scholarly journals Is the Devil in h?

Entropy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 23 (5) ◽  
pp. 632
Author(s):  
Andrei Khrennikov
Keyword(s):  
Quantum Mechanics ◽  
Bell Inequality ◽  
Hidden Variables ◽  
Quantum Nonlocality ◽  
Quantum Mechanical ◽  
Planck Constant ◽  
Einstein Podolsky Rosen ◽  
Epr Argument ◽  
Projection Postulate ◽  
The Devil

This note is a part of my effort to rid quantum mechanics (QM) nonlocality. Quantum nonlocality is a two faced Janus: one face is a genuine quantum mechanical nonlocality (defined by the Lüders’ projection postulate). Another face is the nonlocality of the hidden variables model that was invented by Bell. This paper is devoted the deconstruction of the latter. The main casualty of Bell’s model is that it straightforwardly contradicts Heisenberg’s uncertainty and Bohr’s complementarity principles generally. Thus, we do not criticize the derivation or interpretation of the Bell inequality (as was done by numerous authors). Our critique is directed against the model as such. The original Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen (EPR) argument assumed the Heisenberg’s principle without questioning its validity. Hence, the arguments of EPR and Bell differ crucially, and it is necessary to establish the physical ground of the aforementioned principles. This is the quantum postulate: the existence of an indivisible quantum of action given by the Planck constant. Bell’s approach with hidden variables implicitly implies rejection of the quantum postulate, since the latter is the basis of the reference principles.

scholarly journals Bell Model with Hidden Variables and Bohr Quantum Postulate on the Existence of Indivisible Quantum of Action Given by Planck Constant H.

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrei Khrennikov
Keyword(s):  
Quantum Mechanics ◽  
Hidden Variables ◽  
Quantum Nonlocality ◽  
Quantum Mechanical ◽  
Planck Constant ◽  
Basic Principles ◽  
Fundamental Feature ◽  
Projection Postulate ◽  
Bell Model

This note is a part of my efforts for getting rid of nonlocality from quantum mechanics (QM). Quantum nonlocality is two faced Janus, one face is apparent quantum mechanical nonlocality (assigned with projection postulate), another face is nonlocality of Bell's model with the hidden variables. This paper is directed against the latter. The main casualty of Bell's model is that it contradicts to the Heinsenberg's uncertainty and Bohr's complementarity principles. The aim of this note is to point to the physical seed of the aforementioned principles. This is the {\it quantum postulate}: the existence of indivisible quantum of action given by the Planck constant. Bell's model by contradicting to the basic principles of QM implies rejection of this postulate. Thus, it contradicts not only to the QM-formalism, but also to the fundamental feature of the quantum world that was initially discovered by Planck.

scholarly journals Quantum postulate vs. quantum nonlocality: on the role of the Planck constant in Bell’s argument

2021 ◽  
Vol 51 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrei Khrennikov
Keyword(s):  
Quantum Nonlocality ◽  
Quantum Mechanical ◽  
Quantum Foundations ◽  
Planck Constant ◽  
Variable Model ◽  
Basic Principles ◽  
Fundamental Feature ◽  
Hidden Variable ◽  
Bell Model

AbstractWe present a quantum mechanical (QM) analysis of Bell’s approach to quantum foundations based on his hidden-variable model. We claim and try to justify that the Bell model contradicts to the Heinsenberg’s uncertainty and Bohr’s complementarity principles. The aim of this note is to point to the physical seed of the aforementioned principles. This is the Bohr’s quantum postulate: the existence of indivisible quantum of action given by the Planck constant h. By contradicting these basic principles of QM, Bell’s model implies rejection of this postulate as well. Thus, this hidden-variable model contradicts not only the QM-formalism, but also the fundamental feature of the quantum world discovered by Planck.

scholarly journals Are models of local hidden variables for the singlet polarization state necessarily constrained by the Bell inequality?

2020 ◽  
Vol 35 (28) ◽  
pp. 2050229
Author(s):  
David H. Oaknin
Keyword(s):  
Quantum Mechanics ◽  
Bell Inequality ◽  
Polarization State ◽  
Hidden Variables ◽  
Fundamental Principle ◽  
Entangled States ◽  
Principle Of Relativity ◽  
Gauge Degree ◽  
Measurement Devices ◽  
Absolute Frame

The Bell inequality is thought to be a common constraint shared by all models of local hidden variables that aim to describe the entangled states of two qubits. Since the inequality is violated by the quantum mechanical description of these states, it purportedly allows distinguishing in an experimentally testable way the predictions of quantum mechanics from those of models of local hidden variables and, ultimately, ruling the latter out. In this paper, we show, however, that the models of local hidden variables constrained by the Bell inequality all share a subtle, though crucial, feature that is not required by fundamental physical principles and, hence, it might not be fulfilled in the actual experimental setup that tests the inequality. Indeed, the disputed feature neither can be properly implemented within the standard framework of quantum mechanics and it is even at odds with the fundamental principle of relativity. Namely, the proof of the inequality requires the existence of a preferred absolute frame of reference (supposedly provided by the lab) with respect to which the hidden properties of the entangled particles and the orientations of each one of the measurement devices that test them can be independently defined through a long sequence of realizations of the experiment. We notice, however, that while the relative orientation between the two measurement devices is a properly defined physical magnitude in every single realization of the experiment, their global rigid orientation with respect to a lab frame is a spurious gauge degree of freedom. Following this observation, we were able to explicitly build a model of local hidden variables that does not share the disputed feature and, hence, it is able to reproduce the predictions of quantum mechanics for the entangled states of two qubits.

EPR "PARADOX", PROJECTION POSTULATE, TIME SYNCHRONIZATION "NONLOCALITY"

2009 ◽  
Vol 07 (supp01) ◽  
pp. 71-81 ◽  
Author(s):  
ANDREI KHRENNIKOV
Keyword(s):  
Crucial Role ◽  
Composite System ◽  
Time Synchronization ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Quantum Nonlocality ◽  
Epr Paradox ◽  
Physical Point ◽  
Von Neumann ◽  
Epr Argument ◽  
Projection Postulate

We show that the projection postulate plays a crucial role in the discussion on the so called "quantum nonlocality," in particular in the EPR-argument. We stress that the original von Neumann projection postulate was crucially modified by extending it to observables with degenerate spectra (the Lüders postulate) and we show that this modification is highly questionable from a physical point of view, and it is the real source of "quantum nonlocality." The use of the original von Neumann postulate eliminates this problem: instead of "action at the distance"-nonlocality, we obtain a classical measurement nonlocality. The latter is related to the synchronization of two measurements (on the two parts of a composite system). It seems that EPR did mistake in their 1935-paper: if one uses correctly von Neumann projection postulate, no "elements of reality" can be assigned to entangled systems. Our analysis of the EPR and projection postulate makes clearer Bohr's considerations in his reply to Einstein.

PROBING BELL'S INEQUALITY WITH CLASSICAL SYSTEMS

2010 ◽  
Vol 09 (04) ◽  
pp. 395-402 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. K. FERRY
Keyword(s):  
Quantum Mechanics ◽  
Bell Inequality ◽  
Hidden Variables ◽  
Optical Polarization ◽  
Bell’S Inequality ◽  
Epr Paradox ◽  
Quantum Theories ◽  
Considerable Evidence ◽  
Classical Systems ◽  
Quantum Behavior

From the early days of quantum mechanics, there has been a discussion on the concept of reality, exemplified by the EPR paradox. To many, the idea of the paradox and the possibility of local hidden variables was dismissed by the Bell inequality. Yet, there remains considerable evidence that this inequality can be violated even by classical systems, so that experiments showing quantum behavior and the violation of the inequality must be questioned. Here, we demonstrate that classical optical polarization experiments can be shown to violate the Bell inequality. Hence, such experiments cannot be used to distinguish between classical and quantum theories.

scholarly journals Two Versions of the Projection Postulate: From EPR Argument to One-Way Quantum Computing and Teleportation

2010 ◽  
Vol 2010 ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrei Khrennikov
Keyword(s):  
Information Theory ◽  
Quantum Computing ◽  
Quantum Information ◽  
Quantum Information Theory ◽  
Von Neumann ◽  
Composite Systems ◽  
Einstein Podolsky Rosen ◽  
Epr Argument ◽  
Projection Postulate ◽  
The Difference

Nowadays it is practically forgotten that for observables with degenerate spectra the original von Neumann projection postulate differs crucially from the version of the projection postulate which was later formalized by Lüders. The latter (and not that due to von Neumann) plays the crucial role in the basic constructions of quantum information theory. We start this paper with the presentation of the notions related to the projection postulate. Then we remind that the argument of Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen against completeness of QM was based on the version of the projection postulate which is nowadays called Lüders postulate. Then we recall that all basic measurements on composite systems are represented by observables with degenerate spectra. This implies that the difference in the formulation of the projection postulate (due to von Neumann and Lüders) should be taken into account seriously in the analysis of the basic constructions of quantum information theory. This paper is a review devoted to such an analysis.

scholarly journals Rhetoric, logic, and experiment in the quantum nonlocality debate

Open Physics ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 586-597 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donald A. Graft
Keyword(s):  
Quantum Nonlocality ◽  
Einstein Podolsky Rosen ◽  
Projection Postulate

AbstractThis paper argues that quantum nonlocality (QNL) has not been rigorously proven, despite the existence of recent Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen-Bohm (EPRB) experiments that are claimed to be ‘loophole-free’. First, readers are alerted to rhetorical arguments, which are unfortunately often appealed to in the QNL debate, to empower readers to identify and reject such arguments. Second, logical problems in QNL proofs are described and exemplified by a discussion of the projection postulate problem. Third, experimental issues are described and exemplified by a discussion of the postselection problem. The paper concludes that QNL has not been proven and that locality cannot be excluded.

Über das Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen Paradoxon / On the Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen Paradox

1974 ◽  
Vol 29 (4) ◽  
pp. 539-548 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Mittelstaedt
Keyword(s):  
Quantum Mechanics ◽  
Quantum Theory ◽  
Hidden Variables ◽  
Physical Reality ◽  
Experimental Investigations ◽  
Epr Paradox ◽  
Realistic Interpretation ◽  
Epr Experiment ◽  
Einstein Podolsky Rosen ◽  
Ordinary Quantum

The EPR experiment is analysed in terms of ordinary quantum mechanics and shown to be compatible with the orthodox interpretation of this theory. There is no need to refer to Bohrs resolution of the EPR paradox, nor is it necessary to assume any further unusual properties of the quantum physical reality. In particular, it is shown that the EPR experiment does not contradict the fact that incommensurable properties cannot be objectivized simultaneously in a quantum mechanical system, and that the measuring process can be understood in terms of quantum theory as an interaction of the measuring apparatus and the object system. From these results it follows that there is no reason to search for modifications of the quantum theory which might be more convenient for a realistic interpretation of the EPR experiment. Furthermore, the EPR experiment cannot be used as a motivation for introducing hidden variables into the quantum theory. Experimental investigations which try to test quantum mechanics in respect to the possibility of introducing local hidden variables can therefore not be justified by the EPR paradox.

Locality or Non-Locality in Quantum Mechanics: Hidden Variables without "Spooky Action-at-a-Distance"

2001 ◽  
Vol 56 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 5-15
Author(s):  
Yakir Aharonov ◽  
Alonso Botero ◽  
Marian Scully
Keyword(s):  
Quantum Mechanics ◽  
Hidden Variables ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Quantum Mechanical ◽  
The Third ◽  
Pacs 03.65 ◽  
Action At A Distance ◽  
Non Locality

Abstract The folklore notion of the "Non-Locality of Quantum Mechanics" is examined from the point of view of hidden-variables theories according to Belinfante's classification in his Survey of Hidden Variables Theories. It is here shown that in the case of EPR, there exist hidden variables theories that successfully reproduce quantum-mechanical predictions, but which are explicitly local. Since such theories do not fall into Belinfante's classification, we propose an expanded classification which includes similar theories, which we term as theories of the "third" kind. Causal implications of such theories are explored. -Pacs: 03.65.Bz

scholarly journals Bell correlations between spatially separated pairs of atoms

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
D. K. Shin ◽  
B. M. Henson ◽  
S. S. Hodgman ◽  
T. Wasak ◽  
J. Chwedeńczuk ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Quantum Mechanics ◽  
Quantum Nonlocality ◽  
Quantum Mechanical ◽  
Quantum Metrology ◽  
Trapped Atoms ◽  
Solid State Electron ◽  
Spin Correlations ◽  
Helium Atoms ◽  
Internal States ◽  
Bose Einstein

Abstract Bell correlations are a foundational demonstration of how quantum entanglement contradicts the classical notion of local realism. Rigorous validation of quantum nonlocality have only been achieved between solid-state electron spins, internal states of trapped atoms, and photon polarisations, all weakly coupling to gravity. Bell tests with freely propagating massive particles, which could provide insights into the link between gravity and quantum mechanics, have proven to be much more challenging to realise. Here we use a collision between two Bose-Einstein condensates to generate spin entangled pairs of ultracold helium atoms, and measure their spin correlations along uniformly rotated bases. We show that correlations in the pairs agree with the theoretical prediction of a Bell triplet state, and observe a quantum mechanical witness of Bell correlations with $$6\sigma$$ 6 σ significance. Extensions to this scheme could find promising applications in quantum metrology, as well as for investigating the interplay between quantum mechanics and gravity.

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