scholarly journals Relations between Subdomains of Home Math Activities and Corresponding Math Skills in 4-Year-Old Children

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (10) ◽  
pp. 594
Author(s):  
Diana Leyva ◽  
Melissa E. Libertus ◽  
Rebecca McGregor
Keyword(s):  
Home Environment ◽  
Early Numeracy ◽  
Math Skills ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
White Parents ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Math Development

Most studies on the subject have investigated relations between home math activities and child math skills, without paying much attention to the specific skills that such activities foster and their alignment with children’s math assessments. The present study examined specific relations between subdomains of home math activities and children’s corresponding math skills (e.g., home counting/cardinality activities related to children’s counting/cardinality skills). Participants were 78 mostly middle-income, White parents and their four-year-old children (M age = 53.19 months; 45% girls). Parents completed a 24-item survey about the frequency of home activities supporting five subdomains of math: counting/cardinality, set comparison, number identification, adding/subtracting, and patterning. Children’s skills in these same five subdomains were assessed using the Preschool Early Numeracy Scale (PENS) and the Early Patterning Assessment. Specific relations were observed in set comparison, adding/subtracting, and patterning, such that higher frequency of home activities in these subdomains related to advanced child math skills in the corresponding subdomains. No specific relations were found in counting/cardinality and number identification. Overall home math activities averaged across the five math subdomains positively related to children’s overall math skills. Findings highlight the importance of engagement in specific math activities in the home environment and their significance for corresponding child math development.

scholarly journals The Relationship Between Age and Happiness Varies by Income

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dimiter Toshkov
Keyword(s):  
Income Distribution ◽  
Old Age ◽  
European Social Survey ◽  
Demographic Variables ◽  
Social Survey ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Using Data ◽  
The Relationship

AbstractThe link between age and happiness has been the subject of numerous studies. It is still a matter of controversy whether the relationship is U-shaped, with happiness declining after youth before bouncing back in old age, or not. While the effect of age has been examined conditional on income and other socio-demographic variables, so far, the interactions between age and income have remained insufficiently explored. Using data from the European Social Survey, this article shows that the nature of the relationship between age and happiness varies strongly with different levels of relative income. People in the lowest decile of the income distribution experience a ‘hockey stick’: a deep decline in self-reported happiness until around age 50–55 and a small bounce back in old age. The classic U-curve is found mostly in the middle-income ranks. For people at the top of the income distribution, average happiness does not vary much with age. These results demonstrate the important role of income in moderating the relationship between age and happiness.

Growth Strategies to Avoid the Middle-Income Trap

2020 ◽  
pp. 24-47
Author(s):  
Homi Kharas ◽  
Indermit Gill
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Technical Change ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Growth Strategies ◽  
Functional Theory ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Advanced Economies ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Middle Income Trap

Since the authors of this chapter coined the term in 2006, “the middle-income trap” has been the subject of scores of investigations. The evidence in support of its existence has been mixed, but their original proposition was that of the possibility of a trap, not its inevitability. In this chapter, they emphasize the absence of a functional theory of economic growth in middle-income economies. Solow–Swan models did well to explain growth in low-income countries, and Lucas–Romer models emphasizing endogenous technical change identified the main drivers of growth in advanced economies. Neither class of models has, however, satisfactorily explained successful transitions from one type of growth to the other. The authors suggest that Schumpeterian models proposed by Aghion, Howitt, and others that stress creative destruction and institutional change provide the analytical foundations for a better understanding of growth in middle-income economies. They present evidence that is consistent with the predictions of this approach, and discuss its policy implications.

New perspectives on brain death

2020 ◽  
pp. jnnp-2020-323952
Author(s):  
Matthew P. Kirschen ◽  
Ariane Lewis ◽  
Michael Rubin ◽  
Pedro Kurtz ◽  
David M Greer
Keyword(s):  
South America ◽  
Brain Death ◽  
Medical Futility ◽  
Global Scale ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Brainstem Death ◽  
Legal Challenges ◽  
The Subject ◽  
American Academy Of Neurology

Brain death, or death by neurological criteria (BD/DNC), has been accepted conceptually, medically and legally for decades. Nevertheless, some areas remain controversial or understudied, pointing to a need for focused research to advance the field. Multiple recent contributions have increased our understanding of BD/DNC, solidified our practice and provided guidance where previously lacking. There have also been important developments on a global scale, including in low-to-middle income countries such as in South America. Although variability in protocols and practice still exists, new efforts are underway to reduce inconsistencies and better train practitioners in accurate and sound BD/DNC determination. Various legal challenges have required formal responses from national societies, and the American Academy of Neurology has filled this void with much needed guidance. Questions remain regarding concepts such as ‘whole brain’ versus ‘brainstem’ death, and the intersection of BD/DNC and rubrics of medical futility. These concepts are the subject of this review.

Global Value Chains, Preferential Trade, and the Middle-Income Trap

2020 ◽  
pp. 297-317
Author(s):  
Renato Baumann
Keyword(s):  
Regional Integration ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Policy Issue ◽  
Global Value Chains ◽  
Value Chains ◽  
Preferential Trade ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Middle Income Trap ◽  
The Relationship

After a period of rapid growth, developing countries often experience a slowdown in growth and productivity, falling into what has come to be known as the “‘middle-income trap.” Production chains in East Asia, North America, and Western Europe have imposed a new model of production. Participating in global value chains became a policy issue. Market friendly trade policies—be it multilateral reductions of tariff and non-tariff barriers or preferential trade agreements with selected economies—are an essential part of this model. The relationship between value chains and regional integration has gained momentum, partly because participation in value chains is identified as a source of competitiveness, much needed for economies facing the middle-income trap. The relationship between preferential trade and participation in value chains as a means to deal with the middle-income trap is the subject of this chapter.

Systematic Instruction of Early Math Skills for Preschoolers at Risk for Math Delays

2018 ◽  
Vol 38 (4) ◽  
pp. 234-247 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jessica K. Hardy ◽  
Mary Louise Hemmeter
Keyword(s):  
At Risk ◽  
Early Childhood ◽  
Functional Relation ◽  
Math Instruction ◽  
Systematic Instruction ◽  
Math Skills ◽  
Research And Practice ◽  
Early Math Skills ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Individual

Early math instruction is the subject of increasing attention by early childhood researchers. There is evidence to suggest that early math skills are highly predictive of later academic achievement but that there are disparities in early math skills among young children. The purpose of this study was to examine the effectiveness of a systematic instructional procedure on early math skills with two preschoolers who were at risk for math delays. Target math skills were selected based on the individual needs of each child and included sorting, patterning, and shape manipulation. The instructional procedure was effective for helping two children acquire early math skills, with a functional relation demonstrated for each participant. There were mixed results for generalization and maintenance. Contributions to the literature, limitations, and implications for research and practice are discussed.

scholarly journals Kemampuan Pemecahan Masalah Matematika Pada Soal Open Ended Materi Lingkaran Berdasarkan Kemampuan Awal Matematika Siswa

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 433-441
Author(s):  
Tri Rahayu Agustina ◽  
Sri Subarinah ◽  
Nurul Hikmah ◽  
Amrullah Amrullah
Keyword(s):  
Problem Solving ◽  
Junior High School ◽  
Average Score ◽  
Math Skills ◽  
Average Value ◽  
9Th Grade ◽  
Mathematics Ability ◽  
Early Math Skills ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Student Problem

The research was aims to describe the problem solving in mathematics ability on open ended with circle material based on the early mathematical ability of the students at 9th grade junior high school 8 mataram. The type of the research is a descriptive study with quantitative approach. The research subject are 28 students which selected with purposive sampling. The subject is grouped according to early abilities of high, moderate, and low mathematics using the midterms. The data-collection method used is an open-ended problem-solving test on a loop of 2 terms of description and interview methods. The results were analyzed based on an indicator of problem solving capability according to Polya. Based on the data analysis, student problem solving capabilities with advanced mathematical abilities fall into good category, averaged 79.69. The student problem-solving capability with the early math skills is in good category, with an average score of 77.50. Student problem solving with early abilities of low math falls in the less category, with an average value of 48.30. The students with advanced math skills and are filling indicators of understanding the problem, planning a settlement and carrying out a completion plan, but have not yet met the checking indicator.

scholarly journals Early childhood cognitive development is affected by interactions among illness, diet, enteropathogens and the home environment: findings from the MAL-ED birth cohort study

2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. e000752 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Cohort Study ◽  
Cognitive Development ◽  
Birth Cohort ◽  
Home Environment ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Child Growth ◽  
Birth Cohort Study ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Enteric Infections

BackgroundMillions of children in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs) are at risk of not reaching their full cognitive potential. Malnutrition and enteric infections in early life are implicated as risk factors; however, most studies on these risks and their associations with cognitive development have failed to adequately account for confounding factors or the accumulation of putative insults. Here, we examine the interaction between infections and illness on cognitive development in LMIC community settings.MethodsAs part of the Etiology, Risk Factors, and Interactions of Enteric Infections and Malnutrition and the Consequences for Child Health and Development (MAL-ED) longitudinal birth cohort study, children from eight LMICs were followed from birth to 24 months to understand the influence of repeated enteric infections on child growth and development. Here, data from six sites were employed to evaluate associations between infection, illness, the home environment, micronutrient intake and status, maternal reasoning, and cognitive development at 24 months.ResultsHigher rates of enteropathogen detection and days with illness were associated with lower haemoglobin concentrations, which in turn were associated with lower cognitive scores at 24 months. Children with lower environmental health/safety scores and lower intakes of vitamin B6 and folate had more enteropathogen detections and illness. Strength of associations varied by weight-for-age in the first 17 days of life; lower weight infants were more susceptible to the negative effects of enteropathogens and illness.ConclusionsEnteropathogens were negatively related to child cognitive development. However, other factors were more strongly associated with child cognition. Targeting of interventions to improve cognitive development should include a focus on reducing frequency of illness, improving the safety and healthfulness of the child’s environment, and improving dietary intake.

Why Do Some Countries Get Better WTO Accession Terms Than Others?

2011 ◽  
Vol 65 (4) ◽  
pp. 639-672 ◽  
Author(s):  
Krzysztof J. Pelc
Keyword(s):  
Institutional Design ◽  
Market Access ◽  
Good Deal ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Trade Regimes ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Level I ◽  
The One ◽  
Key Industries

AbstractThe process by which countries accede to the World Trade Organization (WTO) has become the subject of considerable debate. This article takes a closer look at what determines the concessions the institution requires of an entrant. In other words, who gets a good deal, and who does not? I argue that given the institutional design of accession proceedings and the resulting suspension of reciprocity, accession terms are driven by the domestic export interests of existing members. As a result, relatively greater liberalization will be imposed on those entrants that have more valuable market access to offer upon accession, something that appears to be in opposition to expectations during multilateral trade rounds, where market access functions as a bargaining chit. The empirical evidence supports these assertions. Looking at eighteen recent entrants at the six-digit product level, I find that controlling for a host of country-specific variables, as well as the applied protection rates on a given product prior to accession, the more a country has to offer, the more it is required to give. Moreover, I show how more democratic countries, in spite of their greater overall depth of integration, exhibit greater resistance to adjustment in key industries than do nondemocracies. Finally, I demonstrate that wealth exhibits a curvilinear effect. On the one hand, institutionalized norms lead members to exercise observable restraint vis-à-vis the poorest countries. On the other hand, the richest countries have the greatest bargaining expertise, and thus obtain better terms. The outcome, as I show using a semi-parametric analysis, is that middle-income countries end up with the most stringent terms, and have to make the greatest relative adjustments to their trade regimes.

scholarly journals PEMAHAMAN KONSEP MAHASISWA TENTANG RING PADA MATA KULIAH STRUKTUR ALJABAR 2 DITINJAU DARI PEMIKIRAN KREATIF PADA SISWA KELOMPOK ATAS

2017 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 69
Author(s):  
Maya Rini Rubowo ◽  
FX. Didik Purwosetiyono ◽  
Dewi Wulandari
Keyword(s):  
Qualitative Research ◽  
Algebraic Structure ◽  
Creative Thinking ◽  
Identity Element ◽  
Ring Theory ◽  
Algebra Structure ◽  
Math Skills ◽  
Recording Equipment ◽  
Mathematics Student ◽  
The Subject

This research is intended to describe the students concept of the ring in the course of algebra structure 2 in terms of creative thinking in upper students. This research is included in this type of qualitative research. The subject of the study is a mathematics student who has taken the course of Structure Algebra 2 (Ring Theory). The subjects in this study are three students who have high math skills. Instrument  used in research 1) Test of Concept of Ring Concept (TPKR), 2) Interview Guidelines, 3) Creative Thinking Rubric, 4) Recording Equipment, 5) Documentation. Based on the results of the study and discussion, the findings involving the students' concept of the ring in the course of algebraic structure 2 in the upper sstudent can solve the problem in terms of explaining the associative nature, explaining the nature of the identity element, explaining the nature of each element having a good inverse. However, I can not only use one solution only, but it is less diverging and able to find other solutions. At the student level still not able to meet the original indicators in creative thinking

Deindustrialization and Unsustainable Debt in Middle-Income Countries: The Case of Puerto Rico

2017 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jose Caraballo-Cueto ◽  
Juan Lara
Keyword(s):  
Puerto Rico ◽  
Debt Crisis ◽  
Sharp Decrease ◽  
Municipal Bond ◽  
Federal Programs ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Weak Evidence ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Subject

Abstract Puerto Rico recently became the largest bankruptcy case in the history of the U.S. municipal bond market. This debt crisis has not been the subject of significant scrutiny in the economic literature, though many researchers focus on case studies, such as Greece and Argentina, to analyze a country’s indebtedness. The underlying economic factors that influence unsustainable debt in upper middle-income countries are generally understudied. We attempted to contribute to filling these gaps in the related literature. Using econometric analysis, we found that Puerto Rico’s government indebtedness is, to a large extent, connected to a sharp decrease in manufacturing employment (i.e. deindustrialization) suffered by this economy, and weak evidence that it was caused by an excessive government payroll or overgenerous federal programs. In light of our empirical results, we discussed how the consequences of deindustrialization ultimately led to increase government borrowing.

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