scholarly journals 5G Base Station Deployment Perspectives in Millimeter Wave Frequencies using Meta-Heuristic Algorithms

Electronics ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (11) ◽  
pp. 1318 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ganame ◽  
Yingzhuang ◽  
Ghazzai ◽  
Kamissoko
Keyword(s):  
Millimeter Wave ◽  
Optimization Problem ◽  
Heuristic Algorithms ◽  
Region Of Interest ◽  
Base Station ◽  
Base Stations ◽  
Intercell Interference ◽  
High Data ◽  
Data Rates ◽  
5G Network

It can be predicted that the infrastructure of the existing wireless networks will not fill the requirement of the fifth generation (5G) wireless network due to the high data rates and a large number of expected traffic. Thus, a novel deployment method is crucial to satisfy 5G features. Meta-heuristic is expected to be a promising method for the complex deployment optimization problem of the 5G network. This work presents an implementation of a meta-heuristic algorithm based on swarm intelligence, to minimize the number of base stations (BSs) and optimize their placements in millimeter wave (mmWave) frequencies (e.g., 28 GHz and 38 GHz) in the context of the 5G network while satisfying user data rates requirement. Then, an iterative method is applied to remove redundant BSs. We formulate an optimization problem that takes into account multiple 5G network deployment scenarios. Further, a comparative study is conducted with the well-known simulated annealing (SA) using Monte Carlo simulations to assess the performance of the developed model. In our simulation results, we divide the region of interest into two subareas with different user distributions for different network scenarios while considering the intercell interference. The results demonstrate that the proposed approach has better network coverage with low percentage users in outage. In addition, the developed approach has less computational times to reach the desired target network quality of service (QoS).

scholarly journals A Monte Carlo Analysis of Actual Maximum Exposure From a 5G Millimeter-Wave Base Station Antenna for EMF Compliance Assessments

2022 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bo Xu ◽  
David Anguiano Sanjurjo ◽  
Davide Colombi ◽  
Christer Törnevik
Keyword(s):  
Monte Carlo ◽  
Millimeter Wave ◽  
Near Field ◽  
Multiple Input Multiple Output ◽  
Monte Carlo Analysis ◽  
Base Station ◽  
Base Stations ◽  
Far Field ◽  
Wave Radio ◽  
Maximum Exposure

International radio frequency (RF) electromagnetic field (EMF) exposure assessment standards and regulatory bodies have developed methods and specified requirements to assess the actual maximum RF EMF exposure from radio base stations enabling massive multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) and beamforming. Such techniques are based on the applications of power reduction factors (PRFs), which lead to more realistic, albeit conservative, exposure assessments. In this study, the actual maximum EMF exposure and the corresponding PRFs are computed for a millimeter-wave radio base station array antenna. The computed incident power densities based on near-field and far-field approaches are derived using a Monte Carlo analysis. The results show that the actual maximum exposure is well below the theoretical maximum, and the PRFs similar to those applicable for massive MIMO radio base stations operating below 6 GHz are also applicable for millimeter-wave frequencies. Despite the very low power levels that currently characterize millimeter-wave radio base stations, using the far-field approach can also guarantee the conservativeness of the PRFs used to assess the actual maximum exposure close to the antenna.

scholarly journals Performance Analysis of Millimeter-Wave UAV Swarm Networks under Blockage Effects

Sensors ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (16) ◽  
pp. 4593
Author(s):  
Haejoon Jung ◽  
In-Ho Lee
Keyword(s):  
Millimeter Wave ◽  
Channel Model ◽  
High Mobility ◽  
Base Stations ◽  
Shape Theory ◽  
High Data ◽  
Mobile Cellular ◽  
Seamless Connectivity ◽  
Mobile Cellular Networks ◽  
Uav Swarm

Due to their high mobility, unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) can offer better connectivity by complement or replace with the existing terrestrial base stations (BSs) in the mobile cellular networks. In particular, introducing UAV and millimeter wave (mmWave) technologies can better support the future wireless networks with requirements of high data rate, low latency, and seamless connectivity. However, it is widely known that mmWave signals are susceptible to blockages because of their poor diffraction. In this context, we consider macro-diversity achieved by the multiple UAV BSs, which are randomly distributed in a spherical swarm. Using the widely used channel model incorporated with the distance-based random blockage effects, which is proposed based on stochastic geometry and random shape theory, we investigate the outage performance of the mmWave UAV swarm network. Further, based on our analysis, we show how to minimize the outage rate by adjusting various system parameters such as the size of the UAV swarm relative to the distance to the receiver.

scholarly journals Gateway Selection in Millimeter Wave UAV Wireless Networks Using Multi-Player Multi-Armed Bandit

Sensors ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (14) ◽  
pp. 3947
Author(s):  
Ehab Mahmoud Mohamed ◽  
Sherief Hashima ◽  
Abdallah Aldosary ◽  
Kohei Hatano ◽  
Mahmoud Ahmed Abdelghany
Keyword(s):  
Millimeter Wave ◽  
Base Stations ◽  
Superior Performance ◽  
Total System ◽  
Average Data ◽  
Data Rates ◽  
Terrestrial Network ◽  
Upper Confidence Bound ◽  
Selection Algorithms ◽  
Post Disaster

Recently, unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV)-based communications gained a lot of attention due to their numerous applications, especially in rescue services in post-disaster areas where the terrestrial network is wholly malfunctioned. Multiple access/gateway UAVs are distributed to fully cover the post-disaster area as flying base stations to provide communication coverage, collect valuable information, disseminate essential instructions, etc. The access UAVs after gathering/broadcasting the necessary information should select and fly towards one of the surrounding gateways for relaying their information. In this paper, the gateway UAV selection problem is addressed. The main aim is to maximize the long-term average data rates of the UAVs relays while minimizing the flights’ battery cost, where millimeter wave links, i.e., using 30~300 GHz band, employing antenna beamforming, are used for backhauling. A tool of machine learning (ML) is exploited to address the problem as a budget-constrained multi-player multi-armed bandit (MAB) problem. In this setup, access UAVs act as the players, and the arms are the gateway UAVs, while the rewards are the average data rates of the constructed relays constrained by the battery cost of the access UAV flights. In this decentralized setting, where information is neither prior available nor exchanged among UAVs, a selfish and concurrent multi-player MAB strategy is suggested. Towards this end, three battery-aware MAB (BA-MAB) algorithms, namely upper confidence bound (UCB), Thompson sampling (TS), and the exponential weight algorithm for exploration and exploitation (EXP3), are proposed to realize gateways selection efficiently. The proposed BA-MAB-based gateway UAV selection algorithms show superior performance over approaches based on near and random selections in terms of total system rate and energy efficiency.

scholarly journals Analytical Blind Beamforming for a Multi-Antenna UAV Base-Station Receiver in Millimeter-Wave Bands

Sensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (19) ◽  
pp. 6561
Author(s):  
Pingchuan Liu ◽  
Kuangang Fan ◽  
Yuhang Chen
Keyword(s):  
Channel Estimation ◽  
Millimeter Wave ◽  
Antenna Arrays ◽  
Base Station ◽  
Base Stations ◽  
Signal Recovery ◽  
Constant Modulus ◽  
Signal Space ◽  
Target User ◽  
Blind Beamforming

Over the last decade, unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) with antenna arrays have usually been employed for the enhancement of wireless communication in millimeter-wave bands. They are commonly used as aerial base stations and relay platforms in order to serve multiple users. Many beamforming methods for improving communication quality based on channel estimation have been proposed. However, these methods can be resource-intensive due to the complexity of channel estimation in practice. Thus, in this paper, we formulate an MIMO blind beamforming problem at the receivers for UAV-assisted communications in which channel estimation is omitted in order to save communication resources. We introduce one analytical method, which is called the analytical constant modulus algorithm (ACMA), in order to perform blind beamforming at the UAV base station; this relies only on data received by the antenna. The feature of the constant modulus (CM) is employed to restrict the target user signals. Algebraic operations, such as singular value decomposition (SVD), are applied to separate the user signal space from other interferences. The number of users in the region served by the UAV can be detected by exploring information in the measured data. We seek solutions that are expressible as one Kronecker product structure in the signal space; then, the beamformers that correspond to each user can be successfully estimated. The simulation results show that, by using this analytically derived blind method, the system can achieve good signal recovery accuracy, a reasonable system sum rate, and acceptable complexity.

scholarly journals KUNCI TEKNOLOGI 5G

2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ulil Surtia Zulpratita
Keyword(s):  
Base Station ◽  
Base Stations ◽  
Core Network ◽  
Access Technology ◽  
Radio Access Technology ◽  
Radio Access ◽  
Air Interface ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
5G Network ◽  
High Carrier

[Id] Proses kelengkapan standarisasi teknologi 5G diharapkan akan selesai sebelum Oktober 2020. Resminya standarisasi ini akan menjadi hal penting untuk komersialisasi jaringan 5G. Teknologi 5G diprediksi akan membutuhkan transformasi akan kebutuhan frekuensi carrier yang sangat tinggi dengan bandwidth yang sangat lebar, densitas ekstrim untuk berbagai divais dan base station, serta sejumlah besar antena. 5G tidak akan menjadi antarmuka udara tunggal sebagaimana pada model generasi sebelumnya. 5G diprediksi akan sangat integratif: jalinan koneksi antarmuka udara dan spektrum 5G bersama-sama dengan teknologi nirkabel yang sudah ada (misalnya: LTE dan WiFi) akan memberikan layanan dengan pesat data tinggi dan cakupan luas, serta menjamin terwujudnya pengalaman pengguna tanpa hambatan. Untuk mendukung hal tersebut, di bagian core network harus berevolusi untuk mencapai tingkat belum pernah terjadi sebelumnya dalam hal fleksibilitas dan kecerdasan, regulasi spektrum perlu dikaji kembali dan direvisi, masalah energi dan efisiensi biaya juga akan menjadi pertimbangan yang penting. Berdasarkan studi literatur yang telah dilakukan, artikel ini akan mengidentifikasi dan merumuskan empat kunci penting implementasi teknologi 5G. Kata kunci : implementasi 5G, massive MIMO, jaringan hybrid, mmWave, unified air interface [En] 5G standardization process is expected to be finished before October 2020. This standardization is essential for making 5G network commercial deployment. The 5G technology is forecasted to demand a transformation in the need for very high carrier frequencies with very extensive bandwidth, extreme density for devices and base stations, as well as large numbers of antennas. 5G will not be a distinct air interface based on Radio Access Technology as in former generation models. 5G is predicted to be immensely collaborative: the linkage of air interface and 5G spectrum together with existing wireless technologies (for example: LTE and WiFi) will provide services with universal high-rates coverage and ensure seamless user experience. To support this, the core network must also evolve to achieve an extraordinary level of adjustability and intelligence, spectral standardization needs to be reviewed and revised, energy issues and cost efficiency will also be an important attention. Based on studies that had been done, this article will discuss and identify the four significant keys to the implementation of 5G technology.

scholarly journals Power density of rectangular microstrip patch antenna arrays for 5G indoor base station

2020 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 1367
Author(s):  
Nor Adibah Ibrahim ◽  
Tharek Abd Rahman ◽  
Razali Ngah ◽  
Omar Abd Aziz ◽  
Olakunle Elijah
Keyword(s):  
Power Density ◽  
Antenna Arrays ◽  
Base Station ◽  
Small Cell ◽  
Base Stations ◽  
System Capacity ◽  
High Data ◽  
Communication Devices ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Cell Base

The fifth-generation (5G) network has been broadly investigated by many researchers. The capabilities of 5G include massive system capacity, incredibly high data rates everywhere, very low latency and the most important point is that it is exceptionally low device cost and low energy consumption. A key technology of 5G is the millimeter wave operating at 28 GHz and 38 GHz frequency bands which enable massive MIMO and small cell base station densification. However, there has been public concern associated with human exposure to electromagnetic fields (EMF) from 5G communication devices. Hence, this paper studies the power density of a 5G antenna array that can be used for the indoor base station. The power density is the amount of power or signal strength absorbed by a receiver such as the human body located a distance from the base station. To achieve this, the design of array antennas using CST software at 28 GHz, fabrication and measurement were carried out in an indoor and hallway environment. The measurement processes were set up at IC5G at UTM Kuala Lumpur in which the distance of the transmitter to receiver where 1 m, 4 m, 8 m, and 10 m. In this study, the measured power density is found to be below the set limit by ICNIRP and hence no health implication is feared. Regardless, sufficient act of cautionary has to be applied by those staying close to small cell base stations and more studies are still needed to ensure the safety of use of 5G base stations.

Design of Femtocell-Based Smart Home System Gateway

2014 ◽  
Vol 530-531 ◽  
pp. 662-666 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wei Li ◽  
Er Qing Lu
Keyword(s):  
Smart Home ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Network Capacity ◽  
Base Station ◽  
Internet Technology ◽  
Base Stations ◽  
Single Chip ◽  
Home Base ◽  
High Data ◽  
Technology And Communication

With the development of Internet technology and communication technology, traditional base station has been unable to meet the demand for high data services. In view of this, we propose the system core with Samsung S3C2440X processor constructs smart home hardware platform and using ADI ADF4602 single-chip, multiband 3G Femtocell transceiver to establish 3G home base stations, designed and realized an embedded gateway server through the house gateway to realize the family appliance equipment remote monitoring. Of software design, focusing on smart home control system, transplantation of embedded operating system uClinux to manage system resources, constructed a complete family gateway hardware and software platform, which can reduce the load of Microcell, improve the whole network capacity, and provide high-speed and high-quality indoor wireless access services.

scholarly journals Intercell Interference Coordination through Limited Feedback

2010 ◽  
Vol 2010 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lingjia Liu ◽  
Jianzhong (Charlie) Zhang ◽  
Jae-Chon Yu ◽  
Juho Lee
Keyword(s):  
Wireless Communication ◽  
Communication Networks ◽  
Limited Feedback ◽  
Base Station ◽  
Base Stations ◽  
System Level ◽  
Wireless Communication Networks ◽  
Interference Coordination ◽  
Average Cell ◽  
Intercell Interference

We consider the applications of multicell transmission schemes to the downlink of future wireless communication networks. A multicell multiple-input multiple output-(MIMOs) based scheme with limited coordination among neighboring base stations (BSs) is proposed to effectively combat the intercell interference by taking advantage of the degreesoffreedom in the spatial domain. In this scheme, mobile users are required to feedback channel-related information to both serving base station and interfering base station. Furthermore, a chordal distance-based compression scheme is introduced to reduce the feedback overhead. The performance of the proposed scheme is investigated through theoretical analysis as well as system level simulations. Both results suggest that the so-called “intercell interference coordination through limited feedback” scheme is a very good candidate for improving the cell-edge user throughput as well as the average cell throughput of the future wireless communication networks.

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