scholarly journals An IoT Architecture for Continuous Livestock Monitoring Using LoRa LPWAN

Electronics ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (12) ◽  
pp. 1435 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lorenzo Germani ◽  
Vanni Mecarelli ◽  
Giuseppe Baruffa ◽  
Luca Rugini ◽  
Fabrizio Frescura
Keyword(s):  
Data Storage ◽  
Area Network ◽  
Wide Area Network ◽  
Carrier Sense Multiple Access ◽  
Mac Layer ◽  
Medium Access ◽  
And Performance ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Event Based ◽  
The Internet Of Things

The Internet of Things (IoT) architecture is quickly becoming popular even outside of its originating scenario of home automation. This paper reports the design, implementation, and performance of an IoT hardware and software architecture conceived for the continuous monitoring of livestock located in barns and during grazing. We have adopted the LoRa low power wide area network (LPWAN) technology to cover the diverse environments, and a suitable configuration of web services to perform data storage, analysis, and visualization. Since the LoRa LPWAN (LoRaWAN) medium access control (MAC) layer does not provide a listen-before-talk (LBT) mechanism, we propose a custom MAC layer with LBT-based carrier-sense multiple access with collision avoidance (CSMA/CA). The devised system has been implemented using off-the-shelf hardware, and its performance has also been estimated with the help of a C++ event-based simulator. The preliminary results of our HW implementation on the field confirm the stability of the conceived system and its reliability.

scholarly journals Energy Efficiency TDMA/CSMA Hybrid Protocol with Power Control for WSN

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xin Yang ◽  
Ling Wang ◽  
Jian Xie ◽  
Zhaolin Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
Power Control ◽  
Multiple Access ◽  
Carrier Sense Multiple Access ◽  
Mac Layer ◽  
Medium Access ◽  
Practical Applications ◽  
Control Scheme ◽  
Time Division ◽  
The Internet Of Things

Wireless sensors network (WSN) is widely used in the Internet of Things at present. However, limited energy source is a critical problem in the improvement and practical applications of WSN, so it is necessary to improve the energy efficiency. As another important evaluation criterion of transmission performance, throughput should be improved too. To mitigate both of the problems at the same time, by taking the advantages of Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) and Carrier Sense Multiple Access (CSMA) at the medium access control (MAC) layer of WSN, we propose a hybrid TDMA/CSMA MAC layer protocol. Meanwhile, we design a novel power control scheme to further reduce the energy consumption and optimize the transmission slots. The simulation results demonstrate that the proposed protocol significantly improves the throughput and energy efficiency.

scholarly journals LoRaWANSim: A Flexible Simulator for LoRaWAN Networks

Sensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 695
Author(s):  
Riccardo Marini ◽  
Konstantin Mikhaylov ◽  
Gianni Pasolini ◽  
Chiara Buratti
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Research Community ◽  
Area Network ◽  
Wide Area Network ◽  
Performance Limits ◽  
Medium Access ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Physical Medium ◽  
Network Simulators ◽  
And Performance

Among the low power wide area network communication protocols for large scale Internet of Things, LoRaWAN is considered one of the most promising, owing to its flexibility and energy-saving capabilities. For these reasons, during recent years, the scientific community has invested efforts into assessing the fundamental performance limits and understanding the trade-offs between the parameters and performance of LoRaWAN communication for different application scenarios. However, this task cannot be effectively accomplished utilizing only analytical methods, and precise network simulators are needed. To that end, this paper presents LoRaWANSim, a LoRaWAN simulator implemented in MATLAB, developed to characterize the behavior of LoRaWAN networks, accounting for physical, medium access control and network aspects. In particular, since many simulators described in the literature are deployed for specific research purposes, they are usually oversimplified and hold a number of assumptions affecting the accuracy of their results. In contrast, our simulator has been developed for the sake of completeness and it is oriented towards an accurate representation of the LoRaWAN at the different layers. After a detailed description of the simulator, we report a validation of the simulator itself and we then conclude by presenting some results of its use revealing notable and non-intuitive trade-offs present in LoRaWAN. Such simulator will be made available via open access to the research community.

scholarly journals Worldwide Connectivity for the Internet of Things Through LoRaWAN

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 57 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lorenzo Vangelista ◽  
Marco Centenaro
Keyword(s):  
Internet Of Things ◽  
Low Power ◽  
Cellular Network ◽  
Wide Area ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Area Network ◽  
Wide Area Network ◽  
Frequency Bands ◽  
The Moment ◽  
The Internet Of Things

The low-power wide-area network (LPWAN) paradigm is gradually gaining market acceptance. In particular, three prominent LPWAN technologies are emerging at the moment: LoRaWAN™ and SigFox™, which operate on unlicensed frequency bands, and NB-IoT, operating on licensed frequency bands. This paper deals with LoRaWAN™, and has the aim of describing a particularly interesting feature provided by the latest LoRaWAN™ specification—often neglected in the literature—i.e., the roaming capability between different operators of LoRaWAN™ networks, across the same country or even different countries. Recalling that LoRaWAN™ devices do not have a subscriber identification module (SIM) like cellular network terminals, at a first glance the implementation of roaming in LoRaWAN™ networks could seem intricate. The contribution of this paper consists in explaining the principles behind the implementation of a global LoRaWAN network, with particular focus on how to cope with the lack of the SIM in the architecture and how to realize roaming.

Chirp Spreading Spectrum in Imperfect Environment and Wireless Tree Topology Network

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hongqiang Li ◽  
Dongyan Zhao ◽  
Xiaoke Tang ◽  
Jie Gan ◽  
Xu Zhao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Low Power ◽  
Rapid Development ◽  
Single Point ◽  
Multipath Fading ◽  
Tree Topology ◽  
Area Network ◽  
Wide Area Network ◽  
Target Node ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
And Performance

With the rapid development of IoT technology in recent years, higher requirements have been put forward for wireless communication technology. Low Power Wide Area Network (LPWAN) technology is emerging rapidly, the technology is characterized by low power consumption, low bandwidth, long-distance, and a large number of connections, and is specifically designed for Internet of Things applications. LoRa (Low Power Long Range Transceiver), as a typical representative of LPWAN technology, has been widely concerned and studied. This paper analyzes the performance of LoRa modulation in the tree topology network and analyzes the performance of LoRa modulation in the imperfect environment for point-to-point communication and multipoint-to-point communication. From theoretical analysis and performance simulation, it can be seen that the influence of frequency offset or multipath fading on LoRa signal is very obvious. However, when LoRa modulation is used for networking, multi-user interference will be introduced. Under the influence of many imperfect factors, the signal receiver performance of LoRa modulation will be difficult to guarantee. Because of these effects, Coordinated Multiple Points based on Timing Delay (DCoMP) is presented. Multiple nodes close to each other send the same data to the target node. Due to the inaccurate synchronization between nodes, there will be a certain relative delay when sending signals to the same target node. After the receiving node combines the signals of multiple nodes according to different relative delays, the reception performance of the signals can be improved. At the same time, the cooperative node can also actively adjust the signal sending time to improve the reception performance of the receiving node signal merging algorithm. LoRa modulation, by using DCoMP transmission, improves the reception of signals and thus the overall capacity of the system. Through the analysis of multipoint communication and single point communication, this paper is of great help to LoRa network deployment.

scholarly journals Remote software update in trusted connection of long range IoT networking integrated with versatile edge cloud

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (2.21) ◽  
pp. 194
Author(s):  
R Caroline Kalaiselvi ◽  
S Mary Vennila
Keyword(s):  
Computer Simulation ◽  
Internet Of Things ◽  
Information Transmission ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Area Network ◽  
Wide Area Network ◽  
Software Update ◽  
Client Data ◽  
The Internet Of Things ◽  
Gathering Data

The Internet of Things (IoT) prompts can administered by gathering data from little sensor gadgets. As of late, stockpiling less detecting gadgets have been utilized to actualize IoT administrations.  They rely upon conveyed programming from a system server to work benefit capacities and IoT administrations are in view of gathered client data. In this way, it is critical to keep up trusted associations aid programming conveyance or information transmission. In the event that a system association is deceitful, stable information transmission can't be accomplished. Dishonest information associations cause numerous issues in IoT administrations. In this manner, this paper proposes a product refresh strategy in trusted association of IoT organizing. The technique utilizes Low Power Wide Area Network (LPWAN) as long-go IoT organizing innovation and utilizations a portable edge cloud to enhance registering effectiveness in an entrance arrange that comprises of IoT gadgets with lacking assets. In the strategy, the versatile edge cloud is coordinated into a door, and forms detecting information and remote programming updates of LPWAN. IoT gadgets can get programming capacities from the versatile edge cloud. The proposed strategy investigates measurable data about associations in a get to arrange and decides the LPWAN put stock in associations. At that point, programming updates can be performed over the confided in association. Utilizing trusted associations prompts an expanded bundle conveyance rate and decreased transmission vitality utilization. The strategy is contrasted with at present accessible frameworks through PC recreation and through computer simulation and this method’s efficiency is validated. 

scholarly journals A Dual Key-Based Activation Scheme for Secure LoRaWAN

2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 ◽  
pp. 1-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jaehyu Kim ◽  
JooSeok Song
Keyword(s):  
Long Range ◽  
Wide Area ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Area Network ◽  
Key Generation ◽  
Wide Area Network ◽  
Session Key ◽  
Original Scheme ◽  
The Internet Of Things ◽  
Constrained Devices

With the advent of the Internet of Things (IoT) era, we are experiencing rapid technological progress. Billions of devices are connected to each other, and our homes, cities, hospitals, and schools are getting smarter and smarter. However, to realize the IoT, several challenging issues such as connecting resource-constrained devices to the Internet must be resolved. Recently introduced Low Power Wide Area Network (LPWAN) technologies have been devised to resolve this issue. Among many LPWAN candidates, the Long Range (LoRa) is one of the most promising technologies. The Long Range Wide Area Network (LoRaWAN) is a communication protocol for LoRa that provides basic security mechanisms. However, some security loopholes exist in LoRaWAN’s key update and session key generation. In this paper, we propose a dual key-based activation scheme for LoRaWAN. It resolves the problem of key updates not being fully supported. In addition, our scheme facilitates each layer in generating its own session key directly, which ensures the independence of all layers. Real-world experimental results compared with the original scheme show that the proposed scheme is totally feasible in terms of delay and battery consumption.

scholarly journals PRICHAIN: A Partially Decentralized Implementation of UbiPri Middleware Using Blockchain

Sensors ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (20) ◽  
pp. 4483 ◽  
Author(s):  
Iago Sestrem Ochôa ◽  
Luis Augusto Silva ◽  
Gabriel de Mello ◽  
Bruno Alves da Silva ◽  
Juan Francisco de Paz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Internet Of Things ◽  
Data Storage ◽  
Personal Information ◽  
Distributed Storage ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Storage Security ◽  
User Data ◽  
And Performance ◽  
The Internet Of Things ◽  
Different Levels

With the popularization of the Internet-of-Things, various applications have emerged to make life easier. These applications generate a large amount of user data. Analyzing the data obtained from these applications, one can infer personal information about each user. Considering this, it is clear that ensuring privacy in this type of application is essential. To guarantee privacy various solutions exist, one of them is UbiPri middleware. This paper presents a decentralized implementation of UbiPri middleware using the Ethereum blockchain. Smart contracts were used in conjunction with a communication gateway and a distributed storage service to ensure users privacy. The results obtained show that the implementation of this work ensures privacy at different levels, data storage security, and performance regarding scalability in the Internet of Things environments.

scholarly journals LoRaWAN Energy Optimization with Security Consideration

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ala Khalifeh ◽  
Khaled Aldahdouh ◽  
Sahel Alouneh
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Area Network ◽  
Transmission Power ◽  
Wide Area Network ◽  
Spreading Factor ◽  
Transmission Parameters ◽  
Potential Applications ◽  
Network Operation ◽  
Use Of The Internet ◽  
And Performance

Long Range Wide Area Network (LoRaWAN) is an emerging wireless technology that is expected to be widely deployed and implemented in several applications, especially with the promising widespread use of the Internet of Things (IoT) and its potential applications within the Fifth Generation (5G) communication technology. LoRaWAN consists of a number of nodes that monitors and senses the environment to collect specific data, and then sends the collected data to a remote monitoring device for further processing and decision-making. Energy consumption and security assurance are two vital factors needed to be optimized to ensure an efficient and reliable network operation and performance. To achieve that, each of LoRaWAN nodes can be configured by five transmission parameters, which are the spreading factor, carrier frequency, bandwidth, coding rate and transmission power. Choosing the best values of these parameters leads to enhancing the network deployment. In this paper, we shed the light to the security aspect in LoRaWAN network. Then, we introduced an algorithm that depends on the reinforcement learning approach to enable each node in the network to choose the best values of spreading factor and transmission power such that it leads to a lower energy consumption and higher packets’ delivery rate. The results of the simulation experiments of our proposed technique showed a valuable increase in the packet reception rate at the gateway and a significant decrease in the total consumed energy at the end nodes compared with the most related work in literature

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