scholarly journals Volatile Compounds Emitted from the Cat Urine Contaminated Carpet before and after Treatment with Marketed Cleaning Products: A Simultaneous Chemical and Sensory Analysis

Data ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 88
Author(s):  
Chumki Banik ◽  
Jacek A. Koziel ◽  
Elizabeth Flickinger
Keyword(s):  
Solid Phase ◽  
Micrococcus Luteus ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Household Dust ◽  
Water Control ◽  
Cleaning Product ◽  
Cleaning Products ◽  
Before And After ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Over Time

Urination on carpet and subflooring can develop into a persistent and challenging problem when trying to mitigate odor. Very little or no information is published on how volatile organic compounds (VOCs) change over time when urine is deposited on a carpet covering a plywood-type subflooring. This research has investigated the VOCs emitted from carpet + subflooring (control), carpet + subflooring sprayed with water (control with moisture), and cat urine-contaminated carpet + subflooring (treatment) over time (day 0 and 15). In addition, the study has recorded the effect of four popular cleaning product applications on VOCs emitted from carpet and evaluated their efficacy in eliminating cat urine related indoor odors over time (days 0 and 15). Carpet-subflooring with all treatments were also contaminated with Micrococcus luteus, a nonmotile obligate aerobe commonly found in household dust, to observe the impact of the aerobe on carpet-subflooring VOCs emission. VOCs emitted from carpet + subflooring receiving different treatments were collected from headspace using solid-phase microextraction (SPME). The VOCs were analyzed using a gas chromatography-mass spectrometry olfactometry (GC-MS-O). Many common VOCs were released from the carpet on day 0 and day 15, specifically from urine contamination. Cleaning products were effective in masking several potent odors of cat urine contaminated carpet VOCs on day 0 but were unable to remove the odor that appeared on day 15 in most cases.

scholarly journals Volatile Compounds Emitted from the Cat Urine Contaminated Carpet Before and After Treatment with Marketed Cleaning Products: A Simultaneous Chemical and Sensory Analysis

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chumki Banik ◽  
Jacek Koziel ◽  
Elizabeth Flickinger
Keyword(s):  
Solid Phase ◽  
Micrococcus Luteus ◽  
Household Dust ◽  
Water Control ◽  
Cleaning Products ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Obligate Aerobe ◽  
Urine Contamination ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Over Time

Urination on carpet and subflooring can develop into persistent and challenging to mitigate odor. Very little or no information is published on how these VOCs change over time when urine is deposited on the carpet covering a plywood-type subflooring. This research has investigated the VOCs emitted from carpet+subflooring (control), carpet+subflooring sprayed with water (control with moisture), and cat urine-contaminated carpet+subflooring (treatment) over time (day 0 and 15). In addition, the effect of popular cleaning products on VOCs emitted and evaluated their efficacy in eliminating those indoor odors over time (day 0 and 15). Carpet-subflooring with all treatments were also contaminated with Micrococcus luteus, nonmotile obligate aerobe commonly found in household dust, to observe the impact of the aerobe on carpet-subflooring VOCs emission. VOCs emitted from carpet+subflooring receiving different treatments were collected from headspace using solid-phase microextraction (SPME). The VOCs were analyzed using a multidimensional gas chromatography-mass spectrometer attached to an olfactometry (GC-MS-O). Many common VOCs were released from the carpet on day one and day fifteen, specifically from urine contamination. Cleaning products were effective in masking several potent odors of cat urine contaminated carpet VOCs on day one but unable to remove the odor appeared on day 15 in most cases.

scholarly journals Land Policy and Food Prices: Evidence from a Land Consolidation Program in Rwanda

2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 63-73
Author(s):  
Aimable Nsabimana ◽  
Fidele Niyitanga ◽  
Dave D. Weatherspoon ◽  
Anwar Naseem
Keyword(s):  
Food Prices ◽  
Land Policy ◽  
Land Consolidation ◽  
Easy Access ◽  
Food Crops ◽  
White Potato ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Price Differences ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Over Time

Abstract Rwanda’s “Crop Intensification Program (CIP)” is primarily a land consolidation program aimed at improving agricultural productivity and food security. The program, which began in 2007, focuses on monocropping and commercialization of six priority crops: maize, wheat, rice, white potato, beans, and cassava. CIP has facilitated easy access to improved seed stocks, fertilizer, extension services, and postharvest handling and storage services. Although studies have documented the impact of CIP on changes in farm yield, incomes, and productivity, less is known about its impact on food prices. In this study, we examine the crop-food price differences in intensive monocropped CIP and non-intensive monocropped CIP zones in Rwanda. Specifically, the study evaluates price variations of beans and maize along with complementary food crops in intensive and non-intensive monocropped zones before and after the introduction of the CIP policy. We find that the CIP policy is not associated with differences in CIP crop prices between the intensive and non-intensive monocropped zones. Over time, prices increased for CIP crops but generally, the crop prices in the two zones were cointegrated. Prices for non-CIP crops in the two different zones did show price differentials prior to the implementation of CIP, with the prices in intensive monocropped zones being greater than in the non-intensive monocropped zones. Moreover, the prices in intensive areas are cointegrated with prices in non-intensive areas for maize and beans and these prices are converging. This indicates that farmers who intensively produced one CIP crop were able to go to the market and purchase other food crops and that price differences between zones have decreased over time, potentially making the CIP intensive farmers better off.

scholarly journals Health Risk Assessment of Toxic and Harmful Air Pollutants Discharged by a Petrochemical Company in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Region of China

Atmosphere ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (12) ◽  
pp. 1604
Author(s):  
Tao Zhu ◽  
Furong Li ◽  
Wenfeng Niu ◽  
Zijun Gao ◽  
Yiwei Han ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollutants ◽  
Solid Phase ◽  
Carcinogenic Risk ◽  
Pollutant Emissions ◽  
Oil Refining ◽  
Pollutant Emission ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Hazardous Air Pollutants ◽  
Petrochemical Company ◽  
The Impact

Monitoring of toxic and hazardous air pollutants (HAPs) in a petrochemical company in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region of China to assess the impact of HAPs on the health risks of workers in the petrochemical company. The samples were tested by solid-phase adsorption thermal desorption/gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (HJ734-2014), and the pollutant emission list was obtained. According to the pollutant emission inventory, it can be seen that benzene, toluene and xylene are the main components of toxic and harmful air pollutants emitted by the petrochemical enterprise. The method of combining actual monitoring and CALPUFF model prediction was used to evaluate the impact of the toxic and harmful air pollutants emitted by the enterprise on the health of workers. The risk characterization results show that when benzene is the maximum concentration value predicted by the model, it will pose a carcinogenic risk to the factory workers. Therefore, based on the results of this study, it is recommended not to allow residents to live within the predicted concentration range of the model. The results of this study can enable China’s oil refining industry to better understand the characteristics of pollutant emissions from petrochemical companies in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region. Moreover, the results of this study can be used as a policy basis for improving the health of workers in petrochemical enterprises, and are of great significance to the protection of public health.

scholarly journals Popular Piety and Devotion to Parish Patrons in Poland and Spain, 1948–98

Religions ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
pp. 658 ◽  
Author(s):  
Piotr Roszak ◽  
Sławomir Tykarski
Keyword(s):  
Religious Life ◽  
Second Vatican Council ◽  
Popular Piety ◽  
Vatican Council ◽  
Form Part ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Cultural Expressions ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Written Sources

This paper will show the dynamics of change in the celebration of the parish patron’s day at the turn of several decades (before and after the Second Vatican Council) at a Marian shrine in Poland and the cult of Cross from Monjardin in Spain. It will refer to various forms of ritual which are manifestations of popular piety: cultural expressions, services, prayers and songs which form part of the veneration of Our Lady of Sorrows, Chełmno and the Cross in Villamayor de Monjardin. The article will also examine the different ways in which these feasts were celebrated during the period and the impact they had on the religious life of pilgrims. The study will be based on written sources: memories, diaries, newspaper clippings, and historical studies which are instrumental in demonstrating the transformation of how the parish patron’s day was celebrated over time.

scholarly journals Madeira Wine Volatile Profile. A Platform to Establish Madeira Wine Aroma Descriptors

Molecules ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 24 (17) ◽  
pp. 3028 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rosa Perestrelo ◽  
Catarina Silva ◽  
José S. Câmara
Keyword(s):  
Solid Phase ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Wine Aroma ◽  
Grape Variety ◽  
Volatile Phenols ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Furanic Compounds ◽  
The Impact ◽  
And Diffusion

In the present study we aimed to investigate the volatile organic compounds (VOCs) that may potentially be responsible for specific descriptors of Madeira wine providing details about Madeira wine aroma notes at molecular level. Moreover, the wine aroma profile, based on the obtained data, will be a starting point to evaluate the impact of grape variety (Malvasia, Bual, Sercial, Verdelho and Tinta Negra), type (sweet, medium sweet, dry and medium dry), and age (from 3 to 20 years old) on Madeira wine sensorial properties. Firstly, a comprehensive and in-depth Madeira wine volatile profiling was carried out using headspace solid-phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (HS–SPME/GC–qMS). Secondly, a relation among the varietal, fermentative and aging aroma compounds, and their aroma descriptors with the Madeira wine sensorial properties was assessed. A total of 82 VOCs, belonging to different chemical families were identified, namely 21 esters, 13 higher alcohols, ten terpenic compounds, nine fatty acids, seven furanic compounds, seven norisoprenoids, six lactones, four acetals, four volatile phenols and one sulphur compound. From a sensorial point of view, during the aging process the wine lost its freshness and fruitiness odor related to the presence of some varietal and fermentative compounds, whereas other descriptors such as caramel, dried fruits, spicy, toasty and woody, arose during ageing. The Maillard reaction and diffusion from the oak were the most important pathways related with these descriptors. A relationship-based approach was used to explore the impact of grape variety, wine type, and age on Madeira wine sensorial properties based on shared number of VOCs and their odors.

scholarly journals Extraction and Identification of a Wide Range of Microplastic Polymers in Soil and Compost

Polymers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (23) ◽  
pp. 4069
Author(s):  
Franja Prosenc ◽  
Pia Leban ◽  
Urška Šunta ◽  
Mojca Bavcon Kralj
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Solid Phase ◽  
Alluvial Soil ◽  
Extraction Methods ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Density Separation ◽  
Soil Systems ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Number Of Particles

Microplastic pollution is globally widespread; however, the presence of microplastics in soil systems is poorly understood, due to the complexity of soils and a lack of standardised extraction methods. Two commonly used extraction methods were optimised and compared for the extraction of low-density (polyethylene (PE)) and high-density microplastics (polyethylene (PET)), olive-oil-based extraction, and density separation with zinc chloride (ZnCl2). Comparable recoveries in a low-organic-matter matrix (soil; most >98%) were observed, but in a high-organic-matter matrix (compost), density separation yielded higher recoveries (98 ± 4% vs. 80 ± 11%). Density separation was further tested for the extraction of five microplastic polymers spiked at different concentrations. Recoveries were >93% for both soil and compost, with no differences between matrices and individual polymers. Reduction in levels of organic matter in compost was tested before and after extraction, as well as combined. Double oxidation (Fenton’s reagent and 1 M NaOH) exhibited the highest reduction in organic matter. Extracted microplastic polymers were further identified via headspace solid-phase microextraction–gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (HS-SPME–GC–MS). This method has shown the potential for descriptive quantification of microplastic polymers. A linear relationship between the number of particles and the signal response was demonstrated for PET, polystyrene (PS), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), and PE (R2 > 0.98 in alluvial soil, and R2 > 0.80 in compost). The extraction and identification methods were demonstrated on an environmental sample of municipal biowaste compost, with the recovery of 36 ± 9 microplastic particles per 10 g of compost, and the detection of PS and PP.

scholarly journals Contribution of Grape Skins and Yeast Choice on the Aroma Profiles of Wines Produced from Pinot Noir and Synthetic Grape Musts

Fermentation ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 168
Author(s):  
Yifeng Qiao ◽  
Diana Hawkins ◽  
Katie Parish-Virtue ◽  
Bruno Fedrizzi ◽  
Sarah J. Knight ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Solid Phase Microextraction ◽  
Solid Phase ◽  
Fermentation Medium ◽  
Pinot Noir ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Wine Quality ◽  
Aroma Profile ◽  
Aroma Production ◽  
Grape Skins ◽  
The Impact

The aroma profile is a key component of Pinot noir wine quality, and this is influenced by the diversity, quantity, and typicity of volatile compounds present. Volatile concentrations are largely determined by the grape itself and by microbial communities that produce volatiles during fermentation, either from grape-derived precursors or as byproducts of secondary metabolism. The relative degree of aroma production from grape skins compared to the juice itself, and the impact on different yeasts on this production, has not been investigated for Pinot noir. The influence of fermentation media (Pinot noir juice or synthetic grape must (SGM), with and without inclusion of grape skins) and yeast choice (commercial Saccharomyces cerevisiae EC1118, a single vineyard mixed community (MSPC), or uninoculated) on aroma chemistry was determined by measuring 39 volatiles in finished wines using headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) coupled with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Fermentation medium clearly differentiated the volatile profile of wines with and without yeast, while differences between EC1118 and MSPC wines were only distinct for Pinot noir juice without skins. SGM with skins produced a similar aroma profile to Pinot noir with skins, suggesting that grape skins, and not the pulp, largely determine the aroma of Pinot noir wines.

scholarly journals Preanalytical Variables Affecting the Quantification of Fatty Acid Ethyl Esters in Plasma and Serum Samples

1999 ◽  
Vol 45 (12) ◽  
pp. 2183-2190 ◽  
Author(s):  
Britt L Soderberg ◽  
Ewa T Sicinska ◽  
Emily Blodget ◽  
Joanne E Cluette-Brown ◽  
Paolo M Suter ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Solid Phase ◽  
Alcoholic Beverage ◽  
Ethanol Consumption ◽  
Ethanol Intake ◽  
Fatty Acid Ethyl Esters ◽  
Ethyl Esters ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Clinical Test ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Background: Fatty acid ethyl esters (FAEEs) are cytotoxic nonoxidative ethanol metabolites produced by esterification of fatty acids and ethanol. FAEEs are detectable in blood up to 24 h after ethanol consumption. The objective of this study was to assess the impact of gender, serum or plasma triglyceride concentration, time and temperature of specimen storage, type of alcoholic beverage ingested, and the rate of ethanol consumption on FAEE concentrations in plasma or serum. Methods: For some studies, subject were recruited volunteers; in others, residual blood samples after ethanol quantification were used. FAEEs were isolated by solid-phase extraction and quantified by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. Results: For weight-adjusted amounts of ethanol intake, FAEE concentrations were twofold greater for men than women (P ≤0.05). Accounting for triglycerides improved the correlation between blood ethanol concentrations and FAEE concentrations for both men (from r = 0.640 to r = 0.874) and women (from r = 0.619 to r = 0.673). FAEE concentrations did not change when samples were stored at or below 4 °C, but doubled when stored at room temperature for ≥24 h. The type of alcoholic beverage and rate of consumption did not affect FAEE concentrations. Conclusion: These studies advance plasma and serum FAEE measurements closer to implementation as a clinical test for ethanol intake.

Effect of Enhanced Recovery After Surgery Protocol Implementation on Cost and Outcomes by Type of Colectomy Performed

2020 ◽  
Vol 86 (9) ◽  
pp. 1078-1082
Author(s):  
Miles Landry ◽  
Rachel Lewis ◽  
Andrew Antill ◽  
R. Eric Heidel ◽  
Jessica Taylor ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Enhanced Recovery ◽  
Enhanced Recovery After Surgery ◽  
Cost Of Care ◽  
Longitudinal Impact ◽  
Anatomic Site ◽  
Elective Colorectal Surgery ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Eras Protocol ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Over Time

Background Enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS) protocols are widely utilized for elective colorectal surgery to improve outcomes and decrease costs, but few studies have evaluated the impact of ERAS protocols on cost with respect to anatomic site of resection. This study evaluated the impact of ERAS protocol on elective colon resections by site and longitudinal impact over time. Methods A single-center retrospective cohort study of 598 consecutive patients undergoing elective colorectal resection before and after implementation of ERAS protocol from 2013 to 2017 was performed. The primary outcomes were length of stay (LOS) and cost. Comparative and multivariate inferential statistics were used to assess additional outcomes. Results A total of 598 patients (100 pre-ERAS vs 498 post-ERAS) were evaluated with an overall median LOS of 4 days for right and left colectomies and 3 days for transverse colectomies. When comparing type of resection before and after ERAS protocol introduction, an increased LOS for left hemicolectomies from 3.09 to 4.03 days ( P = .047) was noted, with all other comparisons failing to reach statistical significance. Over time, an initial decrease in LOS for MIS approach after protocol introduction was observed; however, this effect diminished in the ensuing years and had no significant effect overall. Total cost of care was significantly increased post-ERAS for all cohorts except transverse colectomies. No further statistically significant differences were found. Conclusion After an initial improvement in outcomes, continued utilization of ERAS protocols demonstrated no improvement in LOS compared to pre-ERAS data and increased cost overall for patients regardless of site of resection.

scholarly journals The Impact of Optical Berry Sorting on Red Wine Composition and Sensory Properties

Foods ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 402
Author(s):  
Robert C. Bruce ◽  
Pauline Lestringant ◽  
Charles A. Brenneman ◽  
Hildegarde Heymann ◽  
Anita Oberholster
Keyword(s):  
Solid Phase ◽  
Reversed Phase ◽  
Sensory Properties ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Cabernet Sauvignon ◽  
Minimal Impact ◽  
Color Parameters ◽  
Optical Sorting ◽  
And Control ◽  
The Impact

The impact of optical berry sorting was investigated using Grenache, Barbera, and Cabernet Sauvignon grapes from Yolo County, California in 2016. Optical sorting parameters were adjusted to remove underripe berries and material other than grapes using color parameters. Wines were made from three treatments, control (no sorting), sort (accepted material), and reject (material rejected by the optical sorter). The rate of rejection was approximately 14.9%, 3.9%, and 1.5% (w/w) for Grenache, Barbera, and Cabernet Sauvignon, respectively. Chemical composition in the finished wines was analyzed by the Adams-Harbertson assay and reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography for phenolics, and head-space solid-phase microextraction gas chromatography mass spectrometry for aroma profiling. In general, optical sorting was successful in removing underripe berries and material other than grapes as evidenced by lower ethanol levels and higher concentrations of total phenolics and tannin (due to the inclusion of material other than grapes) in wine made from rejected material. Despite this, no difference in final ethanol content and minimal differences in phenolic composition were observed between control and sort treatment wines for the three varieties studied. Differences were observed in the aroma profiles of the reject treatments for all three varieties compared to sort and control; however, few compounds differed significantly between the sort and control treatments. Descriptive sensory analysis revealed that panelists had difficulty distinguishing aroma, taste, mouthfeel, and color parameters among wines made from different treatments for all three varieties. Thus, optical sorting had minimal impact on wine sensory properties using the varieties and vineyards studied. Optical sorting may be used to differentiate and sort for different ripeness levels using color as a primary criterion; however, the impact on the resulting wine is likely dependent on the initial variability in grape ripeness.

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