scholarly journals Thermodynamics at Very Long Time and Space Scales

Entropy ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (10) ◽  
pp. 1090 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bjarne Andresen ◽  
Christopher Essex
Keyword(s):  
Large Time ◽  
Additional Constraint ◽  
Time Averaging ◽  
Length Scale ◽  
Slow Time ◽  
The Past ◽  
New Concepts ◽  
Molecular Scale ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Order Of Magnitude

Any observation, and hence concept, is limited by the time and length scale of the observer and his instruments. Originally, we lived on a timescale of minutes and a length scale of meters, give or take an order of magnitude or two. Therefore, we devloped laboratory sized concepts, like volume, pressure, and temperature of continuous media. The past 150 years we managed to observe on the molecular scale and similarly nanoseconds timescale, leading to atomic physics that requires new concepts. In this paper, we are moving in the opposite direction, to extremely large time and length scales. We call this regime “slow time”. Here, we explore which laboratory concepts still apply in slow time and which new ones may emerge. E.g., we find that temperature no longer exists and that a new component of entropy emerges from long time averaging of other quantities. Just as finite-time thermodynamics developed from the small additional constraint of a finite process duration, here we add a small new condition, the very long timescale that results in a loss of temporal resolution, and again look for new structure.

scholarly journals Predicting Fraud Victimization Using Classical Machine Learning

Entropy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. 300
Author(s):  
Mark Lokanan ◽  
Susan Liu
Keyword(s):  
Machine Learning ◽  
Financial Literacy ◽  
Learning Algorithm ◽  
Demographic Characteristics ◽  
Financial Knowledge ◽  
The Past ◽  
Machine Learning Model ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Regulatory Organization ◽  
Investment Fraud

Protecting financial consumers from investment fraud has been a recurring problem in Canada. The purpose of this paper is to predict the demographic characteristics of investors who are likely to be victims of investment fraud. Data for this paper came from the Investment Industry Regulatory Organization of Canada’s (IIROC) database between January of 2009 and December of 2019. In total, 4575 investors were coded as victims of investment fraud. The study employed a machine-learning algorithm to predict the probability of fraud victimization. The machine learning model deployed in this paper predicted the typical demographic profile of fraud victims as investors who classify as female, have poor financial knowledge, know the advisor from the past, and are retired. Investors who are characterized as having limited financial literacy but a long-time relationship with their advisor have reduced probabilities of being victimized. However, male investors with low or moderate-level investment knowledge were more likely to be preyed upon by their investment advisors. While not statistically significant, older adults, in general, are at greater risk of being victimized. The findings from this paper can be used by Canadian self-regulatory organizations and securities commissions to inform their investors’ protection mandates.

Zeitgeist, experiential or intellectual anchorability, and popularization by metaphorization*

1998 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 297-301
Author(s):  
Magoroh Maruyama
Keyword(s):  
The Past ◽  
New Concepts

Incipient signs of a change in Zeitgeist are being felt. Under a new Zeitgeist, some theories which have been excluded, ignored or suppressed by the past dominant mainstream theories may emerge into the daylight. This article examines processes of popularization of theories and discusses how they may relate to emergence of hitherto excluded, ignored or suppressed theories. Two new concepts are introduced in this article: metaphorizability and anchorability.

1993 Soichiro Honda Lecture: The Challenges of Change in the Auto Industry: Why Alternative Fuels?

1994 ◽  
Vol 116 (4) ◽  
pp. 727-732 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. J. Nichols
Keyword(s):  
Air Quality ◽  
Alternative Fuels ◽  
Combustion Engine ◽  
Auto Industry ◽  
Transportation Fuel ◽  
Alternative Fuel Vehicles ◽  
The Past ◽  
Entire Country ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Difficult Transition

Development of vehicles to operate on nonpetroleum fuels began in earnest in response to the energy shocks of the 1970s. While petroleum will remain the predominant transportation fuel for a long time, petroleum supplies are finite, so it is not too soon to begin the difficult transition to new sources of energy. In the past decade, composition of the fuel utilized in the internal combustion engine has gained recognition as a major factor in the control of emissions from the tailpipe of the automobile and the rate of formation of ozone in the atmosphere. Improvements in air quality can be realized by using vechicles that operate on natural gas, propane, methanol, ethanol, or electricity, but introduction of these alternative fuel vehicles presents major technical and economic challenges to the auto industry, as well as the entire country, as long as gasoline remains plentiful and inexpensive.

Recent advances and new concepts for the synthesis of axially stereoenriched biaryls

2015 ◽  
Vol 44 (11) ◽  
pp. 3418-3430 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Wencel-Delord ◽  
A. Panossian ◽  
F. R. Leroux ◽  
F. Colobert
Keyword(s):  
Chiral Compounds ◽  
The Past ◽  
Recent Advances ◽  
New Concepts ◽  
Axially Chiral ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Synthetic Routes

Over the past decade the field of the synthesis of axially chiral compounds has been rapidly expanding. Not only key advances have been achieved concerning the already established strategies but also new synthetic routes have been devised. This review showcases the recent developments in this domain.

scholarly journals CYCLIC UNIVERSE AND INFINITE PAST

2007 ◽  
Vol 22 (34) ◽  
pp. 2587-2592 ◽  
Author(s):  
PAUL H. FRAMPTON
Keyword(s):  
Null Geodesic ◽  
Infinite Length ◽  
Infinite Time ◽  
Cyclic Universe ◽  
The Past ◽  
Long Time

We address two questions about the past for infinitely cyclic cosmology. The first is whether it can contain an infinite length null geodesic into the past in view of the Borde–Guth–Vilenkin (BGV) "no-go" theorem, The second is whether, given that a small fraction of spawned universes fail to cycle, there is an adequate probability for a successful universe after an infinite time. We give positive answers to both questions and then show that in infinite cyclicity the total number of universes has been infinite for an arbitrarily long time.

Long Time Coming: Prospects for Democracy in Iraq

2009 ◽  
Vol 33 (4) ◽  
pp. 115-148 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bruce E. Moon
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
The Other ◽  
Democratic Transitions ◽  
Quarter Century ◽  
The Past ◽  
Political Experience ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Time Required ◽  
Established Democracies

Prospects for democracy in Iraq should be assessed in light of the historical precedents of nations with comparable political experiences. Saddam Hussein's Iraq was an unusually extreme autocracy, which lasted an unusually long time. Since the end of the nineteenth century, only thirty nations have experienced an autocracy as extreme as Iraq's for a period exceeding two decades. The subsequent political experience of those nations offers a pessimistic forecast for Iraq and similar nations. Only seven of the thirty are now democratic, and only two of them have become established democracies; the democratic experiments in the other five are still in progress. Among the seven, the average time required to transit the path from extreme autocracy to coherent, albeit precarious, democracy has been fifty years, and only two have managed this transition in fewer than twenty-five years. Even this sober assessment is probably too optimistic, because Iraq lacks the structural conditions that theory and evidence indicate have been necessary for successful democratic transitions in the past. Thus, the odds of Iraq achieving democracy in the next quarter century are close to zero, at best about two in thirty, but probably far less.

Secularization, Integration and Rationalization: Some Perspectives from Latin American Thought

1973 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 199-216 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edward J. Williams
Keyword(s):  
Latin American ◽  
Developmental Process ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Latin Americans ◽  
The Past ◽  
New Concepts ◽  
The Rich ◽  
Latin American Thought ◽  
Firing Line ◽  
American Thought

For the past couple of decades the Latin Americans, like their brethren in Africa and Asia, have been hell-bent in search of ‘development’ or ‘modernization’. While the Latin Americans were on the firing line, scholars and policy-makers in both the rich nations and the poor nations were involved in setting out an intellectual framework for analyzing the developmental process. New concepts to explain the meaning of development were devised; innovative measurements to gauge the level of development were proposed; a new vocabulary to capture the nuances of development was put forth.

The Evolution of Free Standing Risers

2009 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth Tellier ◽  
Ricky Thethi
Keyword(s):  
West Africa ◽  
System Architecture ◽  
Vertical Section ◽  
Single Line ◽  
Free Standing ◽  
Dynamic Motion ◽  
The Past ◽  
New Concepts ◽  
Complex Evaluation ◽  
Deepwater Riser

Deepwater riser selection is a complex evaluation of technical and commercial project drivers. The free standing hybrid riser (FSHR) has evolved in the last 10 years through major use in West Africa and is now gaining serious consideration in other deepwater provinces. The key benefit of the free standing riser is that the steel riser vertical section is offset from the vessel using flexible jumpers, thereby decoupling the riser from vessel dynamic motion. Early FSHR configuration took the hybrid bundle tower form. The very first free standing riser system, installed in 1988, consisted of the Placid hybrid bundle in the Gulf of Mexico. In the late nineties, a hybrid bundle tower was chosen for the Girassol development in West Africa. Since then, the industry has sanctioned numerous developments using multiple single line freestanding risers. Optimization of the FSHR is continuing with new concepts such as the Grouped SLOR developed to offer the combined benefits of both the bundle and single line multiple arrangements. This paper will describe how the FSHR configuration has evolved to meet increasing industry demands over the past 10 years and will discuss the future of this type of riser system. Increasing applications in ultra deepwater regions, hurricane prone locations and tiebacks to existing payload limited production vessels will be discussed with riser system architecture described including interfaces with the vessel and seabed.

scholarly journals THE FIRST INVESTIGATION OF AAC(6’)-Ib ENZYME IN CARBAPENEM-RESISTANT ENTEROBACTERIACEAE ISOLATED FROM INDONESIAN PATIENTS

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 8-14
Author(s):  
Beauty Novianty ◽  
Ella Amalia ◽  
Ziske Maritska ◽  
Yuwono Yuwono ◽  
Lusia Hayati
Keyword(s):  
Resistance Mechanism ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
Therapy Options ◽  
The Past ◽  
Carbapenem Resistant ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Pcr Method ◽  
Vitek 2 ◽  
Carbapenem Resistant Enterobacteriaceae

Background: Over the past decade, numbers of Carbapenemase Producing-Carbapenem Resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CP-CRE) has been increasing worldwide and it has been becoming a threat because of its resistance against carbapenem which is considered as the “last resort” antibiotic. Therapy options for its infection are still limited. Aminoglycoside serves as one of the most commonly used antibiotics, but the resistance against it has already been presented for a long time. Aminoglycoside Modifying Enzyme (AME) is the most important resistance mechanism against aminoglycoside. AAC(6’)-Ib enzyme is one of the most common AME produced by the gram-negative bacteria.Objectives: This study wished to identify the gene of this enzyme among CRE isolated from infected Indonesian patients in Dr. Mohammad Hoesin Hospital Palembang.Methods: Twenty-eight isolates collected from CRE-infected patients identified by Vitek 2 Compact (bioMerieux, USA) in dr. Mohammad Hoesin Hospital Palembang during September—November 2017. AAC(6’)-Ib gene was identified using PCR method, then visualize by electrophoresis. The result is then analyzed by comparing it with a susceptibility test.  Results: Out of 28 samples, AAC(6’)-Ib is identified in 22 (78.57%) samples. Samples with AAC(6’)-Ib showed to be less resistant to various antibiotics, significantly to amikacin (p=0.023).Conclusion: AAC(6’)-Ib gene is found in most of samples implying its frequent occurrence in Indonesian patients.

scholarly journals Features of the clinical course of cardiovascular pathology on the background of thyrotoxicosis

2019 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Course ◽  
Endemic Goiter ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Early Complications ◽  
Cardiovascular Pathology ◽  
The Past ◽  
Cardiac Symptoms ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Frequent Absence

Relevance of the topicofthyroid diseases is duetothein crease in their number in the world and in Ukraine inparticular over the past 5 years, as well as the fact that the total frequency of various forms of thyroid pathology, even outside the zones of endemic goiter, is about 20% of the total morbidity. On the example of a clinical case, the question of diagnostics, management tactics and features of the clinical course of cardiovascular pathology on the background of thyrotoxicosis in the absence of adequate therapy for a long time are considered. Thyrotoxicosis leads to the occurrence of early complications of the cardiovascular system, which determine the further prognosis of the patient’s quality of life. The heart effects of Thyrotoxicosisare most dangerous for the elderly, and they (the heart effects of Thyrotoxicosis) often dominate the clinical picture in them (the elderly). Difficulties in their diagnosis are due, among other things, to the frequent absence of ophthalmopathy. When atrial fibrillation develops, the presence of cardiac symptoms may increase, indicating an accelerated development of heart failure. Therefore, the management of patients with cardiovascular disease on the background of thyrotoxicosis has its own peculiarities, which should be taken into account during treatment.

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