scholarly journals Highway Freight Transportation Diversity of Cities Based on Radiation Models

Entropy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 23 (5) ◽  
pp. 637
Author(s):  
Li Wang ◽  
Jun-Chao Ma ◽  
Zhi-Qiang Jiang ◽  
Wanfeng Yan ◽  
Wei-Xing Zhou
Keyword(s):  
Gross Domestic Product ◽  
Geographic Distance ◽  
Freight Transportation ◽  
Power Laws ◽  
Domestic Product ◽  
Radiation Model ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Unique Data ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Truck Transportation

Using a unique data set containing about 15.06 million truck transportation records in five months, we investigate the highway freight transportation diversity of 338 Chinese cities based on the truck transportation probability pij from one city to another. The transportation probabilities are calculated from the radiation model based on the geographic distance and its cost-based version based on the driving distance as the proxy of cost. For each model, we consider both the population and the gross domestic product (GDP), and find quantitatively very similar results. We find that the transportation probabilities have nice power-law tails with the tail exponents close to 0.5 for all the models. The two transportation probabilities in each model fall around the diagonal pij=pji but are often not the same. In addition, the corresponding transportation probabilities calculated from the raw radiation model and the cost-based radiation model also fluctuate around the diagonal pijgeo=pijcost. We calculate four sets of highway truck transportation diversity according to the four sets of transportation probabilities that are found to be close to each other for each city pair. It is found that the population, the gross domestic product, the in-flux, and the out-flux scale as power laws with respect to the transportation diversity in the raw and cost-based radiation models. It implies that a more developed city usually has higher diversity in highway truck transportation, which reflects the fact that a more developed city usually has a more diverse economic structure.

scholarly journals Farm Gate Prices for Non-Varietal Wine in Argentina: A Multilevel Comparison of the Prices Paid by Cooperatives and Investor-Oriented Firms

2017 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Agustina Malvido Perez Carletti ◽  
Markus Hanisch ◽  
Jens Rommel ◽  
Murray Fulton
Keyword(s):  
Multilevel Regression ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Unique Data ◽  
Market Shares ◽  
Price Effects ◽  
Theoretical Predictions ◽  
The One ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Price Differences ◽  
Multilevel Regression Model

AbstractIn this paper, we use a unique data set of the prices paid to farmers in Argentina for grapes to examine the prices paid by non-varietal wine processing cooperatives and investor-oriented firms (IOFs). Motivated by contrasting theoretical predictions of cooperative price effects generated by the yardstick of competition and property rights theories, we apply a multilevel regression model to identify price differences at the transaction level and the departmental level. On average, farmers selling to cooperatives receive a 3.4 % lower price than farmers selling to IOFs. However, we find cooperatives pay approximately 2.4 % more in departments where cooperatives have larger market shares. We suggest that the inability of cooperatives to pay a price equal to or greater than the one paid by IOFs can be explained by the market structure for non-varietal wine in Argentina. Specifically, there is evidence that cooperative members differ from other farmers in terms of size, assets and the cost of accessing the market. We conclude that the analysis of cooperative pricing cannot solely focus on the price differential between cooperatives and IOFs, but instead must consider other factors that are important to the members.

scholarly journals Economic Freedom: The Top, the Bottom, and the Reality. I. 1997–2007

Entropy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 38
Author(s):  
Marcel Ausloos ◽  
Philippe Bronlet
Keyword(s):  
Gross Domestic Product ◽  
Power Law ◽  
Economic Freedom ◽  
Power Laws ◽  
Domestic Product ◽  
Berlin Wall ◽  
Data Points ◽  
Transitional Point ◽  
Exponential Behaviour ◽  
Stable Exponent

We recall the historically admitted prerequisites of Economic Freedom (EF). We have examined 908 data points for the Economic Freedom of the World (EFW) index and 1884 points for the Index of Economic Freedom (IEF); the studied periods are 2000–2006 and 1997–2007, respectively, thereby following the Berlin wall collapse, and including 11 September 2001. After discussing EFW index and IEF, in order to compare the indices, one needs to study their overlap in time and space. That leaves 138 countries to be examined over a period extending from 2000 to 2006, thus 2 sets of 862 data points. The data analysis pertains to the rank-size law technique. It is examined whether the distributions obey an exponential or a power law. A correlation with the country’s Gross Domestic Product (GDP), an admittedly major determinant of EF, follows, distinguishing regional aspects, i.e., defining 6 continents. Semi-log plots show that the EFW-rank relationship is exponential for countries of high rank (≥20); overall the log–log plots point to a behaviour close to a power law. In contrast, for the IEF, the overall ranking has an exponential behaviour; but the log–log plots point to the existence of a transitional point between two different power laws, i.e., near rank 10. Moreover, log–log plots of the EFW index relationship to country GDP are characterised by a power law, with a rather stable exponent (γ≃0.674) as a function of time. In contrast, log–log plots of the IEF relationship with the country’s gross domestic product point to a downward evolutive power law as a function of time. Markedly the two studied indices provide different aspects of EF.

scholarly journals Economic Crisis in Europe: Panel Analysis of Inflation, Unemployment and Gross Domestic Product Growth Rates

2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (10) ◽  
pp. 145 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bibi Rouksar-Dussoyea ◽  
Ho Ming-Kang ◽  
Raja Rajeswari ◽  
Benjamin Chan Yin-Fah
Keyword(s):  
Gross Domestic Product ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Domestic Product ◽  
Panel Analysis ◽  
Causality Test ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Gross Domestic Product Growth ◽  
European Crisis ◽  
The Relationship

This panel analysis study is conducted to examine the relationship between inflation rates (CPI) and unemployment rates (HUR) with the Gross Domestic Product growth rates (GDP), before and after the 2008 European crisis. Quarterly data for 18 consecutive years and six sample countries from Europe (Austria, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary and United Kingdom) have been considered in the panel. In order to get a more profound understanding of the impacts of the European crisis on the relationship between the variables, the panel data set has been classified into 3 separate panels, such that Panel 1 (1999Q1-2007Q4) represents before-crisis panel, Panel 2 (2008Q1-2016Q4) represents the during/after crisis panel and lastly, Panel 3 (1999Q1-2016Q4) represents the long-run panel. Panel 1 is subject to the Fixed Effects with LSDV model, whereby four out of the six countries are significant, and CPI and HUR are insignificant predictors of the GDP. Both Panel 2 and Panel 3 are subject to the Two-way Random Effects model, whereby both CPI and HUR have negative significant effect on GDP. Granger Causality test has also been carried out to determine whether causality is present among variables, based on each panel.

War Making and the Building of State Capacity: Expanding the Bivariate Relationship

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karen A. Rasler ◽  
William R. Thompson
Keyword(s):  
Gross Domestic Product ◽  
Empirical Analysis ◽  
State Capacity ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Regime Type ◽  
Domestic Product ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Representative Data ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Do So

A central cleavage in the war making-state making literature is between advocates of the notion that warfare has been the principal path to developing stronger states and critics who argue that the relationship no longer holds, especially in non-European contexts. It is suggested that the problem is simply one of theoretical specification. Increasingly intensive warfare, as manifested in European combat, made states stronger. Less intensive warfare, particularly common after 1945, is less likely to do so. Empirical analysis of a more representative data set on state capacity (revenues as a proportion of gross domestic product [GDP]), focusing on cases since 1870, strongly supports this point of view. The intensiveness of war is not the only factor at work—regime type and win/loss outcomes matter as well—but the relationship does not appear to be constrained by the level of development.

Estimating the burden of market loss due to aflatoxins in maize: methods and estimates for Thailand

2015 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 459-464 ◽  
Author(s):  
G.A.S. Lubulwa ◽  
P. Siriacha ◽  
P.J. Markwell ◽  
J.I. Pitt
Keyword(s):  
Gross Domestic Product ◽  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Agricultural Research ◽  
Economic Loss ◽  
Aflatoxin Contamination ◽  
Poultry Meat ◽  
Domestic Product ◽  
Fresh Water Fish ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Aflatoxin Level

This communication updates and enhances earlier estimates of the burden of market loss associated with aflatoxin contamination of maize in Thailand using two unrelated data sets. The first, supplied by Mars Petcare (Thailand) Ltd. was compiled in 2010 from two sets of 295 random samples of maize, one collected at harvest and the second after drying, from two regions that produce more than 70% of the commercially grown maize in Thailand. The second data set was compiled between 1989 and 1993 under a collaborative research project funded by the Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research, the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation and project partner countries in South East Asia. It provides aflatoxin concentrations in 108 maize samples randomly selected from retail markets in Thailand. This study shows that, even with the low aflatoxin levels found in the first data set, a burden of economic loss in Thailand exists, estimated here at about US$ 6.9 million per annum (about 0.05% of agricultural sector gross domestic product in Thailand in 2009). If the higher aflatoxin levels in the second data set are representative, then the burden of economic loss in Thailand could exceed US$ 100 million per annum (about 0.85% of agricultural sector gross domestic product), based on 2009 production and prices data. Most of the losses are borne by producers of chicken meat, eggs, pig meat, duck meat, freshwater fish, milk and maize, in descending order of magnitude of loss. This communication enhances earlier estimates by broadening the scope to include milk and fresh water fish, by disaggregating poultry meat into chicken and duck meat, and by extending the analysis to cover the impacts of aflatoxins under a low aflatoxin level scenario.

Индустријализација и раст бруто друштвеног производа // The Industrialization and Growth of Gross Domestic Product

2018 ◽  
Vol 13 (22) ◽  
pp. 151
Author(s):  
Брано Маркић ◽  
Сања Бијакшић ◽  
Арнела Беванда
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
Gross Domestic Product ◽  
Industrial Production ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Manufacturing Sector ◽  
Domestic Product ◽  
Data Set ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship

Резиме: Рад је истраживање и емпиријска верификација закона Ницхолас Калдора о утицају индустријске производње на раст бруто друштвеног производа. Калдор је формулисао принципе економског раста у облику три закона који настоје утврдити кључне узроке економског раста. Први његов закон тврди да је стопа раста привреде позитивно корелирана са стопом раста њезина производног сектора. Индустрија као најважнија снага развоја привреде се поодавно анализира у литератури о привредном развоју: Hirschman (1961), Rosenstein-Rodan (1943), Th irnjall (2013), Cornnjall (1977). Циљ рада је емпиријски провјерити Калдоров приступ расту и развоју у Федерацији Босне и Херцеговине. Стога је обликован посебан скуп података кога чине дводимензионалне табеле и временске серије. Регресијском анализом је квантификована повезаност између стопа раста бруто друштвеног производа и стопе раста индустријске производње.Summary: The paper the industrialization and the growth of gross domestic product is a research and empirical verification of Nicholas Kaldor laws on the impact of industrial production to GDP growth. Kaldor has formulated the principles of economic growth in the form of three laws that tend to identify key causes of economic growth. His first law asserts that the rate of economic growth is positively correlated with the rate of growth of its manufacturing sector. Industry as the most important force of economic development is widely analyzed in the literature on economic development (Hirschman (1961), Rosenstein-Rodan (1943), Thirwall (2013), Cornwall (1977)). The aim is to empirically test the Kaldor’s approach to growth and development in the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina. It is therefore designed a special data set consisting of two-dimensional tables and time series. Using regression analysis was quantified the relationship between the growth rate of gross domestic product and the growth of industrial production. 

scholarly journals Continuous national gross domestic product (GDP) time series for 195 countries: past observations (1850–2005) harmonized with future projections according to the Shared Socio-economic Pathways (2006–2100)

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 847-856 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tobias Geiger
Keyword(s):  
Time Series ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
Gross Domestic Product ◽  
Climate Impact ◽  
Domestic Product ◽  
Data Set ◽  
The Past ◽  
Online Archive ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Climate Impact Research

Abstract. Gross domestic product (GDP) represents a widely used metric to compare economic development across time and space. GDP estimates have been routinely assembled only since the beginning of the second half of the 20th century, making comparisons with prior periods cumbersome or even impossible. In recent years various efforts have been put forward to re-estimate national GDP for specific years in the past centuries and even millennia, providing new insights into past economic development on a snapshot basis. In order to make this wealth of data utilizable across research disciplines, we here present a first continuous and consistent data set of GDP time series for 195 countries from 1850 to 2009, based mainly on data from the Maddison Project and other population and GDP sources. The GDP data are consistent with Penn World Tables v8.1 and future GDP projections from the Shared Socio-economic Pathways (SSPs), and are freely available at http://doi.org/10.5880/pik.2018.010 (Geiger and Frieler, 2018). To ease usability, we additionally provide GDP per capita data and further supplementary and data description files in the online archive. We utilize various methods to handle missing data and discuss the advantages and limitations of our methodology. Despite known shortcomings this data set provides valuable input, e.g., for climate impact research, in order to consistently analyze economic impacts from pre-industrial times to the future.

scholarly journals EU Country and EFTA Country Export Differences

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 147
Author(s):  
Guðmundur Kristján Óskarsson ◽  
Helga Kristjánsdóttir
Keyword(s):  
Gross Domestic Product ◽  
Geographic Distance ◽  
Domestic Product ◽  
Trade Association ◽  
The European Union ◽  
European Free Trade Association ◽  
Efta Country ◽  
Trade Bloc ◽  
The Uk ◽  
The Eu

This research seeks to analyze the export differences facing countries in the EU and EFTA. This is firstly to analyze the effects on international trade of the trade bloc of the European Union (EU), and secondly the European Free Trade Association (EFTA), and provide a comparison of these two. This research seeks to analyze exports determinants to answer these two questions. There are two countries selected for this study, the small EFTA country Iceland, and the large EU country UK, before BREXIT. We apply a gravity model in our econometric analysis, with exports dependent on the gross domestic product, population, and geographic distance. We estimate these effects on the exports of both the UK and Iceland in separate equation systems. We conclude that exports from the UK, before BREXIT, are more negatively affected by geographical distance than exports for the EFTA country Iceland, when corrected for gross domestic product and population size.

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