scholarly journals FQ-AGO: Fuzzy Logic Q-Learning Based Asymmetric Link Aware and Geographic Opportunistic Routing Scheme for MANETs

Electronics ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 576
Author(s):  
Ali Alshehri ◽  
Abdel-Hameed A. Badawy ◽  
Hong Huang
Keyword(s):  
Fuzzy Logic ◽  
Routing Protocols ◽  
Opportunistic Routing ◽  
Link Quality ◽  
Q Learning ◽  
Routing Scheme ◽  
End To End ◽  
Geographic Opportunistic Routing ◽  
Asymmetric Link ◽  
Network Metrics

The proliferation of mobile and IoT devices, coupled with the advances in the wireless communication capabilities of these devices, have urged the need for novel communication paradigms for such heterogeneous hybrid networks. Researchers have proposed opportunistic routing as a means to leverage the potentials offered by such heterogeneous networks. While several proposals for multiple opportunistic routing protocols exist, only a few have explored fuzzy logic to evaluate wireless links status in the network to construct stable and faster paths towards the destinations. We propose FQ-AGO, a novel Fuzzy Logic Q-learning Based Asymmetric Link Aware and Geographic Opportunistic Routing scheme that leverages the presence of long-range transmission links to assign forwarding candidates towards a given destination. The proposed routing scheme utilizes fuzzy logic to evaluate whether a wireless link is useful or not by capturing multiple network metrics, the available bandwidth, link quality, node transmission power, and distance progress. Based on the fuzzy logic evaluation, the proposed routing scheme employs a Q-learning algorithm to select the best candidate set toward the destination. We implemented FQ-AGO on the ns-3 simulator and compared the performance of the proposed routing scheme with three other relevant protocols: AODV, DSDV, and GOR. For precise analysis, we considered various network metrics to compare the performance of the routing protocols. The simulation result validates our analysis and demonstrates remarkable performance improvements in terms of total network throughput, packet delivery ration, and end-to-end delay. FQ-AGO achieves up to 15%, 50%, and 45% higher throughput compared to DSDV, AODV, and GOR, respectively. Meanwhile, FQ-AGO reduces by 50% the end-to-end latency and the average number of hop-count.

scholarly journals Mobility, Residual Energy, and Link Quality Aware Multipath Routing in MANETs with Q-learning Algorithm

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (8) ◽  
pp. 1582 ◽  
Author(s):  
Valmik Tilwari ◽  
Kaharudin Dimyati ◽  
MHD Hindia ◽  
Anas Fattouh ◽  
Iraj Amiri
Keyword(s):  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Learning Algorithm ◽  
Residual Energy ◽  
Quality Parameters ◽  
Link Quality ◽  
Convergence Time ◽  
Mobile Nodes ◽  
Q Learning ◽  
Routing Scheme ◽  
End To End

To facilitate connectivity to the internet, the easiest way to establish communication infrastructure in areas affected by natural disaster and in remote locations with intermittent cellular services and/or lack of Wi-Fi coverage is to deploy an end-to-end connection over Mobile Ad-hoc Networks (MANETs). However, the potentials of MANETs are yet to be fully realized as existing MANETs routing protocols still suffer some major technical drawback in the areas of mobility, link quality, and battery constraint of mobile nodes between the overlay connections. To address these problems, a routing scheme named Mobility, Residual energy and Link quality Aware Multipath (MRLAM) is proposed for routing in MANETs. The proposed scheme makes routing decisions by determining the optimal route with energy efficient nodes to maintain the stability, reliability, and lifetime of the network over a sustained period of time. The MRLAM scheme uses a Q-Learning algorithm for the selection of optimal intermediate nodes based on the available status of energy level, mobility, and link quality parameters, and then provides positive and negative reward values accordingly. The proposed routing scheme reduces energy cost by 33% and 23%, end to end delay by 15% and 10%, packet loss ratio by 30.76% and 24.59%, and convergence time by 16.49% and 11.34% approximately, compared with other well-known routing schemes such as Multipath Optimized Link State Routing protocol (MP-OLSR) and MP-OLSRv2, respectively. Overall, the acquired results indicate that the proposed MRLAM routing scheme significantly improves the overall performance of the network.

Performance Analysis of Energy Efficient Opportunistic Routing Protocols in Wireless Sensor Network

2019 ◽  
Vol 09 ◽  
Author(s):  
Premkumar Chithaluru ◽  
Rajeev Tiwari ◽  
Kamal Kumar
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Routing Protocols ◽  
Energy Efficient ◽  
Data Communication ◽  
Opportunistic Routing ◽  
Link Quality ◽  
Delivery Ratio ◽  
Performance Parameters ◽  
Wireless Medium ◽  
Reduce Energy Consumption

Background: Energy Efficient wireless routing has been an area of research particularly to mitigate challenges surrounding performance in category of Wireless Networks. Objectives: The Opportunistic Routing (OR) technique was explored in recent times and exhibits benefits over many existing protocols and can significantly reduce energy consumption during data communication with very limited compromise on performance. Methods : Using broadcasting nature of the wireless medium, OR practices to discourse two foremost issues of variable link quality and unpredictable node agility in constrained WSNs. OR has a potential to reduce delay in order to increase the consistency of data delivery in network. Results : Various OR based routing protocols have shown varying performances. In this paper, a detailed conceptual and experimental analysis is carried out on different protocols that uses OR technique for providing more clear and definitive view on performance parameters like Message Success Rate, Packet Delivery Ratio and Energy Consumption.

RELADO

2012 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 54-71
Author(s):  
Raffaele Bruno ◽  
Marco Conti ◽  
Maddalena Nurchis
Keyword(s):  
Network Performance ◽  
Mesh Networks ◽  
Opportunistic Routing ◽  
Packet Transmission ◽  
Link Quality ◽  
Throughput Maximization ◽  
High Loss ◽  
End To End ◽  
Cost Paths ◽  
Selection Of

Opportunistic routing is considered as one of the most promising techniques to effectively limit performance degradation in wireless mesh networks caused by unpredictable channel variations and high loss rates. This paradigm defers the selection of the next hop after the packet reception to take advantage of any opportunity provided by broadcast transmissions. Most of the existing opportunistic approaches base the forwarder selection on end-to-end principles. However, in multi-hop wireless environments the cost of a path is not uniformly distributed over space, nor constant over time, hence even two equal-cost paths might present significantly different link quality distributions one from the other. This encourages the use of localized context to implement a more accurate selection of the possible forwarders after each packet transmission. Hence, in this paper the authors propose RELADO, an adaptive opportunistic routing protocol able to efficiently combine end-to-end with local information to ensure transmission resilience across the network. With this flexibility, RELADO is able to reduce packet loss by ensuring the best trade-off between throughput maximization and packet progress. An extensive set of ns2 simulations confirms the potentiality of RELADO to improve network performance when compared to both legacy unicast and opportunistic routing protocols.

An Efficient Cluster-Based Flooding Using Fuzzy Logic Scheme (CBF2S) In Mobile Adhoc Networks

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Mahima ◽  
N. Rajendran
Keyword(s):  
Fuzzy Logic ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Link Quality ◽  
Traffic Load ◽  
Node Degree ◽  
Communication Overhead ◽  
Delivery Ratio ◽  
Node Mobility ◽  
Centralized Control ◽  
Hop Count

: Mobile ad hoc networks (MANET) hold a set of numerous mobile computing devices useful for communication with one another with no centralized control. Due to the inherent features of MANET such as dynamic topology, constrained on bandwidth, energy and computing resources, there is a need to design the routing protocols efficiently. Flooding is a directive for managing traffic since it makes use of only chosen nodes for transmitting data from one node to another. This paper intends to develop a new Cluster-Based Flooding using Fuzzy Logic Scheme (CBF2S). To construct clusters and choose proper cluster heads (CHs), thefuzzy logic approach is applied with the use of three parameters namely link quality, node mobility and node degree. The presented model considerably minimizes the number of retransmissions in the network. The presented model instructs the cluster members (CM) floods the packets inside a cluster called intra-cluster flooding and CHs floods the packets among the clusters called inter-cluster flooding. In addition, the gateway sends a packet to another gateway for minimizing unwanted data retransmissions when it comes under different CH. The presented CBF2S is simulated using NS2 tool under the presence of varying hop count. The CBF2S model exhibits maximum results over the other methods interms of overhead, communication overhead, traffic load, packet delivery ratio and the end to end delay.

scholarly journals Opportunistic routing based on partial CSI in MIMO random ad-hoc networks

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yiftach Richter ◽  
Itsik Bergel
Keyword(s):  
Ad Hoc Networks ◽  
Wireless Ad Hoc Networks ◽  
Data Streams ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Multiple Input Multiple Output ◽  
Opportunistic Routing ◽  
Statistical Characterization ◽  
Routing Scheme ◽  
Single Antenna ◽  
Hoc Networks

AbstractIn this paper we consider opportunistic routing in multiple-input–multiple-output (MIMO) random wireless ad-hoc networks (WANETs). Our analysis uses a proper model of the physical layer together with an abstraction of the higher communication layers. We assume that the nodes are distributed according to a Poisson point process and consider a routing scheme that opportunistically selects the next relay and the number of spatially multiplexed data streams. The routing decisions are based on geographic locations, the channel gains of the neighbor nodes, and the statistical characterization of all other nodes. Unlike the single antenna case, the optimal routing scheme cannot be explicitly expressed. Hence, we propose a smart-routing scheme for MIMO that adapts the number of data streams per user to the channel conditions. The numerical results demonstrate that this scheme outperforms all previously published schemes for this scenario. The findings highlight the importance of channel state information for efficient routing, and the need for an adaptive selection of the number of data streams at each transmitter.

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