scholarly journals Routing Protocols for Mobile Internet of Things (IoT): A Survey on Challenges and Solutions

Electronics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (19) ◽  
pp. 2320
Author(s):  
Zawar Shah ◽  
Andrew Levula ◽  
Khawar Khurshid ◽  
Jawad Ahmed ◽  
Imdad Ullah ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Internet Of Things ◽  
Low Power ◽  
Routing Protocols ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Mobile Internet ◽  
Future Research ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Lossy Networks ◽  
Energy Aware ◽  
Iot Devices

The Internet of Things (IoT) is aimed to provide efficient and seamless connectivity to a large number of low-power and low-cost embedded devices, consequently, the routing protocols play a fundamental role in achieving these goals. The IETF has recently standardized the IPv6 Routing Protocol for Low Power and Lossy Networks (RPL) for LLNs (i.e., Low-power and Lossy Networks) and is well-accepted among the Internet community. However, RPL was proposed for static IoT devices and suffers from many issues when IoT devices are mobile. In this paper, we first present various issues that are faced by the RPL when IoT devices are mobile. We then carry out a detailed survey of various solutions that are proposed in the current literature to mitigate the issues faced by RPL. We classify various solutions into five categories i.e., ‘Trickle-timer based solutions’, ‘ETX based solutions’, ‘RSSI based solutions’, ‘Position-based solutions’, and ‘Miscellaneous solutions’. For each category of these solutions, we illustrate their working principles, issues addressed and make a thorough assessment of their strengths and weaknesses. In addition, we found several flaws in the performance analysis done by the authors of each of the solutions, e.g., nodes mobility, time intervals, etc., and suggest further investigations for the performance evaluations of these solutions in order to assess their applicability in real-world environments. Moreover, we provide future research directions for RPL supporting various real-time applications, mobility support, energy-aware, and privacy-aware routing.

scholarly journals Routing Protocols for Low Power and Lossy Networks in Internet of Things Applications

Sensors ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (9) ◽  
pp. 2144 ◽  
Author(s):  
José V. V. Sobral ◽  
Joel J. P. C. Rodrigues ◽  
Ricardo A. L. Rabêlo ◽  
Jalal Al-Muhtadi ◽  
Valery Korotaev
Keyword(s):  
Internet Of Things ◽  
Low Power ◽  
Routing Protocol ◽  
Routing Protocols ◽  
Data Exchange ◽  
Survey Study ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Lossy Networks ◽  
Weak Support ◽  
Iot Devices

The emergence of the Internet of Things (IoT) and its applications has taken the attention of several researchers. In an effort to provide interoperability and IPv6 support for the IoT devices, the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) proposed the 6LoWPAN stack. However, the particularities and hardware limitations of networks associated with IoT devices lead to several challenges, mainly for routing protocols. On its stack proposal, IETF standardizes the RPL (IPv6 Routing Protocol for Low-Power and Lossy Networks) as the routing protocol for Low-power and Lossy Networks (LLNs). RPL is a tree-based proactive routing protocol that creates acyclic graphs among the nodes to allow data exchange. Although widely considered and used by current applications, different recent studies have shown its limitations and drawbacks. Among these, it is possible to highlight the weak support of mobility and P2P traffic, restrictions for multicast transmissions, and lousy adaption for dynamic throughput. Motivated by the presented issues, several new solutions have emerged during recent years. The approaches range from the consideration of different routing metrics to an entirely new solution inspired by other routing protocols. In this context, this work aims to present an extensive survey study about routing solutions for IoT/LLN, not limited to RPL enhancements. In the course of the paper, the routing requirements of LLNs, the initial protocols, and the most recent approaches are presented. The IoT routing enhancements are divided according to its main objectives and then studied individually to point out its most important strengths and weaknesses. Furthermore, as the main contribution, this study presents a comprehensive discussion about the considered approaches, identifying the still remaining open issues and suggesting future directions to be recognized by new proposals.

Bringing Security to The Smallest Embedded Systems

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
JOSEPH YIU
Keyword(s):  
Internet Of Things ◽  
Embedded Systems ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Security Requirements ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Security Measures ◽  
Significant Challenge ◽  
Iot Devices

The increasing need for security in microcontrollers Security has long been a significant challenge in microcontroller applications(MCUs). Traditionally, many microcontroller systems did not have strong security measures against remote attacks as most of them are not connected to the Internet, and many microcontrollers are deemed to be cheap and simple. With the growth of IoT (Internet of Things), security in low cost microcontrollers moved toward the spotlight and the security requirements of these IoT devices are now just as critical as high-end systems due to:

scholarly journals Narrowband Internet of Things (NB-IoT): From Physical (PHY) and Media Access Control (MAC) Layers Perspectives

Sensors ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (11) ◽  
pp. 2613 ◽  
Author(s):  
Collins Burton Mwakwata ◽  
Hassan Malik ◽  
Muhammad Mahtab Alam ◽  
Yannick Le Moullec ◽  
Sven Parand ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Internet Of Things ◽  
Access Control ◽  
Low Power ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Heterogeneous Wireless Networks ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Media Access Control ◽  
Comprehensive Overview ◽  
Mac Layers ◽  
Research Activities

Narrowband internet of things (NB-IoT) is a recent cellular radio access technology based on Long-Term Evolution (LTE) introduced by Third-Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) for Low-Power Wide-Area Networks (LPWAN). The main aim of NB-IoT is to support massive machine-type communication (mMTC) and enable low-power, low-cost, and low-data-rate communication. NB-IoT is based on LTE design with some changes to meet the mMTC requirements. For example, in the physical (PHY) layer only single-antenna and low-order modulations are supported, and in the Medium Access Control (MAC) layers only one physical resource block is allocated for resource scheduling. The aim of this survey is to provide a comprehensive overview of the design changes brought in the NB-IoT standardization along with the detailed research developments from the perspectives of Physical and MAC layers. The survey also includes an overview of Evolved Packet Core (EPC) changes to support the Service Capability Exposure Function (SCEF) to manage both IP and non-IP data packets through Control Plane (CP) and User Plane (UP), the possible deployment scenarios of NB-IoT in future Heterogeneous Wireless Networks (HetNet). Finally, existing and emerging research challenges in this direction are presented to motivate future research activities.

scholarly journals The Internet of Things in the Corporate Environment

2022 ◽  
pp. 132-148
Author(s):  
Kiran M. B. ◽  
Martin George Wynn
Keyword(s):  
Internet Of Things ◽  
Radical Change ◽  
Future Research ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Corporate Environment ◽  
Case Examples ◽  
Implementation Guidelines ◽  
Iot Devices ◽  
The Internet Of Things ◽  
Exchange Data

The Internet of Things (IoT) is formed by a set of physical objects with embedded sensors, connected using a network so that they can collect and exchange data. Though the concept looks simple, its deployment in industry has enormous potential to bring major business benefits and radical change. This chapter examines IoT technology and how it is being used in the corporate environment. Based on a review of existing literature and case examples, the various definitions and elements of IoT are discussed, followed by an assessment of how IoT is being used and what benefits are being delivered. Some key emergent themes are then examined – security aspects, the significance of 5G networks, and the need for an IoT strategy and project implementation guidelines. The chapter concludes by outlining possible areas for future research and suggests a step-change in the mega-infrastructure connecting IoT devices is imminent.

scholarly journals Analysis of P4 and XDP for IoT Programmability in 6G and Beyond

IoT ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 605-622
Author(s):  
David Carrascal ◽  
Elisa Rojas ◽  
Joaquin Alvarez-Horcajo ◽  
Diego Lopez-Pajares ◽  
Isaías Martínez-Yelmo
Keyword(s):  
Internet Of Things ◽  
Software Defined Networking ◽  
Use Cases ◽  
Future Research ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Cpu Usage ◽  
Iot Devices ◽  
The Internet Of Things

Recently, two technologies have emerged to provide advanced programmability in Software-Defined Networking (SDN) environments, namely P4 and XDP. At the same time, the Internet of Things (IoT) represents a pillar of future 6G networks, which will be also sustained by SDN. In this regard, there is a need to analyze the suitability of P4 and XDP for IoT. In this article, we aim to compare both technologies to help future research efforts in the field. For this purpose, we evaluate both technologies by implementing diverse use cases, assessing their performance and providing a quick qualitative overview. All tests and design scenarios are publicly available in GitHub to guarantee replication and serve as initial steps for researchers that want to initiate in the field. Results illustrate that currently XDP is the best option for constrained IoT devices, showing lower latency times, half the CPU usage, and reduced memory in comparison with P4. However, development of P4 programs is more straightforward and the amount of code lines is more similar regardless of the scenario. Additionally, P4 has a lot of potential in IoT if a special effort is made to improve the most common software target, BMv2.

A Novel Insider Attack and Machine Learning Based Detection for the Internet of Things

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 1-23
Author(s):  
Morshed Chowdhury ◽  
Biplob Ray ◽  
Sujan Chowdhury ◽  
Sutharshan Rajasegarar
Keyword(s):  
Machine Learning ◽  
Internet Of Things ◽  
Network Traffic ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Traffic Data ◽  
Lossy Networks ◽  
Insider Attack ◽  
Iot Devices ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Internet Of Things

Due to the widespread functional benefits, such as supporting internet connectivity, having high visibility and enabling easy connectivity between sensors, the Internet of Things (IoT) has become popular and used in many applications, such as for smart city, smart health, smart home, and smart vehicle realizations. These IoT-based systems contribute to both daily life and business, including sensitive and emergency situations. In general, the devices or sensors used in the IoT have very limited computational power, storage capacity, and communication capabilities, but they help to collect a large amount of data as well as maintain communication with the other devices in the network. Since most of the IoT devices have no physical security, and often are open to everyone via radio communication and via the internet, they are highly vulnerable to existing and emerging novel security attacks. Further, the IoT devices are usually integrated with the corporate networks; in this case, the impact of attacks will be much more significant than operating in isolation. Due to the constraints of the IoT devices, and the nature of their operation, existing security mechanisms are less effective for countering the attacks that are specific to the IoT-based systems. This article presents a new insider attack, named loophole attack , that exploits the vulnerabilities present in a widely used IPv6 routing protocol in IoT-based systems, called RPL (Routing over Low Power and Lossy Networks). To protect the IoT system from this insider attack, a machine learning based security mechanism is presented. The proposed attack has been implemented using a Contiki IoT operating system that runs on the Cooja simulator, and the impacts of the attack are analyzed. Evaluation on the collected network traffic data demonstrates that the machine learning based approaches, along with the proposed features, help to accurately detect the insider attack from the network traffic data.

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