scholarly journals Constrained Inference When the Sampled and Target Populations Differ

Entropy ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 97
Author(s):  
Huijun Yi ◽  
Bhaskar Bhattacharya
Keyword(s):  
Target Populations ◽  
Constrained Inference

Potential Benefits of Animal-Detecting Automatic Emergency Braking Systems Based on U.S. Driving Data

2021 ◽  
pp. 036119812110124
Author(s):  
Jeremy A. Decker ◽  
Samantha H. Haus ◽  
Rini Sherony ◽  
Hampton C. Gabler
Keyword(s):  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Target Population ◽  
Low Light ◽  
Emergency Braking ◽  
Target Populations ◽  
Light Trucks ◽  
Naturalistic Driving Study ◽  
Potential Benefits ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
Crash Characteristics

In 2015, there were 319,195 police reported vehicle-animal crashes, resulting in 275 vehicle occupant fatalities. Animal-detecting automatic emergency braking (AEB) systems are a promising active safety measure which could potentially avoid or mitigate many of these crashes by warning the driver, utilizing automatic braking, or both. The purpose of this study was to develop and characterize a target population of vehicle-animal crashes applicable to AEB systems and to analyze the potential benefits of an animal-detecting AEB system. The study was based on two nationally representative databases, Fatality Analysis Reporting System and the National Automotive Sampling System’s General Estimates System, and a naturalistic driving study, SHRP 2. The target population was restricted to vehicle-animal crashes that were forward impacts or road departures and involved cars and light trucks, with no loss of control. Crash characteristics which may influence the performance of AEB such as lighting, weather, pre-crash movement, relation to junction, and first and worst harmful events, were analyzed. The study found that the major influences on the effectiveness of animal AEB systems were: weather, lighting, pre-crash movements, and the crash location. Six potential target populations were used to analyze the potential effectiveness of an animal AEB system, with effectiveness ranging between 21.6% and 97% of police reported crashes and between 4.1% and 50.8% of fatal vehicle-animal crashes. An AEB system’s ability to function in low light and poor weather conditions may enable it to avoid a substantially higher proportion of crashes.

scholarly journals Development of a Vaccine against Human Cytomegalovirus: Advances, Barriers, and Implications for the Clinical Practice

Vaccines ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 551
Author(s):  
Sara Scarpini ◽  
Francesca Morigi ◽  
Ludovica Betti ◽  
Arianna Dondi ◽  
Carlotta Biagi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Human Cytomegalovirus ◽  
Congenital Infection ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Live Vaccines ◽  
Target Populations ◽  
Immune Correlates ◽  
Common Causes ◽  
The Status ◽  
Life Threatening

Human cytomegalovirus (hCMV) is one of the most common causes of congenital infection in the post-rubella era, representing a major public health concern. Although most cases are asymptomatic in the neonatal period, congenital CMV (cCMV) disease can result in permanent impairment of cognitive development and represents the leading cause of non-genetic sensorineural hearing loss. Moreover, even if hCMV mostly causes asymptomatic or pauci-symptomatic infections in immunocompetent hosts, it may lead to severe and life-threatening disease in immunocompromised patients. Since immunity reduces the severity of disease, in the last years, the development of an effective and safe hCMV vaccine has been of great interest to pharmacologic researchers. Both hCMV live vaccines—e.g., live-attenuated, chimeric, viral-based—and non-living ones—subunit, RNA-based, virus-like particles, plasmid-based DNA—have been investigated. Encouraging data are emerging from clinical trials, but a hCMV vaccine has not been licensed yet. Major difficulties in the development of a satisfactory vaccine include hCMV’s capacity to evade the immune response, unclear immune correlates for protection, low number of available animal models, and insufficient general awareness. Moreover, there is a need to determine which may be the best target populations for vaccine administration. The aim of the present paper is to examine the status of hCMV vaccines undergoing clinical trials and understand barriers limiting their development.

scholarly journals Introduction

2012 ◽  
Vol 24 (S1) ◽  
pp. S1-S2 ◽  
Author(s):  
Seol-Heui Han ◽  
Helen Lavretsky
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Decline ◽  
Ginkgo Biloba ◽  
Symptomatic Treatment ◽  
Egb 761 ◽  
Target Populations ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Expert Meeting ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Study Designs ◽  
Age Related Cognitive Decline

In June 2011, Dr. Willmar Schwabe Pharmaceuticals sponsored a two-day expert meeting in Amsterdam, The Netherlands. The meeting brought together 19 dementia experts from a range of disciplines and countries to review preclinical and clinical data on Ginkgo biloba special extract EGb 761® in the context of recent developments in the diagnosis and treatment of age-related cognitive decline and Alzheimer's disease (AD). Ginkgo biloba special extract EGb 761® is formally approved and reimbursed for the symptomatic treatment of age-related cognitive decline or dementia by numerous authorities worldwide. The meeting therefore focused on relevant research questions and potential study designs with appropriate target populations to prove the efficacy of Ginkgo biloba special extract EGb 761® as a disease-modifying product in AD and to reveal further relevant modes of action.

scholarly journals Identifying Activity Support Needs for individuals Aging With Disability: Subject Matter Expert Interviews

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 600-600
Author(s):  
Lyndsie Koon ◽  
Megan Bayles ◽  
Elena Remillard ◽  
Wendy Rogers
Keyword(s):  
Subject Matter ◽  
Vision Loss ◽  
Cultural Practices ◽  
Late Onset ◽  
Mobility Impairment ◽  
Privacy Concerns ◽  
Target Populations ◽  
Need Support ◽  
Multi Method Approach

Abstract Technology designed to support aging-in-place for people with long-term disabilities begins with understanding the specific tasks that need support, and individual abilities, preferences, cultural practices, and privacy concerns. Such understanding is best achieved through a multi-method approach that includes direct, detailed assessments of representative users as well as individuals who work with or care for them. Our target users are people who identify as having a sensory or mobility impairment prior to the age of 50, including individuals aging with multiple sclerosis, late-onset hearing loss, and late-onset vision loss. In the present study, we are interviewing Subject Matter Experts (SMEs) to identify the scope of the challenges that should be explored in more depth. The SMEs include caregivers and medical professionals to identify challenges that the target populations experience in their everyday activities, advice about research adaptations, and recruitment ideas.

#3119 Diagnosis and management of functional neurological symptoms: Saudi Arabia experience

2021 ◽  
Vol 92 (8) ◽  
pp. A13.1-A13
Author(s):  
Lujain Khoja ◽  
Abeer Khoja ◽  
Saeed Shabaan ◽  
Haythum Tayeb
Keyword(s):  
Saudi Arabia ◽  
Conversion Disorder ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Neurological Symptoms ◽  
Kingdom Of Saudi Arabia ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Brain Functioning ◽  
Target Populations ◽  
Functional Neurological Symptoms ◽  
Dutch Experience

ObjectivesTo explore the opinion of todays neurologist and psychiatrist in the kingdom of Saudi Arabia regarding pathogenesis, diagnosis, treatment and outcome. It is a replication for Dutch experience with Functional Neurological symptoms Disorder (FND).MethodsA multi-centres Cross-sectional study was conducted in Saudi Arabia started from November 2019 and still ongoing. The target populations were a qualified psychiatrists or neurologists. Data were collected through an electronic questionnaire.ResultsThere were 70 respondents, 37.1% were female and 62.9% males. A 15.5% were Neurologists and 72.4% psychiatrists. Three questionnaires were taken out due to incompletion error. Most neurologists and psychiatrists believed that FND is a disorder of functioning of the nervous system together with psychogenic factors. However, 100% of psychiatrist believed that a prior psychological stress is a cause of the disorder (among other causes) while 86.84% of neurologists. Also found that, a 71% of patients who referred to neurologist were evaluated initially by a general practitioner, while 85% of the patients who referred to psychiatrist; were evaluated by neurologists. Eventually, most of the neurologists and the psychiatrists diagnosed patients by conversion disorder (13/38 of neurologist and 13/20 of psychiatrists).ConclusionOur preliminary conclusion is comparable for Dutch experience that is not considered purely a psychiatric disorder and counted disordered brain functioning together with psychogenic factors responsible for FNS. However, the majority of the psychiatrists in our study diagnose FND as conversion disorder.

9. Application and Use of the Simplified Sign System with Persons with Disabilities

2020 ◽  
pp. 311-346
Author(s):  
John D. Bonvillian ◽  
Nicole Kissane Lee ◽  
Tracy T. Dooley ◽  
Filip T. Loncke
Keyword(s):  
Contextual Information ◽  
Primary User ◽  
Learning Goals ◽  
Visual Contact ◽  
Persons With Disabilities ◽  
Group Activities ◽  
Target Populations ◽  
Sign System ◽  
Key Word ◽  
Communication Practices

In Chapter 9, various approaches to teaching signs to non-speaking or minimally verbal persons are examined, including general exposure, an incidental or milieu approach, games and group activities, and specific training sessions. Learning goals are identified not only for the main or primary user of the system, but also for that person’s communication partners (family members, caregivers, friends) and persons in the wider environment. Guidelines for using the Simplified Sign System with the target populations are provided in order to establish good and consistent communication practices that will help to maximize users’ success with the system. Such guidelines or strategies include ensuring a positive signing environment, establishing visual contact, using key word signing, accepting errors in sign formation from the main user, rewarding progress, using facial expressions and environmental cues or contextual information to enhance vocabulary acquisition, and adapting the rate and frequency of signing. Finally, the authors anticipate and address many of the questions or concerns that teachers or caregivers may have as they embark on a program of using Simplified Signs.

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