scholarly journals Assumption-Free Derivation of the Bell-Type Criteria of Contextuality/Nonlocality

Entropy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 23 (11) ◽  
pp. 1543
Author(s):  
Ehtibar N. Dzhafarov

Bell-type criteria of contextuality/nonlocality can be derived without any falsifiable assumptions, such as context-independent mapping (or local causality), free choice, or no-fine-tuning. This is achieved by deriving Bell-type criteria for inconsistently connected systems (i.e., those with disturbance/signaling), based on the generalized definition of contextuality in the contextuality-by-default approach, and then specializing these criteria to consistently connected systems.

2020 ◽  
Vol 19 (10) ◽  
pp. 1602-1618 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thibault Robin ◽  
Julien Mariethoz ◽  
Frédérique Lisacek

A key point in achieving accurate intact glycopeptide identification is the definition of the glycan composition file that is used to match experimental with theoretical masses by a glycoproteomics search engine. At present, these files are mainly built from searching the literature and/or querying data sources focused on posttranslational modifications. Most glycoproteomics search engines include a default composition file that is readily used when processing MS data. We introduce here a glycan composition visualizing and comparative tool associated with the GlyConnect database and called GlyConnect Compozitor. It offers a web interface through which the database can be queried to bring out contextual information relative to a set of glycan compositions. The tool takes advantage of compositions being related to one another through shared monosaccharide counts and outputs interactive graphs summarizing information searched in the database. These results provide a guide for selecting or deselecting compositions in a file in order to reflect the context of a study as closely as possible. They also confirm the consistency of a set of compositions based on the content of the GlyConnect database. As part of the tool collection of the Glycomics@ExPASy initiative, Compozitor is hosted at https://glyconnect.expasy.org/compozitor/ where it can be run as a web application. It is also directly accessible from the GlyConnect database.


2018 ◽  
Vol 46 (4) ◽  
pp. 305-314 ◽  
Author(s):  
Everett L. Worthington

I examine religious humility, which is one content area of intellectual humility. Intellectual humility is the subtype of humility that involves taking a humble stance in sharing ideas, especially when one is challenged or when an idea is threatening. I position religious humility within the context of general humility, spiritual humility, and relational humility, and thus arrive at several propositions. People who are intensely spiritually humble can hold dogmatic beliefs and believe themselves to be religiously humble, yet be perceived by others of different persuasions as religiously dogmatic and even arrogant. For such people to be truly religiously humble, they must feel that the religious belief is core to their meaning system. This requires discernment of which of the person’s beliefs are truly at the core. But also the religiously humble person must fulfill the definition of general humility, accurately perceiving the strengths and limitations of the self, being teachable to correct weaknesses, presenting oneself modestly, and being positively other-oriented. Humility thus involves (1) beliefs, values, and attitudes and (2) an interpersonal presentational style. Therefore, intellectually humble people must track the positive epistemic status of their beliefs and also must present with convicted civility.


Proceedings ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 47 (1) ◽  
pp. 34
Author(s):  
Marcin J. Schroeder

Whichever definition of autonomy is used, it is usually formulated in a negative way by the absence, rather than presence, of the defining factors. Some definitions refer to the absence of external causes, physical determination, coercion or control. If positive factors are used, autonomy is associated with the shift from effective causes to final ones. Both approaches, the former of which is based on the elimination of determinism to secure free choice, and the latter of which is based on the replacement of determination by the past by determination by the future, are inconsistent with the scientific description of reality. This paper is an attempt to provide the positive, constructive characterization of autonomy consistent with the scientific view of reality, which can guide us in our search for its implementation in artefacts.


1965 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 957-962
Author(s):  
John Baumgold ◽  
Maurice K. Temerlin ◽  
Robert Ragland

To test the theory that the subjective experience of free choice varies with the integrity of the personality as a whole, concepts implying either fate or the self as the determinant of behavior, and control concepts neutral with respect to causation, were evaluated on the Semantic Differential by neurotic, psychotic, and normal Ss ( Ns = 20). Psychotics consistently evaluated fate concepts as the most meaningful and potent determinants of behavior, while normals and neurotics typically described the self as the active agent in behavior. No differences were found between normals and neurotics, perhaps because there is no operational definition of mental health.


Proceedings ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 47 (1) ◽  
pp. 34
Author(s):  
Marcin J. Schroeder

Whichever definition of autonomy is used, it is usually formulated in a negative way by the absence, rather than presence, of the defining factors. Some definitions refer to the absence of external causes, physical determination, coercion or control. If positive factors are used, autonomy is associated with the shift from effective causes to final ones. Both approaches, the former of which is based on the elimination of determinism to secure free choice, and the latter of which is based on the replacement of determination by the past by determination by the future, are inconsistent with the scientific description of reality. This paper is an attempt to provide the positive, constructive characterization of autonomy consistent with the scientific view of reality, which can guide us in our search for its implementation in artefacts.


2020 ◽  
pp. 75-96
Author(s):  
Richard A. Muller

Perkins’ voluntaristic definition of the strength and power of the will allowed for various limitations, impediments, and inclinations that can influence choice. This definition, nonetheless, stressed the ability of the human will to render the final reduction of a choice to a single object or effect. Perkins, like many of his Reformed contemporaries, assumed that, although the will depends on the intellect to provide known objects for choice, the will can positively choose or reject what the intellect provides or suspend its act. The will as a free cause is not determined to one effect. In Perkins’ view, free choice is defined by alternativity and the assumption that each choice of the will could be otherwise.


Cells ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (11) ◽  
pp. 1392 ◽  
Author(s):  
le Maire ◽  
Teyssier ◽  
Balaguer ◽  
Bourguet ◽  
Germain

The three subtypes (α, β, and γ) of the retinoic acid receptor (RAR) are ligand-dependent transcription factors that mediate retinoic acid signaling by forming heterodimers with the retinoid X receptor (RXR). Heterodimers are functional units that bind ligands (retinoids), transcriptional co-regulators and DNA, to regulate gene networks controlling cell growth, differentiation, and death. Using biochemical, crystallographic, and cellular approaches, we have set out to explore the spectrum of possibilities to regulate RXR-RAR heterodimer-dependent transcription through various pharmacological classes of RAR- and RXR- specific ligands, alone or in combination. We reveal the molecular details by which these compounds direct specificity and functionality of RXR-RAR heterodimers. Among these ligands, we have reevaluated and improved the molecular and structural definition of compounds CD2665, Ro41-5253, LE135, or LG100754, highlighting novel functional features of these molecules. Our analysis reveals a model of RXR-RAR heterodimer action in which each subunit retains its intrinsic properties in terms of ligand and co-regulator binding. However, their interplay upon the combined action of RAR- and RXR-ligands allows for the fine tuning of heterodimer activity. It also stresses the importance of accurate ligand characterization to use synthetic selective retinoids appropriately and avoid data misinterpretations.


2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thibault Robin ◽  
Julien Mariethoz ◽  
Frédérique Lisacek

AbstractA key point in achieving accurate intact glycopeptide identification is the definition of the glycan composition file that is used to match experimental with theoretical masses by a glycoproteomics search engine. At present, these files are mainly built from searching the literature and/or querying data sources focused on posttranslational modifications. Most glycoproteomics search engines include a default composition file that is readily used when processing mass spectrometry data. We introduce here a glycan composition visualising and comparative tool associated with the GlyConnect database and called GlyConnect Compozitor. It has web interface through which the database can be queried to bring out contextual information relative to a set of glycan compositions. The tool takes advantage of compositions being related to one another through shared monosaccharide counts and outputs interactive graphs summarising information searched in the database. These results provide a guide for selecting or deselecting compositions in a file in order to reflect the context of a study as closely as possible. As part of the tool collection of the Glycomics@ExPASy initiative, Compozitor is hosted at https://glyconnect.expasy.org/compozitor/ where it can be run as a web application. It is also directly accessible from the GlyConnect database.


Virittäjä ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 121 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Outi Duvallon ◽  
Rea Peltola

Voimadynaaminen ᴠᴀᴀN. Odotusten, intentioiden ja kerrottavuuden partikkeli Artikkelissa tutkitaan suomen VAAN-sanaa, joka voi toimia normitetun yleiskielen ulkopuolella niin konjunktiona, fokuspartikkelina kuin diskurssinmerkitsimenä. Tarkastelu keskittyy diskurssinmerkitsinkäyttöön, jota lähestytään semanttis-diskursiivisen analyysin avulla. Oletuksena on, että VAAN-sanalla on abstrakti, eri käytöissä tunnistettava semanttinen identiteetti, josta sen merkityspotentiaali juontuu. Semanttisen identiteetin määrittely perustuu hypoteesiin, että VAAN on alkuaan yksikön instruktiivimuoto sanasta vaka, joka implikoi kahden vastakkaisen voiman, agonistisen ja antagonistisen, välistä vuorovaikutusta. Artikkelissa esitetään, että diskurssinmerkitsimenä käytetyn VAAN-partikkelin tehtävänä on saattaa ilmi puheena olevassa tilanteessa tai vuorovaikutuksessa vaikuttava voimadynamiikka. Ensinnäkin VAAN merkitsee, että lausuman sisältö poikkeaa odotuksista. Toiseksi se voi tehdä ilmeiseksi agentin intention ja sen vaikutuksen asiaintilan toteutumiseen. Kolmanneksi VAAN on merkki lausuman sisällön diskursiivisesta relevanssista: se nostaa lähikuvaan eli zoomauksen kohteeksi sen, mikä on asioiden välisissä suhteissa, tapahtumainkulussa tai meneillään olevassa puhetoiminnossa olennaista. Aineistoanalyysissä tutkitaan ensin muun muassa permissiivistä imperatiivilausumaa ja vapaan valinnan MIKÄ VAAN -rakennetta, joiden yhteydessä vaan on merkkinä agentin intention ja toisen, lähtökohtaisesti vastakkaisen voiman vuorovaikutuksesta. Sen jälkeen tarkastellaan VAAN-lausumien käyttöä diskurssin ohjailussa niiden reaktiivisuuden valossa. Tällöin VAAN suhteuttaa lausuman sisällön edellä ilmenneeseen diskurssin tai vuorovaikutuksen etenemistä koskevaan suuntaukseen. VAAN-lausuma pyrkii estämään tai pysäyttämään tämän diskursiivisen voiman vaikutuksen. Viimeisenä käsitellään VAAN-partikkelia yhtenä niistä suullisen kerronnan keinoista, joiden ansiosta tarinamaailma on puhehetkessä vahvasti läsnä ja joilla perustellaan kerrotun merkityksellisyyttä. Pääasiallisina aineistolähteinä on käytetty 1900-luvun lopun puhuttua suomen kieltä sisältäviä keskustelutallenteita sekä 1800-luvun loppupuolen ja 1900-luvun alun kaunokirjallisia teoksia.   Finnish VAAN – the force dynamic particle of expectations, intentions and tellability This paper investigates the polyfunctional Finnish lexeme VAAN, which is used in variants other than the standard language as a conjunction ('but'), a focus particle ('only') and a discourse marker. The study concentrates on the particularities of this latter function, approaching it from a discourse-semantic perspective. The starting assumption is that an abstract semantic content can be discerned in the different uses of VAAN. The definition of its semantics is based on the hypothesis that it originates from the singular instructive form of the base vaka 'firm', which implies an interaction between two forces, agonist and antagonist. The analysis of the data (collected from a corpus of conversational Finnish and literary texts) concerns the uses of VAAN in grammatical constructions (permissive imperatives, free-choice items), as an interactional device and as a means for organising narratives. The article argues that the function of VAAN is to manifest an underlying tension involving intentional or discursive forces. This has a three-fold effect at the discursive level. First, VAAN implies that the content of the utterance is unexpected. Second, the modal meaning structure of the utterance foregrounds the intention of the agent. Third, VAAN marks discursive relevance, as it zooms in on what is of primary importance in the relationship between entities, the course of events or the ongoing speech activity.


2018 ◽  
Vol 60 ◽  
pp. 403-434 ◽  
Author(s):  
Danny Fox

In this paper I argue for a new constraint on questions, namely that a questiondenotation (a set of propositions) must map to a partition of a Stalnakerian Context-Set bypoint-wise exhaustification (point-wise application of the function Exh). The presuppositionthat Dayal attributes to an Answer operator follows from this constraint, if we assume a fairlystandard definition of Exh (Krifka, 1995). But the constraint is more restrictive therebyderiving the sensitivity of higher order quantification to negative islands (Spector, 2008).Moreover, when combined with recent proposals about the nature of Exh – designedprimarily to account for the conjunctive interpretation of disjunction (e.g. Bar-Lev and Fox,2017) – Dayal’s presupposition follows only in certain environments. This observationallows for an account of the “mention-some” interpretation of questions that makes specificdistributional predictions.Keywords: exhaustivity, Free Choice, maximality, higher-order quantification, mentionsome,negative-islands, partition, scalar implicatures, uniqueness.


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