scholarly journals Solar Energy Transformation Strategies by Ecosystems of the Boreal Zone (Thermodynamic Analysis Based on Remote Sensing Data)

Entropy ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (10) ◽  
pp. 1132 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Sandlersky ◽  
Alexander Krenke
Keyword(s):  
Free Energy ◽  
Solar Radiation ◽  
Thermodynamic Parameters ◽  
Time Scale ◽  
Energy Use ◽  
Remote Sensing Data ◽  
Measuring System ◽  
Biological Productivity ◽  
Evolutionary Time ◽  
Evolutionary Time Scale

The hypothesis of an increase in free energy (exergy) by ecosystems during evolution is tested on direct measurements. As a measuring system of thermodynamic parameters (exergy, information, entropy), a series of measurements of reflected solar radiation in bands of Landsat multispectral imagery for 20 years is used. The thermodynamic parameters are compared for different types of ecosystems depending on the influx of solar radiation, weather conditions and the composition of communities. It is shown that maximization of free energy occurs only in a succession series (time scale of several hundred years), and on a short evolutionary time scale of several thousand years, various strategies of energy use are successfully implemented at the same time: forests always maximize exergy and, accordingly, transpiration, meadows—disequilibrium and biological productivity in summer, and swamps, due to a prompt response to changes in temperature and moisture, maintaining disequilibrium and productivity throughout the year. On the basis of the obtained regularities, we conclude that on an evolutionary time scale, the thermodynamic system changes in the direction of increasing biological productivity and saving moisture, which contradicts the hypothesis of maximizing free energy in the course of evolution.

scholarly journals On the evolutionary time scale of the accreting component in massive close binaries: consequences for the supernova event

1981 ◽  
Vol 59 ◽  
pp. 465-468
Author(s):  
C. Doom ◽  
J.P. De Grève
Keyword(s):  
Mass Loss ◽  
Mass Exchange ◽  
Stellar Wind ◽  
Time Scale ◽  
Roche Lobe ◽  
Close Binaries ◽  
Evolutionary Time ◽  
Hydrogen Burning ◽  
Evolutionary Time Scale ◽  
Evolutionary Scenario

AbstractThe remaining core hydrogen burning lifetime after a case B of mass exchange is computed for the mass gaining component in massive close binaries. Effects of stellar wind mass loss and mass loss during Roche Lobe OverFlow (RLOF) are included. Consequences for the evolutionary scenario are discussed.

Preadaptation in Populations of Neural Networks Evolving in a Changing Environment

1995 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 179-197 ◽  
Author(s):  
Henrik Hautop Lund ◽  
Domenico Parisi
Keyword(s):  
Neural Networks ◽  
Time Scale ◽  
Food Preference ◽  
Food Type ◽  
Initial Population ◽  
Evolutionary Time ◽  
Changing Environment ◽  
Evolutionary Time Scale ◽  
New Strategy ◽  
Behavioral Preference

Populations of simple artificial organisms modeled as neural networks evolve a preference for one particular food type in an environment that contains more than one food type if the quantity of energy extracted from each food type is allowed to coevolve with the behavioral preference (evolvable fitness formula). If, after the emergence of the food preference, the preferred food gradually disappears from the environment at the evolutionary time scale, the evolved specialist strategy is maintained until the preferred food type has completely disappeared. Then a new specialist strategy suddenly emerges with a preference for another food type present in the environment. The appearance of the new strategy takes very few generations, in fact much fewer than in a population starting from zero (random initial population) in the same environment. This, together with the fact that the population with an evolutionary past is more efficient than the population starting from zero, suggests that the former population is preadapted to the changed environment. An analysis of the activation values of the hidden units indicates that the new food preference can be an “exaptation,” that is, a new adaptation based on a structure that has previously emerged for adaptively neutral reasons.

The Topology of the Protein Network Influences the Dynamics of Gene Order: From Systems Biology to a Systemic Understanding of Evolution

2008 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 149-156 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carole Knibbe ◽  
Jean-Michel Fayard ◽  
Guillaume Beslon
Keyword(s):  
Systems Biology ◽  
Gene Order ◽  
Time Scale ◽  
Protein Network ◽  
Evolutionary Time ◽  
Mutational Robustness ◽  
Dynamic Interactions ◽  
Term Selection ◽  
Evolutionary Time Scale ◽  
Systemic Understanding

Systems biology invites us to consider the dynamic interactions between the components of a living cell. Here, by evolving artificial organisms whose genomes encode protein networks, we show that a coupling emerges at the evolutionary time scale between the protein network and the structure of the genome. Gene order is more stable when the protein network is more densely connected, which most likely results from a long-term selection for mutational robustness. Understanding evolving organisms thus requires a systemic approach, taking into account the functional interactions between gene products, but also the global relationships between the genome and the proteome at the evolutionary time scale.

scholarly journals Evolutionary Time-Scale of the Begomoviruses: Evidence from Integrated Sequences in the Nicotiana Genome

PLoS ONE ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 6 (5) ◽  
pp. e19193 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pierre Lefeuvre ◽  
Gordon W. Harkins ◽  
Jean-Michel Lett ◽  
Rob W. Briddon ◽  
Mark W. Chase ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Time Scale ◽  
Evolutionary Time ◽  
Evolutionary Time Scale

Evolutionary time-scale of primate bocaviruses

2013 ◽  
Vol 14 ◽  
pp. 265-274 ◽  
Author(s):  
Igor V. Babkin ◽  
Alexander I. Tyumentsev ◽  
Artem Yu. Tikunov ◽  
Alexander M. Kurilshikov ◽  
Elena I. Ryabchikova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Time Scale ◽  
Evolutionary Time ◽  
Evolutionary Time Scale
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