scholarly journals Quantum Uncertainties and Holism Seem to Render Irrelevant Qudit-Semantics

Entropy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 23 (6) ◽  
pp. 735
Author(s):  
Roberto Leporini
Keyword(s):  
Quantum Logic ◽  
Classical Logic ◽  
Density Operator ◽  
Weak Form ◽  
Quantum Circuit ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Computational Logic ◽  
Quantum Formalism ◽  
New Form

We consider a semantics based on the peculiar holistic features of the quantum formalism. Any formula of the language gives rise to a quantum circuit that transforms the density operator associated to the formula into the density operator associated to the atomic subformulas in a reversible way. The procedure goes from the whole to the parts against the compositionality-principle and gives rise to a semantic characterization for a new form of quantum logic that has been called “ukasiewicz quantum computational logic”. It is interesting to compare the logic based on qubit-semantics with that on qudit-semantics. Having in mind the relationships between classical logic and ukasiewicz-many valued logics, one could expect that the former is stronger than the fragment of the latter. However, this is not the case. From an intuitive point of view, this can be explained by recalling that the former is a very weak form of logic. Many important logical arguments, which are valid either in Birkhoff and von Neumann’s quantum logic or in classical logic, are generally violated.

Perspectives and Regulation of the Russian Market for Project-based Transactions under the Kyoto Protocol

2008 ◽  
pp. 108-125
Author(s):  
K. Zavodov
Keyword(s):  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
Market Mechanism ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Market Regulation ◽  
Foreign Investments ◽  
Russian Market ◽  
Increase Energy Efficiency ◽  
New Form ◽  
Contract Structure ◽  
Carbon Fund

Project-based transactions (PBTs) are a market mechanism of attracting foreign investments in order to abate greenhouse gas emissions and increase energy efficiency of the country’s enterprises. The article provides a classification and analyzes advantages and drawbacks of PBTs from the point of view of a host country. The main trends and factors determining the dynamics of the PBT market are described. Given that Russia currently lags behind the leaders of the PBT market, an incorporation of a state carbon fund is put forward with an aim of channelling PBTs through it. This paper proposes a form of PBT market regulation by incorporating an option mechanism into the contract structure of a transaction. A comparison of the new form of regulation with the tools that are currently in use in Russia and other countries demonstrates its greater economic efficiency under uncertainty.

Memoirs: On a New Genus of Synascidians from Japan

1892 ◽  
Vol s2-33 (130) ◽  
pp. 313-324
Author(s):  
ASAJIRO OKA ◽  
ARTHUR WILLEY
Keyword(s):  
Thin Layer ◽  
New Genus ◽  
Postembryonic Development ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Canal System ◽  
Near Surface ◽  
New Form ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Bladder Cells ◽  
First Time

Sarcodidemnoides misakiense, Oka and Willey. Generic Characters.--Colony (or cormus) forming very thick lobose masses, laterally compressed; sessile, but not encrusting. Excurrent orifices placed on the tips of the knoll-like prominences. Ascidiozooids very numerous, not arranged in systems; branchial sac with four rows of stigmata; canal system complicated, differentiated into peripheral and central portions. Specific Characters.--Atrial apertures of Ascidiozooids simple pores without teeth or languet; spicules fairly abundant, extremely delicate, confined to a thin layer near surface of test. Test gelatinous, containing numerous bladder-cells, crystals, fusiform cells, and pigment concretions. Stomach of Ascidiozooids vertically placed; surface of attachment of colony narrower than the free portion. Colour, brilliant red. Habitat.--Moroiso, Japan, between the tide-marks. N.B.--Since the above was written I have seen for the first time the exhaustive work of Fernand Lahille, entitled ‘Recherches sur les Tuniciers des côtes de France,' Toulouse, 1890. Lahille devotes considerable attention to what have been spoken of above as tentacle-like processes of the larva, figures them in many larvæ, and gives an excellent figure of the metamorphosing larva of Styela glomerata. He gives an opinion as to their significance which I cannot entirely endorse in the light of my own researches on the "Postembryonic development of Styela," commenced last August at Plymouth. However, I hope to return to this question on a future occasion. Lahille raises an objection to von Drasche's genus Didemnoides on the ground that the thickness of the cormus is not an anatomical character, and that the distinction between thick and thin colonies is a purely subjective one. There is no doubt some truth in this; but the difference between a compound Ascidian which possesses, say, a very few spicules, and one which possesses none at all, would appear to be no more fundamental than that between a colony whose mode of growth resulted in the production of a fleshy mass and one which grew in the form of a thin leathery crust. As stated above, von Drasche intends by Didemnoides a fleshy form of Leptoclinum, the test containing spicules, and the Ascidiozooids having four rows of stigmata in the branchial sac. Lahille, on the contrary,applies the name Didemnoides to those Didemnidse which are characterised by the absence of spicules, and the possession of three rows of stigmata in the branchial sac. The compound Ascidian which we have described above has spicules in the test, and four rows of stigmata in the branchial sac. But as it would be too absurd to call the new form "Sarcoleptoclinum," we shall persist in regarding the genus Didemnoides from the point of view of von Drasche.--A. W.

scholarly journals Die Johannesburgse Effektebeurs as rasionele kapitaalmark

1981 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 53-59 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leon M. Brummer ◽  
Pieter J. Jacobs
Keyword(s):  
Stock Exchange ◽  
Weak Form ◽  
Efficient Market Hypothesis ◽  
Small Degree ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Efficient Market ◽  
Price Changes ◽  
Economic Point ◽  
Johannesburg Stock Exchange ◽  
Measure Of Dependence

The Johannesburg Stock Exchange as an efficient market. Finality has not yet been reached on the question whether the Johannesburg Stock Exchange complies with the requirements of the efficient market hypothesis. The results of the research that are published in this article is therefore an attempt to make a contribution to the debate regarding the Johannesburg Stock Exchange as an efficient market. By way of serial correlations as well as runs tests an investigation was carried out into the behaviour of the prices of 94 quoted shares for the period 1970 to 1977. The results of the study give rise to the conclusion that the Johannesburg Stock Exchange does not statistically comply with the weak form of the efficient market hypothesis (the random walk hypothesis), as a measure of dependence between successive price changes was found. Seen from an economic point of view it is, however, doubtful whether investors could use this small degree of dependence between price changes to gain higher returns on share investments.Uitsluitsel met betrekking tot die mate waartoe die Johannesburgse Effektebeurs aan die vereistes vir 'n rasionele mark voldoen, is nog nie verkry nie. Die resultate wat in hierdie artikel voorkom is daarom 'n poging om 'n bydrae in die debat rakende die Johannesburgse Effektebeurs as 'n rasionele mark, te maak. 'n Ondersoek na die markpryse van 94 genoteerde aandele vir die periode 1970-77 is deur middel van reekskorrelasiekoeffisiente en die lopietoets uitgevoer. Die resultate van die studie gee aanleiding tot die gevolgtrekking dat die Johannesburgse Effektebeurs nie statisties aan die swak vorm van die rasionele markhipotese (die willekeurige beweging van markpryse) voldoen nie, aangesien 'n mate van afhanklikheid tussen opeenvolgende prysveranderings gevind is. Uit 'n ekonomiese oogpunt gesien is dit egter twyfelagtig of beleggers hierdie afhanklikheid sal kan aanwend om hoer opbrengste op aandelebeleggings te bewerkstellig.

scholarly journals Classical Logic and Quantum Logic with Multiple and Common Lattice Models

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mladen Pavičić
Keyword(s):  
Quantum Logic ◽  
Classical Logic ◽  
Orthomodular Lattice ◽  
Lattice Models ◽  
Quantum Space ◽  
Technical Terms

We consider a proper propositional quantum logic and show that it has multiple disjoint lattice models, only one of which is an orthomodular lattice (algebra) underlying Hilbert (quantum) space. We give an equivalent proof for the classical logic which turns out to have disjoint distributive and nondistributive ortholattices. In particular, we prove that both classical logic and quantum logic are sound and complete with respect to each of these lattices. We also show that there is one common nonorthomodular lattice that is a model of both quantum and classical logic. In technical terms, that enables us to run the same classical logic on both a digital (standard, two-subset, 0-1-bit) computer and a nondigital (say, a six-subset) computer (with appropriate chips and circuits). With quantum logic, the same six-element common lattice can serve us as a benchmark for an efficient evaluation of equations of bigger lattice models or theorems of the logic.

On epistemic and ontological interpretations of intuitionistic and paraconsistent paradigms

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Walter Carnielli ◽  
Abilio Rodrigues
Keyword(s):  
Intuitionistic Logic ◽  
Classical Logic ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Constructive Proof ◽  
Technical Point ◽  
Preservation Of Evidence ◽  
Epistemic Approach ◽  
Epistemic Interpretation ◽  
Excluded Middle

Abstract From the technical point of view, philosophically neutral, the duality between a paraconsistent and a paracomplete logic (for example intuitionistic logic) lies in the fact that explosion does not hold in the former and excluded middle does not hold in the latter. From the point of view of the motivations for rejecting explosion and excluded middle, this duality can be interpreted either ontologically or epistemically. An ontological interpretation of intuitionistic logic is Brouwer’s idealism; of paraconsistency is dialetheism. The epistemic interpretation of intuitionistic logic is in terms of preservation of constructive proof; of paraconsistency is in terms of preservation of evidence. In this paper, we explain and defend the epistemic approach to paraconsistency. We argue that it is more plausible than dialetheism and allows a peaceful and fruitful coexistence with classical logic.

scholarly journals Classical Logic in the Quantum Context

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 600-616
Author(s):  
Andrea Oldofredi
Keyword(s):  
Quantum Mechanics ◽  
Quantum Theory ◽  
Quantum Logic ◽  
Classical Logic ◽  
Theory Of Measurement ◽  
Propositional Calculus ◽  
Bohmian Mechanics ◽  
Physical Content ◽  
Present Essay ◽  
Classical Propositional Calculus

It is generally accepted that quantum mechanics entails a revision of the classical propositional calculus as a consequence of its physical content. However, the universal claim according to which a new quantum logic is indispensable in order to model the propositions of every quantum theory is challenged. In the present essay, we critically discuss this claim by showing that classical logic can be rehabilitated in a quantum context by taking into account Bohmian mechanics. It will be argued, indeed, that such a theoretical framework provides the necessary conceptual tools to reintroduce a classical logic of experimental propositions by virtue of its clear metaphysical picture and its theory of measurement. More precisely, it will be shown that the rehabilitation of a classical propositional calculus is a consequence of the primitive ontology of the theory, a fact that is not yet sufficiently recognized in the literature concerning Bohmian mechanics. This work aims to fill this gap.

Finite Temperature Dynamics of the Total State in an Open System Model

2005 ◽  
Vol 12 (01) ◽  
pp. 65-80 ◽  
Author(s):  
Walter T. Strunz
Keyword(s):  
Open System ◽  
Finite Temperature ◽  
Density Operator ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
System Model ◽  
Markov Approximation ◽  
Zero Temperature ◽  
Stochastic Schrödinger Equation ◽  
Total State ◽  
Reduced Density

We determine the dynamics of the total state of a system and environment for an open system model, at finite temperature. Based on a partial Husimi representation, our framework describes the full dynamics very efficiently through equations in the Hilbert space of the open system only. We briefly review the zero-temperature case and present the corresponding new finite temperature theory, within the usual Born-Markov approximation. As we will show, from a reduced point of view, our approach amounts to the derivation of a stochastic Schrödinger equation description of the dynamics. We show how the reduced density operator evolves according to the expected (finite temperature) master equation of Lindblad form.

On the Weak form of Zipf's law

1980 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 611-622 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wen-Chen Chen
Keyword(s):  
Limit Theorems ◽  
Probability Distributions ◽  
Weak Form ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Zipf’S Law ◽  
Regularity Conditions ◽  
Urn Model ◽  
Zipf's Law ◽  
Positive Integers ◽  
Personal Incomes

Zipf's laws are probability distributions on the positive integers which decay algebraically. Such laws have been shown empirically to describe a large class of phenomena, including frequency of words usage, populations of cities, distributions of personal incomes, and distributions of biological genera and species, to mention only a few. In this paper we present a Dirichlet–multinomial urn model for describing the above phenomena from a stochastic point of view.We derive the Zipf's law under certain regularity conditions; some limit theorems are also obtained for the urn model under consideration.

The shape of a pendant liquid drop

1979 ◽  
Vol 292 (1391) ◽  
pp. 307-340 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Liquid Drop ◽  
Equilibrium Configuration ◽  
Vertical Section ◽  
Weak Form ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Isolated Singularity ◽  
Double Points ◽  
Circular Arcs ◽  
Point Set ◽  
Formal Solutions

A characterization, is given for the most general equilibrium configuration of a symmetric pendent liquid drop. It is shown that for any vertex height u 0 the vertical section can be continued globally as an analytic curve, without limit sets or double points. For small |u 0 | it is proved the section projects simply on the axis u = 0; for large |u 0 | the section is shown to have near the vertex the general form of a succession of circular arcs joined near the axis by small arcs of large curvature. The section contracts at first toward a certain hyperbola, the 'circular arcs’ gradually changing shape but remaining, until a certain fixed height (asymptotically as u 0 — ∞), within a narrow band surrounding the hyperbola. The continuation of the section eventually projects simply on u = 0, separates from the hyperbola, and continues in an oscillatory manner to infinity. The properties described above are studied quantitatively. It is conjectured that as |u 0 | -> ∞ the section converges uniformly (as a point set) to a solution U(r) with simple projection (for all r > 0 ) on = 0 and an isolated singularity at r = 0. A preliminary (weak) form of the conjecture is proved. The (liquid drop) solutions are also studied from the point of view of their global embedding in the manifold of all formal solutions of the equations. From this point of view, the vertex of the drop appears as a transition point marking a change in qualitative appearance. It is conjectured that the only global solution without double points, in this extended sense, is the singular solution referred to above.

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