scholarly journals Spatial Organization of Five-Fold Morphology as a Source of Geometrical Constraint in Biology

Entropy ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 20 (9) ◽  
pp. 705
Author(s):  
Juan López-Sauceda ◽  
Jorge López-Ortega ◽  
Gerardo Laguna Sánchez ◽  
Jacobo Sandoval Gutiérrez ◽  
Ana Rojas Meza ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Organization ◽  
Cellular Systems ◽  
The Body ◽  
Measuring System ◽  
Geometrical Constraint ◽  
Spatial Homogeneity ◽  
Geometrical Constraints ◽  
The Many ◽  
Computational Platform ◽  
Pentagonal Symmetry

A basic pattern in the body plan architecture of many animals, plants and some molecular and cellular systems is five-part units. This pattern has been understood as a result of genetic blueprints in development and as a widely conserved evolutionary character. Despite some efforts, a definitive explanation of the abundance of pentagonal symmetry at so many levels of complexity is still missing. Based on both, a computational platform and a statistical spatial organization argument, we show that five-fold morphology is substantially different from other abundant symmetries like three-fold, four-fold and six-fold symmetries in terms of spatial interacting elements. We develop a measuring system to determine levels of spatial organization in 2D polygons (homogeneous or heterogeneous partition of defined areas) based on principles of regularity in a morphospace. We found that spatial organization of five-fold symmetry is statistically higher than all other symmetries studied here (3 to 10-fold symmetries) in terms of spatial homogeneity. The significance of our findings is based on the statistical constancy of geometrical constraints derived from spatial organization of shapes, beyond the material or complexity level of the many different systems where pentagonal symmetry occurs.

scholarly journals Spatial Organization of Five-Fold Morphology as a Source of Geometrical Constraint in Biology

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juan López-Sauceda ◽  
Jorge López-Ortega ◽  
Jacobo Sandoval Gutiérrez ◽  
Gerardo Abel Laguna Sánchez ◽  
Ana Paola Rojas Meza ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Organization ◽  
Cellular Systems ◽  
The Body ◽  
Measuring System ◽  
Geometrical Constraint ◽  
Spatial Homogeneity ◽  
Geometrical Constraints ◽  
The Many ◽  
Computational Platform ◽  
Pentagonal Symmetry

A basic pattern in the body plan architecture of many animals, plants and some molecular and cellular systems is five-part units. This pattern has been understood as a result of genetic blueprints in development and as a widely conserved evolutionary character. Despite some efforts, a definitive explanation of the abundance of pentagonal symmetry at so many levels of complexity is still missing. Based on both, a computational platform and a statistical spatial organization argument, we show that five-fold morphology is substantially different from other abundant symmetries like three-fold, four-fold and six-fold symmetries in terms of spatial interacting elements. We develop a measuring system to determine levels of spatial organization in 2D polygons (homogeneous or heterogeneous partition of defined areas) based in principles of regularity in a morphospace. We found that spatial organization of five-fold symmetry is statistically higher than all other symmetries studied here (three to ten-fold symmetries) in terms of spatial homogeneity. The significance of our findings is based on the statistical constancy of geometrical constraints derived from spatial organization of shapes, beyond the material or complexity level of the many different systems where pentagonal symmetry occurs.

Representing utility and deploying the body

2020 ◽  
Vol 43 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Spurrett
Keyword(s):  
Functional Activity ◽  
Degrees Of Freedom ◽  
The Body ◽  
Target Article ◽  
Processing Demands ◽  
The Many

Abstract Comprehensive accounts of resource-rational attempts to maximise utility shouldn't ignore the demands of constructing utility representations. This can be onerous when, as in humans, there are many rewarding modalities. Another thing best not ignored is the processing demands of making functional activity out of the many degrees of freedom of a body. The target article is almost silent on both.

Gendered Secularization and the Body Policing of Muslim Women

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raissa Killoran
Keyword(s):  
Muslim Women ◽  
The State ◽  
The Body ◽  
Religious Expression ◽  
Women's Bodies ◽  
Cultural Symbols ◽  
Religious Symbols ◽  
Female Bodies ◽  
The Many ◽  
A Site

The many usages of the term ‘secularism’ have generated an ambiguity in the word; as a political guise, it may be used to engender anti-religious fervor. Particularly in regards to veiling among female Muslim adherents, the attainment of a secular state and touting of the necessity of dismantling religious symbols have functioned as linguistic shields. By calling a “burka ban” necessary or even egalitarian secularization, legislators employ ‘secularization’ as jargon for political ends, enacting a stance of supremacy under the semblance of progress. Secularization has come to function as a political tool - in the name of it, governments may prescribe which cultural symbols are normative and which are of ‘other’ cultures or religious origins. As such, the identification of some religious symbols as foreign and others as normative is a usage of secularization for normalization of dominant religious expression. In this, there is an implicit neocolonialism; by imposing standards of cultural normalcy which are definitively nonMuslim, such policies attempt to divorce Muslims from Islam.  Further, I intend to investigate the gendered aspect of secularization politics. By critiquing clothing and body policing of women, I will demonstrate how secularization projects use the female body and dress as a site for display. By rendering the female physically emblematic of the honor and virtue of an ‘other’ culture, those enacting secularization norms target women’s bodies to act as visual exhibitions of the dominant culture’s hegemony. Here, we see gendered secularization at work - female bodies become controlled by the antireligious zeal of the state, while the state carries out this control on the predicate that it is the religious group enacting unjust control. As such, the policing of female Muslim bodies is symbolic of the policing of Islam as a whole; it acts as an illustration of an imposed, gendered secularization project.

Anticipatory weight shift between arms when reaching from a crouched posture

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rosemary Gallagher ◽  
Stephaine Perez ◽  
Derek DeLuca ◽  
Isaac L. Kurtzer
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Muscle Activity ◽  
Force Plate ◽  
Vertical Axis ◽  
The Body ◽  
Reaching Movements ◽  
Reactive Control ◽  
Step Initiation ◽  
Weight Shift ◽  
The Many

Reaching movements performed from a crouched body posture require a shift of body weight from both arms to one arm. This situation has remained unexamined despite the analogous load requirements during step initiation and the many studies of reaching from a seated or standing posture. To determine whether the body weight shift involves anticipatory or exclusively reactive control we obtained force plate records, hand kinematics, and arm muscle activity from 11 healthy right-handed participants. They performed reaching movements with their left and right arm in two speed contexts - 'comfortable' and 'as fast as possible' - and two postural contexts - a less stable knees-together posture and more stable knees-apart posture. Weight-shifts involved anticipatory postural actions (APA) by the reaching and stance arms that were opposing in the vertical axis and aligned in the side-to-side axis similar to APAs by the legs for step initiation. Weight-shift APAs were correlated in time and magnitude, present in both speed contexts, more vigorous with the knees placed together, and similar when reaching with the dominant or non-dominant arm. The initial weight-shift was preceded by bursts of muscle activity in the shoulder and elbow extensors (posterior deltoid and triceps lateral) of the reach arm and shoulder flexor (pectoralis major) of the stance arm which indicates their causal role; leg muscles may have indirectly contributed but were not recorded. The strong functional similarity of weight-shift APAs during crouched reaching to human stepping and cats reaching suggests that they are a core feature of posture-movement coordination.

scholarly journals Hardware and Software Implementations of Measuring System for Resonant Electromagnetic Vibratory Conveyor

2017 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Željko Despotović ◽  
Đorđe Urukalo ◽  
Aleksandar Ribić
Keyword(s):  
Industrial Process ◽  
Resonant Mode ◽  
Product Line ◽  
Measuring System ◽  
Electromagnetic Excitation ◽  
Efficient Operation ◽  
Testing And Measurement ◽  
Software Implementations ◽  
The Many ◽  
Vibratory Conveyor

Vibratory movements are one of the most ways for conveying and transportation of granular and particulate materials.Vibratory conveyors and feeders with electromagnetic excitation belong to a group of mechatronic devices that in an efficient wayprovides drive force and oscillations for this conveying. They have an important role in framework of the many industrial process inwhich are dominant the particulate materials: food processing, cement production, certain product line in steel industry,pharmaceutical industry, agriculture, etc. Therefore, they are representing a very important element of above mentioned technologicprocesses and production line. Especially, the vibratory conveyors and feeders that operate in the resonant mode are used in industrialapplications because of their energy efficiency increasing. The relatively small input energy of actuator drive causes intensivelyvibrations of load carry element (LCE) of vibratory conveyor. The intensity of the vibrations directly affects on gravimetric flow (massflow) and therefore on the productivity of vibratory conveyors. To ensure a reliable and energy-efficient operation of vibratoryconveyors, it is necessary to have a reliable and accurate measurement and testing of electrical and mechanical quantities. A hardwareand software implementation of the testing and measurement system of resonant vibratory conveyor with electromagnetic drive, andtheir corresponding data acquisition platform are presented in this paper. The experimental results obtained on a real laboratory setupof resonant vibratory conveyor are also shown.

scholarly journals External and Internal Loads in Sports Science: Time to Rethink?

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bernardo Ide ◽  
Amanda Silvatti ◽  
Craig Staunton ◽  
Moacir Marocolo ◽  
Dustin Oranchuk ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Biological Tissues ◽  
The Body ◽  
Rating Of Perceived Exertion ◽  
Measuring System ◽  
Internal Load ◽  
Sports Science ◽  
System Of Units ◽  
Time Distance ◽  
Displacement Speed

The International System of Units (SI) was adopted in 1960 as a universal measuring system to be used for all areas of science. Sports Science papers have shown lots of inaccurate and inappropriate terms for quantification of athletes’ performance and the psychobiological responses to exercise (e.g., internal load). In biomechanics, external and internal loads are forces acting externally and internally, inducing stress and strain in the biological tissues. Therefore, the current review present simple proposals to correct the inappropriate terms: 1) do not use the term external load when referring to the assessment of exercise time, distance, displacement, speed, velocity, acceleration, torque, work, power, impulse, etc.; 2) do not use the term internal load when referring to the assessment of psychobiological stress markers (i.e., session rating of perceived exertion, heart rate, blood lactate, oxygen consumption, etc.); 3) do not use the term impulse when expressing other calculus than integrating force with respect to time, and neither strain, when expressing other phenomena than the body deformation. Instead, the term exercise intensity is universal and can be used to describe all forms of exercise. Finally, duration should precisely be described according to physical quantities (e.g., time, distance, displacement, speed, velocity, acceleration, force, torque, work, power, impulse, etc.) and the units accomplish by use of the SI. These simple quantifications can be performed for the exercises, sessions, microcycles, mesocycles and macrocycles of the athletes. Such standardization will provide a consistent and clear communication among sports scientists and all areas of science.

scholarly journals Cell-state transitions and collective cell movement generate an endoderm-like region in gastruloids

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ali Hashmi ◽  
Sham Tlili ◽  
Pierre Perrin ◽  
Alfonso Martinez-Arias ◽  
Pierre-François Lenne
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Organization ◽  
Embryonic Stem ◽  
Cell Movement ◽  
Body Plan ◽  
The Body ◽  
State Transitions ◽  
Sequence Of Events ◽  
Complex Process ◽  
Cell Layers ◽  
Sorting Process

AbstractShaping the animal body plan is a complex process that involves the spatial organization and patterning of different cell layers. Recent advances in live imaging have started to unravel the cellular choreography underlying this process in mammals, however, the sequence of events transforming an unpatterned cell ensemble into structured territories is largely unknown. Here, using 3D aggregates of mouse embryonic stem cells, we study the formation of one of the three germ layers, the endoderm. We show that the endoderm is generated from an epiblast-like state by a three-step mechanism: a release of islands of Ecadherin expressing cells, their flow toward the aggregate tip, and their segregation. Unlike the prevailing view, this mechanism does not require epithelial-to-mesenchymal transitions and vice-versa but rather a fragmentation, which is mediated by Wnt/β-catenin, and a sorting process. Our data emphasize the role of signaling and cell flows in the establishment of the body plan.

scholarly journals KARAKTERISTIK FISIK, KIMIA, DAN ORGANOLEPTIK MIE MOSAF (MODIFIED SATOIMO FLOUR) (Colocasia esculenta)

2015 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Eliantosi ◽  
Darius
Keyword(s):  
Hyaluronic Acid ◽  
Wheat Flour ◽  
Consumer Preferences ◽  
Colocasia Esculenta ◽  
Fiber Content ◽  
The Body ◽  
Tolerance Level ◽  
Physical Chemical ◽  
Taro Flour ◽  
The Many

Satoimo rich in Hyaluronic Acid ( HA ) , a substance produced naturally in the body and produce natural collagen . Taro flour relatively smooth and easy to digest useful for the preparation of pastries , cakes , breads and noodles . Noodle is one of the many products that are favored by all the community . Has conducted research aimed to analyze the characteristics of the physical, chemical and organoleptic noodles mosaf ( Colocasia esculenta ) . The treatment is done in this study is a comparison of wheat flour : flour mosaf with variations 450 g : 50 g ; 400 g : 100 g ; 350 g : 150 g ; 300 g : 200 g ; and 250 g : 250 g . The analysis in this study includes the analysis of the fiber content , elasticity and organoleptic ( color, taste, texture dam ) mosaf wet noodle . The results showed that the higher concentration mosaf flour is added , then the noodles fiber content becomes higher but getting lower elasticity , whereas the level of consumer preferences of the parameters of color, flavor and texture of getting down , the tolerance level of the composition of wheat flour : 400 g flour mosaf : 100 g .Keywords : noodles , satoimo , mosaf 

Embodiment and Bodily Becoming

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sara Heinämaa
Keyword(s):  
Human Body ◽  
Sexual Difference ◽  
Phenomenological Approach ◽  
The Body ◽  
Husserlian Phenomenology ◽  
Material Thing ◽  
Human Practices ◽  
The Many ◽  
Stylistic Unity ◽  
Human Embodiment

The chapter clarifies Husserl’s phenomenological approach to embodiment by explicating his analytical concepts and his transcendental arguments concerning the constitution of living bodiliness (Leiblichkeit). The chapter argues that Husserlian phenomenology does not establish any simple opposition between naturalistic and phenomenological inquiries but instead offers a comprehensive account of the many senses of the body operative in human practices, including the practices of the sciences. The human body is given, not just as a material thing, but also as an instrument, as an agent, and an expressive stylistic whole. The second part of the chapter discusses recent applications of Husserlian philosophy of embodiment in the investigation of human plurality. By analyzing the exemplary phenomena of sexuality and sexual difference, the chapter demonstrates that the phenomenological concepts of style and stylistic unity can serve investigations into the diversity of human embodiment in its many forms.

Iron Supplementation in Infancy

1986 ◽  
Vol 8 (6) ◽  
pp. 177-184
Author(s):  
Jerry D. Reeves
Keyword(s):  
Iron Deficiency ◽  
Iron Supplementation ◽  
Iron Absorption ◽  
The United States ◽  
Microcytic Anemia ◽  
The Body ◽  
Minimal Risk ◽  
Dietary Practices ◽  
Initial Iron ◽  
The Many

Although dietary practices in the United States have changed in the past decade to include more bioavailable iron in many infant's diets, iron deficiency remains an important problem. Prevalence of iron deficiency is still high, even among economically privileged infants. Not only microcytic anemia but also adverse effects on growth, behavior, intestinal function, energy metabolism, and immune function may result with deficiencies of the many important ironcontaining compounds in the body. Infants are at highest risk for iron deficiency because initial iron endowment is often low, iron needs for growth are high, and foods in infants' diets usually are poor iron sources or impair iron absorption. In addition, the frequent infections typical in infants impair iron absorption when needs remain high. By taking a careful history and using simple laboratory screening procedures, the pediatrician can identify a large proportion of those who will benefit from iron supplementation. Avoiding foods impairing iron absorption, continuing intake of foods with relatively large amounts of bioavailable iron, and giving additional iron supplementation to particularly highrisk infants can further decrease the prevalence of iron deficiency and its potentially serious consequences with minimal risk.

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