scholarly journals Physical Layer Key Generation in 5G and Beyond Wireless Communications: Challenges and Opportunities

Entropy ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 21 (5) ◽  
pp. 497 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guyue Li ◽  
Chen Sun ◽  
Junqing Zhang ◽  
Eduard Jorswieck ◽  
Bin Xiao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Wireless Communications ◽  
Communication Systems ◽  
Multiple Input Multiple Output ◽  
Key Distribution ◽  
Physical Layer ◽  
Sensitive Information ◽  
Key Generation ◽  
Secret Key ◽  
Challenges And Opportunities ◽  
Secret Keys

The fifth generation (5G) and beyond wireless communications will transform many exciting applications and trigger massive data connections with private, confidential, and sensitive information. The security of wireless communications is conventionally established by cryptographic schemes and protocols in which the secret key distribution is one of the essential primitives. However, traditional cryptography-based key distribution protocols might be challenged in the 5G and beyond communications because of special features such as device-to-device and heterogeneous communications, and ultra-low latency requirements. Channel reciprocity-based key generation (CRKG) is an emerging physical layer-based technique to establish secret keys between devices. This article reviews CRKG when the 5G and beyond networks employ three candidate technologies: duplex modes, massive multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) and mmWave communications. We identify the opportunities and challenges for CRKG and provide corresponding solutions. To further demonstrate the feasibility of CRKG in practical communication systems, we overview existing prototypes with different IoT protocols and examine their performance in real-world environments. This article shows the feasibility and promising performances of CRKG with the potential to be commercialized.

MIMO-Based Secret Key Generation Strategies

2014 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 22-55 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kan Chen ◽  
Bala Natarajan
Keyword(s):  
Key Management ◽  
Multiple Input Multiple Output ◽  
Key Generation ◽  
Secret Key ◽  
Secret Key Generation ◽  
Cooperative Mimo ◽  
Multiple Input ◽  
Secret Keys ◽  
Input Multiple Output ◽  
Network Technologies

Over the last decade, physical layer secret key generation (PHY-SKG) techniques that exploit reciprocity of wireless channels have attracted considerable interest among researchers in the field of wireless communication. Compared to traditional cryptographic methods, PHY-SKG techniques offer the following advantages: a computationally bounded adversary does not need to be assumed; PHY-SKG avoids the requirement of key management, and secret keys can be dynamically replenished. Additionally, PHY-SKG can enhance existing security schemes because it operates independently of higher layer security schemes. However, a key drawback of PHY-SKG is low secret key generation rate (SKGR), a critical performance metric. Therefore, the role of advanced network technologies (e.g., multiple input multiple output (MIMO) and cooperative MIMO) must be explored to enhance SKGR. This paper describes how MIMO and cooperative MIMO techniques can enhance SKGR.

scholarly journals Code-Hopping Based Transmission Scheme for Wireless Physical-Layer Security

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Liuguo Yin ◽  
Wentao Hao
Keyword(s):  
Communication Systems ◽  
Data Encryption ◽  
Physical Layer ◽  
Parity Check ◽  
Secret Key ◽  
Application Layer ◽  
Transmission Scheme ◽  
Check Matrix ◽  
Secret Keys ◽  
Source Message

Due to the broadcast and time-varying natures of wireless channels, traditional communication systems that provide data encryption at the application layer suffer many challenges such as error diffusion. In this paper, we propose a code-hopping based secrecy transmission scheme that uses dynamic nonsystematic low-density parity-check (LDPC) codes and automatic repeat-request (ARQ) mechanism to jointly encode and encrypt source messages at the physical layer. In this scheme, secret keys at the transmitter and the legitimate receiver are generated dynamically upon the source messages that have been transmitted successfully. During the transmission, each source message is jointly encoded and encrypted by a parity-check matrix, which is dynamically selected from a set of LDPC matrices based on the shared dynamic secret key. As for the eavesdropper (Eve), the uncorrectable decoding errors prevent her from generating the same secret key as the legitimate parties. Thus she cannot select the correct LDPC matrix to recover the source message. We demonstrate that our scheme can be compatible with traditional cryptosystems and enhance the security without sacrificing the error-correction performance. Numerical results show that the bit error rate (BER) of Eve approaches 0.5 as the number of transmitted source messages increases and the security gap of the system is small.

scholarly journals A novel secret key generation based on image link

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (2.5) ◽  
pp. 23
Author(s):  
A H. Sulaiman ◽  
I F.T. Al-Shaikhli ◽  
M R. Wahiddin ◽  
S Houri ◽  
N Jamil ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Key Distribution ◽  
Key Generation ◽  
Symmetric Encryption ◽  
Secret Key ◽  
String Length ◽  
Secret Key Generation ◽  
Pattern Length ◽  
Secret Keys ◽  
Infusion Protocol ◽  
Novel Algorithm

One of the main problems with symmetric encryption is key distribution especially when involving large number of users i.e to generate identical keys at different locations. To address this challenge, we proposed a novel algorithm of secret key infusion protocol (SKIP) to generatean identical secret key. While, the key is generated based on a provided image link, starting pattern and string length which must be kept in secret as the algorithm is publicly known. The image from website must be a static image and used as the input of random bits to produce string of hexadecimal values. In a case where image link is compromised, the adversary has to guess other layers of parameters in starting pattern and string length. The generated secret keys were identical at two different locations. In other observation, different secret keys were generated even with the same image link and pattern length but different starting pattern.

scholarly journals Efficient physical layer key generation technique in wireless communications

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rushan Lin ◽  
Li Xu ◽  
He Fang ◽  
Chuan Huang
Keyword(s):  
Wireless Communications ◽  
Signal Strength ◽  
Physical Layer ◽  
Generation Rate ◽  
Key Generation ◽  
Generation Technique ◽  
Adaptive Quantization ◽  
Secret Keys ◽  
Randomness Extractor ◽  
Mismatch Rate

AbstractWireless communications between two devices can be protected by secret keys. However, existing key generation schemes suffer from the high bit disagreement rate and low bit generation rate. In this paper, we propose an efficient physical layer key generation scheme by exploring the Received Signal Strength (RSS) of signals. In order to reduce the high mismatch rate of the measurements and to increase the key generation rate, a pair of transmitter and receiver separately apply adaptive quantization algorithm for quantifying the measurements. Then, we implement a randomness extractor to further increase key generation rate and ensure randomness of generated of keys. Several real-world experiments are implemented to verify the effectiveness of the proposed scheme. The results show that compared with the other related schemes, our scheme performs better in bit generation rate, bit disagreement rate, and randomness.

A Novel Secret Key Generation Method in OFDM System for Physical Layer Security

2016 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-34 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wang Dong ◽  
Hu Aiqun ◽  
Peng Linning
Keyword(s):  
Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing ◽  
Data Extraction ◽  
Gray Code ◽  
Extraction Process ◽  
Physical Layer ◽  
Key Generation ◽  
Ofdm Systems ◽  
Secret Key ◽  
Randomness Test ◽  
Secret Keys

In this paper, a novel physical layer key generation method for extracting secret key from mutual channel information in orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) systems has been proposed. Firstly, a well-designed data extraction process has been introduced to reduce the redundancy and inconsistency of channel state information (CSI). After that, a new quantization method using gray code is proposed. Furthermore, an associated method is designed to reduce key error rate (KER). With these improvements, higher key generation rate (KGR) can be obtained compared to existing methods. Finally, available secret keys have been generated after information reconciliation and privacy amplification. The proposed method has been analyzed and verified in long term evolution advanced (LTE-A) systems and the generated secret keys have passed randomness test.

scholarly journals Secure PHY Layer Key Generation in the Asymmetric Power Line Communication Channel

Electronics ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 605 ◽  
Author(s):  
Federico Passerini ◽  
Andrea M. Tonello
Keyword(s):  
Communication Channel ◽  
Physical Layer ◽  
Power Line ◽  
Power Line Communication ◽  
Key Generation ◽  
Secret Key ◽  
Privacy And Security ◽  
Common Information ◽  
Secret Keys ◽  
Asymmetric Power

Leakage of information in power line communication (PLC) networks is a threat to privacy and security. A way to enhance security is to encode the transmitted information with the use of a secret key. If the communication channel exhibits common characteristics at both ends and these are unknown to a potential eavesdropper, then it is possible to locally generate a common secret key at the two communication ends without the need for sharing it through the broadcast channel. This is known as physical layer key generation. To this aim, known techniques have been developed exploiting the transfer function of symmetric channels. However, the PLC channel is in general not symmetric, but just reciprocal. Therefore, in this paper, we first analyze the characteristics of the channel to verify whether physical layer key generation can be implemented. Then, we propose two novel methods that exploit the reciprocity of the PLC channel to generate common information by the two intended users. This information is processed through different quantization techniques to generate secret keys locally. To assess the security of the generated keys, we analyze the spatial correlation of PLC channels. This allows verifying whether the eavesdropper’s channels are weakly correlated with the intended users’ channel. Consequently, it is found that the information leaked to a possible eavesdropper has very low correlation to the locally generated key. The analysis and proposed methods are validated on a measurement dataset.

scholarly journals Higher Rate Secret Key Formation (HRKF) based on Physical Layer for Securing Vehicle-to-Vehicle Communication

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 140-160
Author(s):  
Inka Trisna Dewi ◽  
Amang Sudarsono ◽  
Prima Kristalina ◽  
Mike Yuliana
Keyword(s):  
Polynomial Regression ◽  
Formation Rate ◽  
Physical Layer ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Secret Key ◽  
Vehicle Communication ◽  
V2v Communication ◽  
Vehicle To Vehicle ◽  
Secret Keys ◽  
Shared Secret

One effort to secure vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) communication is to use a symmetrical cryptographic scheme that requires the distribution of shared secret keys. To reduce attacks on key distribution, physical layer-based key formation schemes that utilize the characteristics of wireless channels have been implemented. However, existing schemes still produce a low bit formation rate (BFR) even though they can reach a low bit error rate (BER). Note that V2V communication requires a scheme with high BFR in order to fulfill its main goal of improving road safety. In this research, we propose a higher rate secret key formation (HRKF) scheme using received signal strength (RSS) as a source of random information. The focus of this research is to produce keys with high BFR without compromising BER. To reduce bit mismatch, we propose a polynomial regression method that can increase channel reciprocity. We also propose a fixed threshold quantization (FTQ) method to maintain the number of bits so that the BFR increases. The test results show that the HRKF scheme can increase BFR from 40% up to 100% compared to existing research schemes. To ensure the key cannot be guessed by the attacker, the HRKF scheme succeeds in producing a key that meets the randomness of the NIST test.

Lightweight mediated semi-quantum key distribution protocol

2019 ◽  
Vol 34 (34) ◽  
pp. 1950281 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chia-Wei Tsai ◽  
Chun-Wei Yang ◽  
Narn-Yih Lee
Keyword(s):  
Quantum Key Distribution ◽  
Key Distribution ◽  
Trojan Horse ◽  
Third Party ◽  
Secret Key ◽  
Photon Detector ◽  
Transmission Strategy ◽  
Secret Keys ◽  
The One ◽  
Trojan Horse Attack

Classical users can share a secret key with a quantum user by using a semi-quantum key distribution (SQKD) protocol. Allowing two classical users to share a secret key is the objective of the mediated semi-quantum key distribution (MSQKD) protocol. However, the existing MSQKD protocols need a quantum user to assist two classical users in distributing the secret keys, and these protocols require that the classical users be equipped with a Trojan horse photon detector. This reduces the practicability of the MSQKD protocols. Therefore, in this study we propose a lightweight MSQKD, in which the two participants and third party are classical users. Due to the usage of the one-way transmission strategy, the proposed lightweight MSQKD protocol is free from quantum Trojan horse attack. The proposed MSQKD is more practical than the existing MSQKD protocols.

scholarly journals Breaking Trivium Stream Cipher Implemented in ASIC Using Experimental Attacks and DFA

Sensors ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (23) ◽  
pp. 6909
Author(s):  
Francisco Eugenio Potestad-Ordóñez ◽  
Manuel Valencia-Barrero ◽  
Carmen Baena-Oliva ◽  
Pilar Parra-Fernández ◽  
Carlos Jesús Jiménez-Fernández
Keyword(s):  
Stream Cipher ◽  
Internal State ◽  
Clock Cycle ◽  
Fault Analysis ◽  
Invasive Technique ◽  
Sensitive Information ◽  
Secret Key ◽  
Key Recovery ◽  
Differential Fault Analysis ◽  
Secret Keys

One of the best methods to improve the security of cryptographic systems used to exchange sensitive information is to attack them to find their vulnerabilities and to strengthen them in subsequent designs. Trivium stream cipher is one of the lightweight ciphers designed for security applications in the Internet of things (IoT). In this paper, we present a complete setup to attack ASIC implementations of Trivium which allows recovering the secret keys using the active non-invasive technique attack of clock manipulation, combined with Differential Fault Analysis (DFA) cryptanalysis. The attack system is able to inject effective transient faults into the Trivium in a clock cycle and sample the faulty output. Then, the internal state of the Trivium is recovered using the DFA cryptanalysis through the comparison between the correct and the faulty outputs. Finally, a backward version of Trivium was also designed to go back and get the secret keys from the initial internal states. The key recovery has been verified with numerous simulations data attacks and used with the experimental data obtained from the Application Specific Integrated Circuit (ASIC) Trivium. The secret key of the Trivium were recovered experimentally in 100% of the attempts, considering a real scenario and minimum assumptions.

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