scholarly journals Differences in Graphomotor Skills by the Writing Medium and Children’s Gender

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 162
Author(s):  
Boram No ◽  
Naya Choi
Keyword(s):  
Preschool Children ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Repeated Measures Anova ◽  
Surface Textures ◽  
Young Learners ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Print Size ◽  
Writing Practice ◽  
Pressure Analysis

Factors of graphomotor skills may serve as indicators to determine a writer’s handwriting proficiency or acclimation to different writing surface textures. This study examines differences in children’s graphomotor skills based on types of writing medium and gender. Participants were 97 six-year-old Korean preschool children who had not received formal writing training prior to the study. Writing tasks were completed on a tablet screen and paper. Writing samples were analyzed using the Eye and Pen software to investigate spatial, temporal, and pressure exertion exhibited during the writing tasks. A repeated measures ANOVA revealed differences in graphomotor skills such as print size, writing speed, and writing pressure. Writing on a tablet screen decreased clarity of writing; print size and speed increased as the stylus slides across the tablet surface with relatively less friction, thereby decreasing the exertion of writing pressure. Analysis of writing differences according to gender indicated that boys generated larger print sizes than girls. Results suggest that while simple writing tasks may be feasible on the tablet screen, providing children with a larger writing medium and encouraging larger print sizes for writing practice, especially for boys, may be beneficial in the development of graphomotor skills among young learners.

scholarly journals Enhancing executive function through imaginary play: A promising new practice principle

2020 ◽  
Vol 45 (2) ◽  
pp. 114-126 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sue Walker ◽  
Marilyn Fleer ◽  
Nikolai Veresov ◽  
Iris Duhn
Keyword(s):  
Executive Function ◽  
Preschool Children ◽  
Executive Functions ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Preschool Teachers ◽  
Extended Period ◽  
Post Intervention ◽  
Repeated Measures Anova ◽  
Problem Situations ◽  
Imaginary Play

This paper presents the findings of a study conducted with preschool teachers trialling an intervention in which executive function activities are embedded in teachers’ daily practices and imaginary play is used to build meaningful problem situations that children solve using executive functions. The participants were 227 preschool children (53% male, M age = 55.5 months, SD = 4.2) in 10 preschool groups from Brisbane, Australia. The intervention consisted of educators and children creating and developing an imaginary situation (playworld) over an extended period (e.g. one school term). Executive function was assessed pre- and post-intervention. A repeated measures ANOVA demonstrated significant differences between Time 1 and Time 2 on all executive function measures. The study found that teachers can develop children’s executive functions when executive function activities are embedded in teachers’ daily practices, and when imaginary play is used to build meaningful problem situations that children solve using executive functions.

One Size Fits All?

Methodology ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 23-38 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manuel C. Voelkle ◽  
Patrick E. McKnight
Keyword(s):  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Type I Error ◽  
Equation Modeling ◽  
Type I ◽  
Finite Sample ◽  
Traditional Methods ◽  
Repeated Measures Anova ◽  
Special Cases ◽  
Latent Curve

The use of latent curve models (LCMs) has increased almost exponentially during the last decade. Oftentimes, researchers regard LCM as a “new” method to analyze change with little attention paid to the fact that the technique was originally introduced as an “alternative to standard repeated measures ANOVA and first-order auto-regressive methods” (Meredith & Tisak, 1990, p. 107). In the first part of the paper, this close relationship is reviewed, and it is demonstrated how “traditional” methods, such as the repeated measures ANOVA, and MANOVA, can be formulated as LCMs. Given that latent curve modeling is essentially a large-sample technique, compared to “traditional” finite-sample approaches, the second part of the paper addresses the question to what degree the more flexible LCMs can actually replace some of the older tests by means of a Monte-Carlo simulation. In addition, a structural equation modeling alternative to Mauchly’s (1940) test of sphericity is explored. Although “traditional” methods may be expressed as special cases of more general LCMs, we found the equivalence holds only asymptotically. For practical purposes, however, no approach always outperformed the other alternatives in terms of power and type I error, so the best method to be used depends on the situation. We provide detailed recommendations of when to use which method.

Time of imagery’s effect on performance and self-efficacy in college baseball players

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Colton Haight ◽  
Sandra Moritz ◽  
Tanis Walch
Keyword(s):  
Self Efficacy ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Group Interaction ◽  
Physical Effect ◽  
Baseball Players ◽  
Repeated Measures Anova ◽  
Significant Time ◽  
Imagery Group ◽  
College Baseball ◽  
Group 2

AbstractThe relationships among the time of imagery use on performance and self-efficacy in college baseball players during a hitting task was examined. Participants (n=24) were randomly assigned to one of three imagery conditions: (a) before practice, (b) during practice, (c) after practice. A one-shot MG-M imagery intervention was used. Results from a 3 (imagery group) ×2 (pretest and posttest) repeated measures ANOVA showed only a significant time by imagery group interaction for self-efficacy (F (2, 21)=4.67, p<0.05). These findings suggest that imagery had a stronger psychological effect than physical effect.

scholarly journals No Self Without Salience: Affective and Self-relevance Ratings of 552 Emotionally Valenced and Neutral Dutch Words

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lora I. Dimitrova ◽  
Eline M. Vissia ◽  
Hanneke Geugies ◽  
Hedwig Hofstetter ◽  
Sima Chalavi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Emotional Valence ◽  
Age And Gender ◽  
Gender And Age ◽  
Main Effect ◽  
Emotional Salience ◽  
And Gender ◽  
The Relationship

AbstractIt is unknown how self-relevance is dependent on emotional salience. Emotional salience encompasses an individual's degree of attraction or aversion to emotionally-valenced information. The current study investigated the interconnection between self and salience through the evaluation of emotional valence and self-relevance. 56 native Dutch participants completed a questionnaire assessing valence, intensity, and self-relevance of 552 Dutch nouns and verbs. One-way repeated-measures ANCOVA investigated the relationship between valence and self, age and gender. Repeated-measures ANCOVA also tested the relationship between valence and self with intensity ratings and effects of gender and age. Results showed a significant main effect of valence for self-relevant words. Intensity analyses showed a main effect of valence but not of self-relevance. There were no significant effects of gender and age. The most important finding presents that self-relevance is dependent on valence. These findings concerning the relationship between self and salience opens avenues to study an individual's self-definition.

"What do you want to do when you grow up?" Occupational aspirations of Taiwanese preschool children

2012 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
pp. 115-127 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hung-Chang Lee
Keyword(s):  
High School Students ◽  
Preschool Children ◽  
Police Officers ◽  
Occupational Aspirations ◽  
Nontraditional Occupations ◽  
School Students ◽  
Parental Identification ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Research Show

Occupational aspirations have mainly been investigated with teenagers, high school students, and adults. Following Gottfredson's (1981, 2002) theory of circumscription and compromise, in which it is proposed that occupational aspirations originate in the preschool years, in this study the occupational aspirations of 1,044 preschool children in Taiwan were explored. Children who attended 38 kindergartens and were between the ages of 5 and 6, expressed their preferences about and gender orientations towards occupations and careers. In general, the occupations Taiwanese children said they most desired to pursue were teaching, being police officers, and working as doctors. Most children can recognize the occupations of their parents at this stage, and the results in this research show that children still identify strongly with their parents' stereotypical occupations. More boys than girls showed a preference for masculine-dominated occupations. More girls than boys showed a preference for nontraditional occupations. Factors that influence occupational aspirations were found to be parental identification and identifying with the role of teachers.

scholarly journals Age and Gender Differences in Evaluating the Pedagogical Usability of E-Learning Materials

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 169-189
Author(s):  
Liubomir Djalev ◽  
Stanislav Bogdanov
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Educational Process ◽  
Instructional Designers ◽  
Learning Materials ◽  
Age And Gender ◽  
Independent Variables ◽  
Age And Gender Differences ◽  
E Learning ◽  
And Gender

The purpose of the study is to examine the pedagogical usability of interactive e-learning materials for foreign language practice. It is based upon two studies of the expected between-group and within-group differences among participants in the educational process. The sample consists of two groups – lecturers and students, a total of 100 participants, each evaluating four materials specifically prepared for this study. Two consecutive repeated measures ANOVA were conducted in which the gender/age, the position of the participants in the educational process, and usability dimensions were the independent variables. Results indicated that all independent variables and their interactions have a significant effects on the evaluations of the pedagogical usability. Women tend to assign higher values than men. Аge groups generally differ in their evaluations, although there is a tendency to give similar ratings for the individual dimensions of pedagogical usability. The 31-40 years age group evaluates the materials higher while the lowest evaluations are given by the groups of 21-30 and 50+ year old participants. Students tend to rate the pedagogical usability systemically higher than the lecturers. Usability dimensions also have a significant effect on evaluations. The most prominent feature of the materials, by a great margin, is their Applicability. The findings corroborate previous research which show age and gender differences in web usability do exist. We conclude that these differences exist as much in pedagogical usability as in technical usability. Further investigations are suggested to explore more deeply the differences in the perceived pedagogical value of e-learning materials as this has implications for instructional designers, teachers and learners alike.

scholarly journals Microhardness evaluation of root dentin after using resin sealer solvents

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 256-261
Author(s):  
Gamze Nalci ◽  
Tayfun Alaçam ◽  
Bülent Altukaynak
Keyword(s):  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Saline Solution ◽  
Prolonged Exposure ◽  
Repeated Measures Anova ◽  
Ultrasonic Agitation ◽  
Gutta Percha ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Root Dentin ◽  
Substantial Decline ◽  
Hardness Values

Background. This study aimed to assess the effects of methyl ethyl ketone (MEK) and ethyl acetate (EA) on dentin microhardness, used as resin sealer solvents. Methods. Eighty halves of single-rooted teeth were randomly divided into four groups to apply MEK, EA, chloroform, or saline solution. Vickers hardness values were measured for three root levels before and after the direct application of solvents for 5 and 15 minutes or a 1-minute application with ultrasonic agitation. The results were analyzed using repeated-measures ANOVA, and adjustments were made for comparisons with Bonferroni tests. Results. The dentin microhardness decreased in all the solvent groups (P<0.05). The changes in microhardness increased with prolonged exposure times, except for the saline solution group. Chloroform exhibited the most significant decrease in value. Furthermore, ultrasonic agitation elicited a more substantial decline in values. Conclusion. MEK and EA might be preferred over chloroform as a solvent for resin sealers because they offer an attenuated decrease in dentin microhardness and do not have gutta-percha-dissolving properties.

scholarly journals Analyzing randomized controlled interventions: Three notes for applied linguists

2015 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 135-152 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jan Vanhove
Keyword(s):  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Intervention Studies ◽  
Mixed Effects ◽  
Analysis Of Covariance ◽  
Cluster Randomization ◽  
Repeated Measures Anova ◽  
Randomized Controlled ◽  
Mixed Effects Modeling ◽  
Statistical Formalism ◽  
Relevant Covariates

I discuss three common practices that obfuscate or invalidate the statistical analysis of randomized controlled interventions in applied linguistics. These are (a) checking whether randomization produced groups that are balanced on a number of possibly relevant covariates, (b) using repeated measures ANOVA to analyze pretest-posttest designs, and (c) using traditional significance tests to analyze interventions in which whole groups were assigned to the conditions (cluster randomization). The first practice is labeled superfluous, and taking full advantage of important covariates regardless of balance is recommended. The second is needlessly complicated, and analysis of covariance is recommended as a more powerful alternative. The third produces dramatic inferential errors, which are largely, though not entirely, avoided when mixed-effects modeling is used. This discussion is geared towards applied linguists who need to design, analyze, or assess intervention studies or other randomized controlled trials. Statistical formalism is kept to a minimum throughout.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document