scholarly journals A Method for Measuring the Weak Value of Spin for Metastable Atoms

Entropy ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 20 (8) ◽  
pp. 566 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Flack ◽  
Vincenzo Monachello ◽  
Basil Hiley ◽  
Peter Barker
Keyword(s):  
Accurate Determination ◽  
Experimental Results ◽  
Weak Value ◽  
Helium Atoms ◽  
Experimental Parameters ◽  
Helium Neon ◽  
Impulsive Approximation ◽  
Full Simulation ◽  
23S1 State

A method for measuring the weak value of spin for atoms is proposed using a variant of the original Stern–Gerlach apparatus. A full simulation of an experiment for observing the real part of the weak value using the impulsive approximation has been carried out. Our predictions show a displacement of the beam of helium atoms in the metastable 23S1 state, Δw, that is within the resolution of conventional microchannel plate detectors indicating that this type of experiment is feasible. Our analysis also determines the experimental parameters that will give an accurate determination of the weak value of spin. Preliminary experimental results are shown for helium, neon and argon in the 23S1 and 3P2 metastable states, respectively.

scholarly journals A Method for Measuring the Real Part of the Weak Value of Spin for Metastable Atoms

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Flack ◽  
Vincenzo Monachello ◽  
Basil Hiley ◽  
Peter Barker
Keyword(s):  
Metastable State ◽  
Rest Mass ◽  
Weak Value ◽  
The Real ◽  
Metastable Helium ◽  
Full Analysis ◽  
Impulsive Approximation ◽  
Full Simulation ◽  
23S1 State

A method for measuring the real part of the weak value of spin for non-zero rest mass atoms is presented using a variant on the original Stern-Gerlach apparatus. The experiment utilises helium in the metastable 23S1 state. A full simulation for observing the real part of the weak value using the impulsive approximation has been carried out and it predicts a displacement of the beam, Δw, that is within the resolution of our detector. It also indicates how this shift might be increased. The full analysis also indicated that there is a limit, L, to the applicability of the weak value approximation and has been evaluated for our apparatus. This experiment has the possibility to be expanded to utilise other nobal gas species such as neon and argon in the 3P2 metastable state, but we shall restrict this paper to metastable helium only.

Determination of Charge Coefficient of Piezoelectric Films Using a Combined Finite Element Model and Dynamic Loading Technique

2020 ◽  
Vol 835 ◽  
pp. 229-242
Author(s):  
Oboso P. Bernard ◽  
Nagih M. Shaalan ◽  
Mohab Hossam ◽  
Mohsen A. Hassan
Keyword(s):  
Finite Element ◽  
Dynamic Loading ◽  
Material Properties ◽  
Accurate Determination ◽  
Substrate Material ◽  
Experimental Results ◽  
Piezoelectric Composite ◽  
Piezoelectric Film ◽  
Piezoelectric Charge

Accurate determination of piezoelectric properties such as piezoelectric charge coefficients (d33) is an essential step in the design process of sensors and actuators using piezoelectric effect. In this study, a cost-effective and accurate method based on dynamic loading technique was proposed to determine the piezoelectric charge coefficient d33. Finite element analysis (FEA) model was developed in order to estimate d33 and validate the obtained values with experimental results. The experiment was conducted on a piezoelectric disc with a known d33 value. The effect of measuring boundary conditions, substrate material properties and specimen geometry on measured d33 value were conducted. The experimental results reveal that the determined d33 coefficient by this technique is accurate as it falls within the manufactures tolerance specifications of PZT-5A piezoelectric film d33. Further, obtained simulation results on fibre reinforced and particle reinforced piezoelectric composite were found to be similar to those that have been obtained using more advanced techniques. FE-results showed that the measured d33 coefficients depend on measuring boundary condition, piezoelectric film thickness, and substrate material properties. This method was proved to be suitable for determination of d33 coefficient effectively for piezoelectric samples of any arbitrary geometry without compromising on the accuracy of measured d33.

scholarly journals A perceptual-behavioural approach with non-parametric experimental coefficient for urban parking business design

2016 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 15-30 ◽  
Author(s):  
Moreno Ferrarese
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Accurate Determination ◽  
Parking Lots ◽  
Experimental Parameters ◽  
Parking Lot ◽  
Urban Parking ◽  
Integrated Logistics ◽  
The City ◽  
Business Design

Transportation science and integrated logistics of passengers in the cities provide a detailed study of the movements both on entry to the urban areas than within them. Parking lots are, very often, places of exchange between the motorized and the pedestrian or cycling mode, or between individual and collective motorized modes. As the modern urban civilization is known by its impetuous car parking expansion it becomes essential to design the parking lots bearing in mind the needs of those who will really use them and not referring to the political lobbies in the city administration. The study of parking lot in terms of business and financial design, planning and management after the construction needs is a more accurate determination of the experimental parameters, which enable choice of the model to minimize the uncertainty of the data that will define the revenues according to the Project Financing procedures.

A quantitative approach to inner shell losses

1978 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 526-527 ◽  
Author(s):  
R.D. Leapman ◽  
P. Rez ◽  
D.F. Mayers
Keyword(s):  
Energy Transfer ◽  
Cross Section ◽  
Cross Sections ◽  
Accurate Determination ◽  
Background Intensity ◽  
Core Excitation ◽  
Quantitative Basis ◽  
Cross Section Differential ◽  
Bound Electrons

Microanalysis by EELS has been developing rapidly and though the general form of the spectrum is now understood there is a need to put the technique on a more quantitative basis (1,2). Certain aspects important for microanalysis include: (i) accurate determination of the partial cross sections, σx(α,ΔE) for core excitation when scattering lies inside collection angle a and energy range ΔE above the edge, (ii) behavior of the background intensity due to excitation of less strongly bound electrons, necessary for extrapolation beneath the signal of interest, (iii) departures from the simple hydrogenic K-edge seen in L and M losses, effecting σx and complicating microanalysis. Such problems might be approached empirically but here we describe how computation can elucidate the spectrum shape.The inelastic cross section differential with respect to energy transfer E and momentum transfer q for electrons of energy E0 and velocity v can be written as

Fast calibration of CBED patterns for quantitative analysis

1993 ◽  
Vol 51 ◽  
pp. 674-675
Author(s):  
M.A. Gribelyuk ◽  
M. Rühle
Keyword(s):  
Reciprocal Lattice ◽  
Accurate Determination ◽  
Incident Beam ◽  
Crystal Thickness ◽  
Structure Model ◽  
Beam Direction ◽  
Transmitted Beam ◽  
Reciprocal Vector ◽  
On Line

A new method is suggested for the accurate determination of the incident beam direction K, crystal thickness t and the coordinates of the basic reciprocal lattice vectors V1 and V2 (Fig. 1) of the ZOLZ plans in pixels of the digitized 2-D CBED pattern. For a given structure model and some estimated values Vest and Kest of some point O in the CBED pattern a set of line scans AkBk is chosen so that all the scans are located within CBED disks.The points on line scans AkBk are conjugate to those on A0B0 since they are shifted by the reciprocal vector gk with respect to each other. As many conjugate scans are considered as CBED disks fall into the energy filtered region of the experimental pattern. Electron intensities of the transmitted beam I0 and diffracted beams Igk for all points on conjugate scans are found as a function of crystal thickness t on the basis of the full dynamical calculation.

Computer-Assisted High-Re Solution TEM

1990 ◽  
Vol 48 (1) ◽  
pp. 162-163
Author(s):  
F.A. Ponce ◽  
H. Hikashi
Keyword(s):  
Signal To Noise Ratio ◽  
Accurate Determination ◽  
Computer Software ◽  
Video Camera ◽  
Image Contrast ◽  
Objective Lens ◽  
Computer Assisted ◽  
Optical Parameters ◽  
Astigmatism Correction

The determination of the atomic positions from HRTEM micrographs is only possible if the optical parameters are known to a certain accuracy, and reliable through-focus series are available to match the experimental images with calculated images of possible atomic models. The main limitation in interpreting images at the atomic level is the knowledge of the optical parameters such as beam alignment, astigmatism correction and defocus value. Under ordinary conditions, the uncertainty in these values is sufficiently large to prevent the accurate determination of the atomic positions. Therefore, in order to achieve the resolution power of the microscope (under 0.2nm) it is necessary to take extraordinary measures. The use of on line computers has been proposed [e.g.: 2-5] and used with certain amount of success.We have built a system that can perform operations in the range of one frame stored and analyzed per second. A schematic diagram of the system is shown in figure 1. A JEOL 4000EX microscope equipped with an external computer interface is directly linked to a SUN-3 computer. All electrical parameters in the microscope can be changed via this interface by the use of a set of commands. The image is received from a video camera. A commercial image processor improves the signal-to-noise ratio by recursively averaging with a time constant, usually set at 0.25 sec. The computer software is based on a multi-window system and is entirely mouse-driven. All operations can be performed by clicking the mouse on the appropiate windows and buttons. This capability leads to extreme friendliness, ease of operation, and high operator speeds. Image analysis can be done in various ways. Here, we have measured the image contrast and used it to optimize certain parameters. The system is designed to have instant access to: (a) x- and y- alignment coils, (b) x- and y- astigmatism correction coils, and (c) objective lens current. The algorithm is shown in figure 2. Figure 3 shows an example taken from a thin CdTe crystal. The image contrast is displayed for changing objective lens current (defocus value). The display is calibrated in angstroms. Images are stored on the disk and are accessible by clicking the data points in the graph. Some of the frame-store images are displayed in Fig. 4.

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