scholarly journals Survey on Routing Protocols for Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks Based on Multimetrics

Electronics ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (10) ◽  
pp. 1177 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carolina Tripp-Barba ◽  
Aníbal Zaldívar-Colado ◽  
Luis Urquiza-Aguiar ◽  
José Alfonso Aguilar-Calderón
Keyword(s):  
Ad Hoc Networks ◽  
Routing Protocols ◽  
Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Dynamic Environment ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Current State ◽  
Link Stability ◽  
Vehicle Mobility ◽  
Hoc Networks

In the last few years, many routing protocols have been proposed for vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) because of their specific characteristics. Protocols that use several metrics have been shown to be the most adequate to VANETs due to their effectiveness in dealing with dynamic environment changes due to vehicle mobility. Metrics such as distance, density, link stability, speed, and position were selected by the authors for the best proposal. Several surveys of routing proposals have been generated to categorize contributions and their application scenarios, but none of them focused on multimetric approaches. In this paper, we present a review of the routing protocols based on more than one metric to select the best route in a VANET. The main objective of this research was to present the contemporary most frequently used metrics in the different proposals and their application scenarios. This review helps in the selection protocols or the creation of metrics when a new protocol is designed.This survey of multimetric VANET routing protocols employed systematic literature-review (SLR) methodology in four well-knownown databases that allowed to analyze current state-of-the-art proposals. In addition, this paper provides a description of these multimetric routing protocols. Our findings indicate that distance and speed are the most popular and versatile metrics. Finally, we define some possible directions for future research related to the use of this class of protocols.

scholarly journals Enhanced Vehicular AD HOC Network Protocol to Improve Quality of Service in Vehicle to Vehicle Communication

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (9S) ◽  
pp. 175-181
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Service ◽  
Ad Hoc Networks ◽  
Routing Protocols ◽  
Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Rapid Change ◽  
Dynamic Environment ◽  
Dynamic Source ◽  
Hoc Networks

The vehicular ad-hoc networks (VANETs) are specific type or a sub form of Mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs). However the main problem which is related to this network is the Quality of Service (QoS) which mainly occurs due to rapid change topology nature in the network and lack of stability of communication. Consequently, some of the challenges that researcher focus on routing protocols for VANET. The problem which is faced by this network with these protocols is the dynamic environment in their route instability. This paper approaches the combination of Dynamic Source Routing protocol (DSR) and Particle Swarm Optimization Algorithm (PSO) to solve the problems of Routing protocols which help to improve the Quality of service (QoS) in the network. The approach which is introduced in this paper is to make use for making the better Quality of Service (QoS) in the VANET. The simulation results in MATLAB exactly predict the overall performances regarding the proposed work in terms of the packet drop ratio, transmission delay, channel utilization, Throughput and Energy consumption under varying conditions

scholarly journals Topology-Based Routing Protocols and Mobility Models for Flying Ad Hoc Networks: A Contemporary Review and Future Research Directions

Drones ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 9
Author(s):  
Ali H. Wheeb ◽  
Rosdiadee Nordin ◽  
Asma’ Abu Samah ◽  
Mohammed H. Alsharif ◽  
Muhammad Asghar Khan
Keyword(s):  
Ad Hoc Networks ◽  
Routing Protocols ◽  
Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Simulation Software ◽  
Three Dimensions ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Mobility Models ◽  
Research Issues ◽  
Hoc Networks

Telecommunications among unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) have emerged recently due to rapid improvements in wireless technology, low-cost equipment, advancement in networking communication techniques, and demand from various industries that seek to leverage aerial data to improve their business and operations. As such, UAVs have started to become extremely prevalent for a variety of civilian, commercial, and military uses over the past few years. UAVs form a flying ad hoc network (FANET) as they communicate and collaborate wirelessly. FANETs may be utilized to quickly complete complex operations. FANETs are frequently deployed in three dimensions, with a mobility model determined by the work they are to do, and hence differ between vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) and mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) in terms of features and attributes. Furthermore, different flight constraints and the high dynamic topology of FANETs make the design of routing protocols difficult. This paper presents a comprehensive review covering the UAV network, the several communication links, the routing protocols, the mobility models, the important research issues, and simulation software dedicated to FANETs. A topology-based routing protocol specialized to FANETs is discussed in-depth, with detailed categorization, descriptions, and qualitatively compared analyses. In addition, the paper demonstrates open research topics and future challenge issues that need to be resolved by the researchers, before UAVs communications are expected to become a reality and practical in the industry.

Survey of Routing Protocols in Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks

2010 ◽  
pp. 149-170 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kevin C. Lee ◽  
Uichin Lee ◽  
Mario Gerla
Keyword(s):  
Ad Hoc Networks ◽  
Routing Protocols ◽  
Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Hoc Networks ◽  
Open Issues

The chapter provides a survey of routing protocols in vehicular ad hoc networks. The routing protocols fall into two major categories of topology-based and position-based routing. The chapter discusses the advantages and disadvantages of these routing protocols, explores the motivation behind their design and trace the evolution of these routing protocols. Finally, it concludes the chapter by pointing out some open issues and possible direction of future research related to VANET routing.

Geocast Routing Protocols for Ad-Hoc Networks

2021 ◽  
pp. 23-45
Author(s):  
Indrani Das ◽  
Sanjoy Das
Keyword(s):  
Ad Hoc Networks ◽  
Routing Protocols ◽  
Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Geographical Area ◽  
Destination Node ◽  
Specific Geographical Area ◽  
Fast Network ◽  
Hoc Networks ◽  
Future Direction

Geocasting is a subset of conventional multicasting problem. Geocasting means to deliver a message or data to a specific geographical area. Routing refers to the activities necessary to route a message in its travel from source to the destination node. The routing of a message is very important and relatively difficult problems in the context of Ad-hoc Networks because nodes are moving very fast, network load or traffic patterns, and topology of the network is dynamical changes with time. In this chapter, different geocast routing mechanisms used in both Mobile Ad-hoc Networks and Vehicular Ad-hoc Networks. The authors have shown a strong and in-depth analysis of the strengths and weaknesses of each protocol. For delivering geocast message, both the source and destination nodes use location information. The nodes determine their locations by using the Global Positioning System (GPS). They have presented a comprehensive comparative analysis of existing geocast routing protocols and proposed future direction in designing a new routing protocol addressing the problem.

An Efficient Two-Mode Routing Protocol in Dense and Sparse Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks

2015 ◽  
Vol 764-765 ◽  
pp. 817-821
Author(s):  
Ing Chau Chang ◽  
Yuan Fen Wang ◽  
Chien Hsun Li ◽  
Cheng Fu Chou
Keyword(s):  
Ad Hoc Networks ◽  
Routing Protocol ◽  
Routing Protocols ◽  
Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Intersection Graph ◽  
Least Cost Path ◽  
Transmission Delays ◽  
Packet Delivery ◽  
Hoc Networks

This paper adopts a two-mode intersection graph-based routing protocol to support efficient packet forwarding for both dense and sparse vehicular ad hoc networks (VANET). We first create an intersection graph (IG) consisting of all connected road segments, which densities are high enough. Hence, the source vehicle leverages the proposed IG/IG bypass mode to greedily forward unicast packets to the boundary intersection via the least cost path of current IG. We then perform the IG-Ferry mode to spray a limited number of packet copies via relay vehicles to reach the boundary intersection of another IG where the destination vehicle resides. NS2 simulations are conducted to show that the two-mode IG/IG-Ferry outperforms well-known VANET routing protocols, in terms of average packet delivery ratios and end-to-end transmission delays.

Efficient Mechanisms and Performance Analysis of Routing Protocols in VANETs for Realistic Scenarios

2016 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 20-49 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christos Bouras ◽  
Vaggelis Kapoulas ◽  
Enea Tsanai
Keyword(s):  
Ad Hoc Networks ◽  
Routing Protocols ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Traffic Efficiency ◽  
Pattern Movement ◽  
Manet Routing ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Hoc Networks

Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs) are considered as a special case of mobile Ad Hoc Networks (MANETs) and are recently gaining a great attention from the research community. The need for improved road safety, traffic efficiency and direct communication along with the great complexity in routing, makes VANETs a highly challenging field. Routing in VANETs has to adapt to special characteristics such as high speed and road pattern movement as well as high linkage break probability. In this work, the authors show that traditional MANET routing protocols cannot efficiently handle the challenges in a VANET environment and thus need further modifications. For this reason, they propose and implement an enhancement mechanism, applied to the GPSR routing protocol that adapts to the needs of a VANET. The proposed mechanism's performance is evaluated through simulation sets for urban and highway scenarios and compared to the performance of the most common MANET routing protocols adopted in VANETs. The proposed enhancement is shown to be considerably beneficial and it significantly outperforms the rest of the tested routing protocols for almost every topology setting.

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