scholarly journals Blockchain Applications to Improve Operation and Security of Transportation Systems: A Survey

Electronics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 629
Author(s):  
Navid Khoshavi ◽  
Gabrielle Tristani ◽  
Arman Sargolzaei
Keyword(s):  
Autonomous Vehicles ◽  
Autonomous Vehicle ◽  
Transportation Systems ◽  
Great Success ◽  
Blockchain Technology ◽  
Fields Of Study ◽  
Vehicle Systems ◽  
Potential Applications ◽  
Near Future ◽  
Broad Overview

Blockchain technology continues to grow and extend into more areas with great success, which highlights the importance of studying the fields that have been, and have yet to be, fundamentally changed by its entrance. In particular, blockchain technology has been shown to be increasingly relevant in the field of transportation systems. More studies continue to be conducted relating to both fields of study and their integration. It is anticipated that their existing relationships will be greatly improved in the near future, as more research is conducted and applications are better understood. Because blockchain technology is still relatively new as compared to older, more well-used methods, many of its future capabilities are still very much unknown. However, before they can be discovered, we need to fully understand past and current developments, as well as expert observations, in applying blockchain technology to the autonomous vehicle field. From an understanding and discussion of the current and potential future capabilities of blockchain technology, as provided through this survey, advancements can be made to create solutions to problems that are inherent in autonomous vehicle systems today. The focus of this paper is mainly on the potential applications of blockchain in the future of transportation systems to be integrated with connected and autonomous vehicles (CAVs) to provide a broad overview on the current related literature and research studies in this field.

scholarly journals Transporting Children in Autonomous Vehicles: An Exploratory Study

2019 ◽  
Vol 62 (2) ◽  
pp. 278-287 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrice D. Tremoulet ◽  
Thomas Seacrist ◽  
Chelsea Ward McIntosh ◽  
Helen Loeb ◽  
Anna DiPietro ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Extracurricular Activities ◽  
Autonomous Vehicles ◽  
Driving Simulator ◽  
Autonomous Vehicle ◽  
Remote Access ◽  
Unaccompanied Children ◽  
Potential Applications ◽  
Minimum Age ◽  
Audio Communication ◽  
Vehicle Information

Objective Identify factors that impact parents’ decisions about allowing an unaccompanied child to ride in an autonomous vehicle (AV). Background AVs are being tested in several U.S. cities and on highways in multiple states. Meanwhile, suburban parents are using ridesharing services to shuttle children from school to extracurricular activities. Parents may soon be able to hire AVs to transport children. Method Nineteen parents of 8- to 16-year-old children, and some of their children, rode in a driving simulator in autonomous mode, then were interviewed. Parents also participated in focus groups. Topics included minimum age for solo child passengers, types of trips unaccompanied children might take, and vehicle features needed to support child passengers. Results Parents would require two-way audio communication and prefer video feeds of vehicle interiors, seatbelt checks, automatic locking, secure passenger identification, and remote access to vehicle information. Parents cited convenience as the greatest benefit and fear that AVs could not protect passengers during unplanned trip interruptions as their greatest concern. Conclusion Manufacturers have an opportunity to design family-friendly AVs from the outset, rather than retrofit them to be safe for child passengers. More research, especially usability studies where families interact with technology prototypes, is needed to understand how AV design impacts child passengers. Application Potential applications of this research include not only designing vehicles that can be used to safely transport children, seniors who no longer drive, and individuals with disabilities but also developing regulations, policies, and societal infrastructure to support safe child transport via AVs.

scholarly journals Research and Educational Programs for Connected and Autonomous Vehicles at the University of Waterloo

2017 ◽  
Vol 139 (12) ◽  
pp. S21-S23
Author(s):  
Ross Mckenzie ◽  
John Mcphee
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Autonomous Vehicles ◽  
Engineering Students ◽  
Pattern Analysis ◽  
Autonomous Driving ◽  
Educational Programs ◽  
Transportation Systems ◽  
Systems Research ◽  
Vehicle Systems ◽  
The University

This article presents an overview of the research and educational programs for connected and autonomous vehicles at the University of Waterloo (UWaterloo). UWaterloo is Canada’s largest engineering school, with 9,500 engineering students and 309 engineering faculty. The University of Waterloo Centre for Automotive Research (WatCAR) for faculty, staff and students is contributing to the development of in-vehicle systems education programs for connected and autonomous vehicles (CAVs) at Waterloo. Over 130 Waterloo faculty, 110 from engineering, are engaged in WatCAR’s automotive and transportation systems research programs. The school’s CAV efforts leverage WatCAR research expertise from five areas: (1) Connected and Autonomous; (2) Software and Data; (3) Lightweighting and Fabrication; (4) Structure and Safety; and (5) Advanced Powertrain and Emissions. Foundational and operational artificial intelligence expertise from the University of Waterloo Artificial Intelligence Institute complements the autonomous driving efforts, in disciplines that include neural networks, pattern analysis and machine learning.

Future Blockchain Technology for Autonomous Applications/Autonomous Vehicle

2022 ◽  
pp. 1027-1038
Author(s):  
Arnab Kumar Show ◽  
Abhishek Kumar ◽  
Achintya Singhal ◽  
Gayathri N. ◽  
K. Vengatesan
Keyword(s):  
Autonomous Vehicles ◽  
New Technology ◽  
Autonomous Vehicle ◽  
The Self ◽  
Third Party ◽  
Traffic Information ◽  
Online Transactions ◽  
The Third ◽  
Blockchain Technology ◽  
Self Driving Cars

The autonomous industry has rapidly grown for self-driving cars. The main purpose of autonomous industry is trying to give all types of security, privacy, secured traffic information to the self-driving cars. Blockchain is another newly established secured technology. The main aim of this technology is to provide more secured, convenient online transactions. By using this new technology, the autonomous industry can easily provide more suitable, safe, efficient transportation to the passengers and secured traffic information to the vehicles. This information can easily gather by the roadside units or by the passing vehicles. Also, the economical transactions can be possible more efficiently since blockchain technology allows peer-to-peer communications between nodes, and it also eliminates the need of the third party. This chapter proposes a concept of how the autonomous industry can provide more adequate, proper, and safe transportation with the help of blockchain. It also examines for the possibility that autonomous vehicles can become the future of transportation.

scholarly journals Towards a Severity Assessment Method for Potential Cyber Attacks to Connected and Autonomous Vehicles

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-15
Author(s):  
Qiyi He ◽  
Xiaolin Meng ◽  
Rong Qu
Keyword(s):  
Cyber Security ◽  
Intelligent Transportation Systems ◽  
Autonomous Vehicles ◽  
Autonomous Vehicle ◽  
Assessment Method ◽  
Transportation Systems ◽  
Cyber Attacks ◽  
Large Set ◽  
Security Attacks ◽  
Physical Damage

CAV (connected and autonomous vehicle) is a crucial part of intelligent transportation systems. CAVs utilize both sensors and communication components to make driving decisions. A large number of companies, research organizations, and governments have researched extensively on the development of CAVs. The increasing number of autonomous and connected functions however means that CAVs are exposed to more cyber security vulnerabilities. Unlike computer cyber security attacks, cyber attacks to CAVs could lead to not only information leakage but also physical damage. According to the UK CAV Cyber Security Principles, preventing CAVs from cyber security attacks need to be considered at the beginning of CAV development. In this paper, a large set of potential cyber attacks are collected and investigated from the aspects of target assets, risks, and consequences. Severity of each type of attacks is then analysed based on clearly defined new set of criteria. The levels of severity for the attacks can be categorized as critical, important, moderate, and minor. Mitigation methods including prevention, reduction, transference, acceptance, and contingency are then suggested. It is found that remote control, fake vision on cameras, hidden objects to LiDAR and Radar, spoofing attack to GNSS, and fake identity in cloud authority are the most dangerous and of the highest vulnerabilities in CAV cyber security.

scholarly journals Platoon Signal Priority in Connected-Autonomous Vehicle Environments: Algorithm Development and Testing

2019 ◽  
Vol 65 (4) ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Milan Zlatkovic ◽  
Andalib Shams
Keyword(s):  
Traffic Congestion ◽  
Autonomous Vehicles ◽  
Penetration Rate ◽  
Autonomous Vehicle ◽  
Transportation Systems ◽  
Vehicle Technologies ◽  
Measures Of Effectiveness ◽  
Urban Corridor ◽  
Intersection Control ◽  
Day By Day

As traffic congestion increases day by day, it becomes necessary to improve the existing roadway facilities to maintain satisfactory operational and safety performances. New vehicle technologies, such as Connected and Autonomous Vehicles (CAV) have a potential to significantly improve transportation systems. Using the advantages of CAVs, this study developed signalized intersection control strategy algorithm that optimizes the operations of CAVs and allows signal priority for connected platoons. The algorithm was tested in VISSIM microsimulation using a real-world urban corridor. The tested scenarios include a 2040 Do-Nothing scenario, and CAV alternatives with 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% CAV penetration rate. The results show a significant reduction in intersection delays (26% - 38%) and travel times (6% - 20%), depending on the penetration rate, as well as significant improvements on the network-wide level. CAV penetration rates of 50% or more have a potential to significantly improve all operational measures of effectiveness.

scholarly journals Public Preferences and Willingness to Pay for Shared Autonomous Vehicles Services in Nagoya, Japan

Smart Cities ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 230-244 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mingyang Hao ◽  
Yanyan Li ◽  
Toshiyuki Yamamoto
Keyword(s):  
Willingness To Pay ◽  
Autonomous Vehicles ◽  
Stated Preference ◽  
Autonomous Vehicle ◽  
Transportation Mode ◽  
Public Preferences ◽  
Socioeconomic Characteristics ◽  
On Demand ◽  
Vehicle Systems ◽  
The Relationship

Shared autonomous vehicle systems are anticipated to offer cleaner, safer, and cheaper mobility services when autonomous vehicles are finally implemented on the roads. The evaluation of people’s intentions regarding shared autonomous vehicle services appears to be critical prior to the promotion of this emerging mobility on demand approach. Based on a stated preference survey in Nagoya, Japan, the preference for shared autonomous vehicle services as well as willingness to pay for these services were examined among 1036 respondents in order to understand the relationship between people’s socioeconomic characteristics and their preferred shared autonomous vehicle services. For this purpose, k-modes clustering technique was selected and six clusters were obtained. Six groups with respect to different interests on shared autonomous vehicle services were clustered. The result of correlation analysis and discussion of willingness to pay on services provided insightful results for the future shared autonomous vehicle services. This study not only aids in revealing the demands of customer different clusters, but also states the prospective needs of users for stakeholders from research, policymaker and industry field, who are preparing to work on promoting shared autonomous vehicle systems, and subsequently, develops an optimum transportation mode by considering both demand and services as a whole.

scholarly journals How virtue signalling makes us better: Moral preferences with respect to autonomous vehicle type choices

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robin Kopecky ◽  
Michaela Košová ◽  
Daniel D. Novotný ◽  
Jaroslav Flegr ◽  
David Černý
Keyword(s):  
Autonomous Vehicles ◽  
Autonomous Vehicle ◽  
Biological Species ◽  
Transportation Systems ◽  
Personal Choice ◽  
Moral Issues ◽  
Web Based ◽  
The Public ◽  
Vehicle Type ◽  
Research Questions

Autonomous vehicles (henceforth AVs) are expected to significantly benefit our transportation systems, their safety, efficiency, and impact on environment. However, many technical, social, legal, and moral questions and challenges concerning AVs and their introduction to the mass market still remain. One of the pressing moral issues has to do with the choice between AV types that differ in their built-in algorithms for dealing with situations of unavoidable lethal collision. In this paper we present the results of our study of moral preferences with respect to three types of AVs: (1) selfish AVs that protect the lives of passenger(s) over any number of bystanders; (2) altruistic AVs that minimize the number of casualties, even if this leads to death of passenger(s); and (3) conservative AVs that abstain from interfering in such situations even if it leads to the death of a higher number of subjects or death of passenger(s). We furthermore differentiate between scenarios in which participants are to make their decisions privately or publicly, and for themselves or for their offspring. We disregard gender, age, health, biological species and other characteristics of (potential) casualties that can affect the preferences and decisions of respondents in our scenarios. Our study is based on a sample of 2769 mostly Czech volunteers (1799 women, 970 men; age IQR: 25-32). The data come from our web-based questionnaire which was accessible from May 2017 to December 2017. We aim to answer the following two research questions: (1) Whether the public visibility of an AV type choice makes this choice more altruistic and (2) which type of situation is more problematic with regard to the altruistic choice: opting for society as a whole, for oneself, or for one’s offspring.Our results show that respondents exhibit a clear preference for an altruistic utilitarian strategy for AVs. This preference is reinforced if the AV signals its strategy to others. The altruistic preference is strongest when people choose software for everybody else, weaker in personal choice, and weakest when choosing for one’s own child. Based on the results we conclude that, in contrast to a private choice, a public choice is considerably more likely to pressure consumers in their personal choice to accept a non-selfish solution, making it a reasonable and relatively cheap way to shift car owners and users towards higher altruism. Also, a hypothetical voting in Parliament about a single available program is less selfish when the voting does not take place in secret.

scholarly journals Integration of Blockchain with Connected and Autonomous Vehicles: Vision and Challenge

2022 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Tooska Dargahi ◽  
Hossein Ahmadvand ◽  
Mansour Naser Alraja ◽  
Chia-Mu Yu
Keyword(s):  
Data Protection ◽  
Intelligent Transportation Systems ◽  
Data Security ◽  
Autonomous Vehicles ◽  
Personal Data ◽  
Transportation Systems ◽  
Security And Privacy ◽  
Sensitive Information ◽  
Blockchain Technology ◽  
Wide Range

Connected and Autonomous Vehicles (CAVs) are introduced to improve individuals’ quality of life by offering a wide range of services. They collect a huge amount of data and exchange them with each other and the infrastructure. The collected data usually includes sensitive information about the users and the surrounding environment. Therefore, data security and privacy are among the main challenges in this industry. Blockchain, an emerging distributed ledger, has been considered by the research community as a potential solution for enhancing data security, integrity, and transparency in Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS). However, despite the emphasis of governments on the transparency of personal data protection practices, CAV stakeholders have not been successful in communicating appropriate information with the end users regarding the procedure of collecting, storing, and processing their personal data, as well as the data ownership. This article provides a vision of the opportunities and challenges of adopting blockchain in ITS from the “data transparency” and “privacy” perspective. The main aim is to answer the following questions: (1) Considering the amount of personal data collected by the CAVs, such as location, how would the integration of blockchain technology affect transparency , fairness , and lawfulness of personal data processing concerning the data subjects (as this is one of the main principles in the existing data protection regulations)? (2) How can the trade-off between transparency and privacy be addressed in blockchain-based ITS use cases?

Blockchain Security Using Secure Multi-Party Computation

2021 ◽  
pp. 178-195
Author(s):  
Jenila Livingston L. M. ◽  
Ashutosh Satapathy ◽  
Agnel Livingston L. G. X. ◽  
Merlin Livingston L. M.
Keyword(s):  
Autonomous Vehicles ◽  
Cooperative Control ◽  
Personal Information ◽  
Autonomous Vehicle ◽  
Privacy Preserving ◽  
Human Interaction ◽  
Security And Privacy ◽  
Blockchain Technology ◽  
Vehicle Data ◽  
Real Model

In secure multi-party computation (SMC), multiple distributed parties jointly carry out the computation over their confidential data without compromising data security and privacy. It is a new emerging cryptographic technique used in huge applications such as electronic auction bidding, electronic voting, protecting personal information, secure transaction processing, privacy preserving data mining, and privacy preserving cooperative control of connected autonomous vehicles. This chapter presents two model paradigms of SMC (i.e., ideal model prototype and real model prototype). It also deals with the type and applications of adversaries, properties, and the techniques of SMC. The three prime types of SMC techniques such as randomization, cryptographic techniques using oblivious transfer, and anonymization methods are discussed and illustrated by protective procedures with suitable examples. Finally, autonomous vehicle interaction leveraged with blockchain technology to store and use vehicle data without any human interaction is also discussed.

Future Blockchain Technology for Autonomous Applications/Autonomous Vehicle

2021 ◽  
pp. 165-177
Author(s):  
Arnab Kumar Show ◽  
Abhishek Kumar ◽  
Achintya Singhal ◽  
Gayathri N. ◽  
K. Vengatesan
Keyword(s):  
Autonomous Vehicles ◽  
New Technology ◽  
Autonomous Vehicle ◽  
The Self ◽  
Third Party ◽  
Traffic Information ◽  
Online Transactions ◽  
The Third ◽  
Blockchain Technology ◽  
Self Driving Cars

The autonomous industry has rapidly grown for self-driving cars. The main purpose of autonomous industry is trying to give all types of security, privacy, secured traffic information to the self-driving cars. Blockchain is another newly established secured technology. The main aim of this technology is to provide more secured, convenient online transactions. By using this new technology, the autonomous industry can easily provide more suitable, safe, efficient transportation to the passengers and secured traffic information to the vehicles. This information can easily gather by the roadside units or by the passing vehicles. Also, the economical transactions can be possible more efficiently since blockchain technology allows peer-to-peer communications between nodes, and it also eliminates the need of the third party. This chapter proposes a concept of how the autonomous industry can provide more adequate, proper, and safe transportation with the help of blockchain. It also examines for the possibility that autonomous vehicles can become the future of transportation.

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