keyword(s):  
Reinforced Concrete ◽  
Dynamic Loading ◽  
Dynamic Load ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
Experimental Results ◽  
Displacement Velocity ◽  
Concrete Slabs ◽  
Elastic Plastic ◽  
Deformation Stage ◽  
Reinforced Concrete Slabs

The paper presents the experimental results of strength and deformability of reinforced concrete slabs on yielding supports arranged along the perimeter under the dynamic loading. Crushable ring-shaped inserts deforming at the elastic, plastic and curing stages are considered as yielding supports. The displacement, velocity and acceleration are evaluated depending on the deformation stage of yielding supports. The high efficiency is shown for the use of yielding supports, which leads to a significant reduction in the structure displacement, strain, and stress.

High Efficiency Molding by Real-Time Control of Distance Between Nozzle and Melt Pool in Directed Energy Deposition Process

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kengo Aizawa ◽  
Masahiro Ueda ◽  
Teppei Shimada ◽  
Hideki Aoyama ◽  
Kazuo Yamazaki
Keyword(s):  
Additive Manufacturing ◽  
Real Time ◽  
Material Properties ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
Dimensional Accuracy ◽  
Deposition Process ◽  
Deposition Efficiency ◽  
Experimental Results ◽  
Real Time Control ◽  
Molding Process

Abstract Laser metal deposition (LMD) is an additive manufacturing technique, whose performance can be influenced by a considerable number of factors and parameters. Typically, a powder is carried by an inert gas and sprayed by a nozzle, with a coaxial laser beam passing through the nozzle and overlapping the powder flow, thereby generating a molten material pool on a substrate. Monitoring the evolution of this process allows for a better comprehension and control of the process, thereby enhancing the deposition quality. As the metal additive manufacturing mechanism has not yet been elucidated, it is not clear how process parameters affect material properties, molding accuracy, and molding efficiency. When cladding is performed under uncertain conditions, a molded part with poor material properties and dimensional accuracy is created. In this paper, we propose a method for high efficiency molding by controlling the distance between the head nozzle and the molten pool in real time. The distance is identified by an originally developed sensor based on a triangulation method. According to the distance, the head nozzle is automatically controlled into the optimum position. As a result, an ideal molding process can be generated, so that high efficiency molding and high-quality material properties can be obtained. Experimental results show that continuing deposition at the optimum distance assists in achieving deposition efficiency and dimensional accuracy. According to the specific experimental results of this method, the modeling efficiency was increased by 27% compared to the method without correction, and the modeling was successful with an error within 1 mm.

Energy and Exergy Analysis of Gasifier-Based Coal-to-Fuel Systems

2010 ◽  
Vol 132 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yunhua Zhu ◽  
Sriram Somasundaram ◽  
James W. Kemp
Keyword(s):  
Exergy Analysis ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
Second Law Of Thermodynamics ◽  
Conservation Of Energy ◽  
Transportation Fuels ◽  
Synthetic Natural Gas ◽  
Entrained Flow ◽  
Technology Improvement ◽  
Entrained Flow Gasifier ◽  
Construction Operation

National energy security concerns related to liquid transportation fuels have revived interests in alternative liquid fuel sources. Coal-to-fuel technologies feature high efficiency energy conversion and environmental advantages. While a number of factors are driving coal-to-fuel projects forward, there are several barriers to wide commercialization of these technologies such as financial, construction, operation, and technical risks. The purpose of this study is to investigate the performance features of coal-to-fuel systems based on different gasification technologies. The target products are the Fischer–Tropsch synthetic crude and synthetic natural gas. Two types of entrained-flow gasifier-based coal-to-fuel systems are simulated and their performance features are discussed. One is a single-stage water quench cooling entrained-flow gasifier, and another one is a two-stage syngas cooling entrained-flow gasifier. The conservation of energy (first law of thermodynamics) and the quality of energy (second law of thermodynamics) for the systems are both investigated. The results of exergy analysis provide insights about the potential targets for technology improvement. The features of different gasifier-based coal-to-fuel systems are discussed. The results provide information about the research and development priorities in future.

Research on Switch Linearity Hybrid Power Converter

2013 ◽  
Vol 336-338 ◽  
pp. 1161-1164
Author(s):  
Wen Hua Hu
Keyword(s):  
High Efficiency ◽  
Power Converter ◽  
Experimental Results ◽  
Hybrid Power ◽  
Load Disturbance ◽  
Linear Load ◽  
Non Linear ◽  
Voltage Follower ◽  
Filter Unit ◽  
Non Linear Load

This paper introduced a voltage follower type of supply hybridized by the switch filter unit with the linear unit, analyzed the principle of the composing, the topology of Switch Linearity Hybrid (SLH) power converter. Theory analyses, simulation and experimental results showed that the SLH power converter possess the character of high efficiency, low THD, the capacity suitable to varied kinds of loads (including non-linear load) and resisting load disturbance.

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