scholarly journals Maize and Grass Silage Feeding to Dairy Cows Combined with Different Concentrate Feed Proportions with a Special Focus on Mycotoxins, Shiga Toxin (stx)-Forming Escherichia coli and Clostridium botulinum Neurotoxin (BoNT) Genes: Implications for Animal Health and Food Safety

Dairy ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 91-125
Author(s):  
Sven Dänicke ◽  
Julia Krenz ◽  
Christian Seyboldt ◽  
Heinrich Neubauer ◽  
Jana Frahm ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Food Safety ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Shiga Toxin ◽  
Clostridium Botulinum ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Botulinum Neurotoxin ◽  
Fusarium Toxins ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Ph Values ◽  
Grass Silage

A feeding experiment was carried out with late-lactating cows over 12 weeks to evaluate the feeding value of a basic diet with maize and grass silage (MS, GS) when combined with varying portions of concentrate in the ration (20% and 60% on a dry matter basis) and to test the effects on health and performance, the transfer of important Fusarium toxins to blood and milk, the total and Shiga toxin (stx)-forming E. coli counts, and the presence of Clostridium botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT) genes in rectal fecal samples. MS was contaminated by a broader spectrum of fungal and other metabolites compared to GS. MS contained higher concentrations of the important Fusarium toxins deoxynivalenol (DON) and zearalenone (ZEN). Blood and milk levels of DON and ZEN residues generally reflected the differences in exposure at a low level. Feeding of MS with 60% concentrate feed induced subacute ruminal acidosis (SARA) associated with a marked drop in dry matter intake, fat corrected milk yield and a fat to protein ratio in milk of lower than 1. The SARA-associated higher ruminal LPS concentration did not affect the circulating concentrations of haptoglobin as an indicator of systemic inflammation. Lower rumen pH values in both MS-fed groups were associated with lower pH values, higher absolute E. coli counts and increased proportions of stx-positive E. coli in rectal feces. BoNT genes A, B, C, D, E and F remained undetectable in any of the fecal samples suggesting that feedstuffs were virtually free of the corresponding C. botulinum strains. In conclusion, maize feedstuff (silage, grains, starch-containing byproducts)-dominated rations for dairy cows should be avoided to reduce adverse effects on health and food safety.

scholarly journals Comment on “Maize and Grass Silage Feeding to Dairy Cows Combined with Different Concentrate Feed Proportions with a Special Focus on Mycotoxins, Shiga Toxin (stx)-Forming Escherichia coli and Clostridium botulinum Neurotoxin (BoNT) Genes: Implications for Animal Health and Food Safety”. Dairy 2020, 1, 91–125

Dairy ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 187-188
Author(s):  
Mariangela Caroprese
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Shiga Toxin ◽  
Clostridium Botulinum ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Botulinum Neurotoxin ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Special Focus ◽  
Grass Silage ◽  
Lactating Cows ◽  
Matter Basis

Dänicke and colleagues carried out an interesting experiment with late-lactating cows fed a diet with maize and grass silage (MS, GS) combined with different portions of concentrate in the ration (20% and 60% on a dry matter basis) [...]

Supplementation of grazing dairy cows with a brewers grains/treated straw mixture

1990 ◽  
Vol 1990 ◽  
pp. 46-46 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.D. Leaver ◽  
R.C. Campling
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Barley Straw ◽  
Severe Drought ◽  
Grass Silage ◽  
Metabolisable Energy ◽  
Grazing Dairy Cows ◽  
Similar Cost ◽  
Friesian Cows

Supplementary feeding of grazing dairy cows is often uneconomic, and whilst supplementation with silage (buffer feeding) can be worthwhile, this often leads to a depletion of winter forage stores. In this study, a mixture of brewers grains and treated straw was used as a supplement. Offered as a 1:1 mixture in the dry matter (DM), it is a purchased substitute for grass silage, having a similar cost, and similar metabolisable energy (ME) and crude protein (CP) contents. The high seasonality adjustments to milk price in mid-late season make supplementation potentially worthwhile.Experiments were carried out from April to September in 1988 and 1989, which had moderate and very low rainfall respectively. Each year 20 British Friesian cows which calved December to March (1988 experiment) and February-April (1989) were allocated at random to either treatment B or C. In B, the cows were offered a 1:1 mixture (DM basis) of brewers grains and NaOH treated chopped barley straw for 60 minutes after morning milking. In C, the cows received no supplement. Both groups were fed 1.0 kg/day of concentrates in the milking parlour. Due to the severe drought in 1989, concentrate feeding was increased to 5.0 kg/day for all cows during the last 4 weeks of the experiment. Also, urea-treated whole crop wheat was fed at a level of 2.5 kg DM/day during the last 7 days.

An examination of the effect of type of concentrate and method of concentrate feeding on the milk production of british friesian dairy cows offered grass silage based diets

1992 ◽  
Vol 1992 ◽  
pp. 38-38
Author(s):  
K W Agnew ◽  
C S Mayne
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Dry Matter Intake ◽  
Animal Performance ◽  
Grass Silage ◽  
Complete Diet

In a previous study at this Institute, significant increases in total dry matter intake were obtained with first lactation animals offered grass silage and concentrates as a complete diet rather than in separate feeds. However, the increased DM intake associated with complete diet feeding was not reflected in improved animal performance. Similar results have also been reported by Phipps, Bines, Fulford and Weller (1984) and Cassel, Merrill, Milligan and Guest (1984).The aim of this experiment was to investigate the effect on animal performance of offering two types of concentrate in addition to grass silage, with concentrates offered either as a complete diet or in three feeds per day.

The effect of root feeding on the intake and production of dairy cows

1961 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 67-74 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. E. Castle ◽  
A. D. Drysdale ◽  
R. Waite
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Feeding Trial ◽  
Crude Fibre ◽  
Fodder Beet ◽  
Grass Silage ◽  
Grassland Conservation ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Intensively Managed ◽  
Made In

SummarySince grassland conservation crops are normally bulky fibrous feeds and often limit the appetite and nutrient intake of dairy cows, a feeding trial was made in which a basal ration of hay and grass silage was compared with similar rations containing roots. Three rations were compared in a 12–week winter feeding trial using twelve Ayrshire cows. Ration A consisted of 8 lb of hay and 65 lb of grass silage daily, whilst rations B and C contained 30 and 60 lb of fodder-beet, respectively, in addition. With all three rations concentrates were given at 3½ lb per 10 lb of milk. The total weights of dry matter consumed per day were 29·1, 32·5 and 35·4 lb, respectively, for rations A, B and C and were significantly different. For every 1 lb of additional fodder-beet dry matter eaten the decline in the amount of basal feeds consumed was 0·45 lb. The largest effect was on the silage which fell from 10·8 lb of silage dry matter per day for ration A to 8·8 lb for ration B and 6·8 lb for ration C.The weight of starch equivalent (S.E.) given per day increased significantly from 18·1 lb for treatment A to 22·2 lb for treatment C, whilst at the same time the total weight of crude fibre and lignin eaten decreased significantly in the rations containing fodder-beet.The mean daily milk yields for rations A, B and C were 37·4, 39·2 and 38·5 lb, respectively, with a response of 0·9 lb milk per 1 lb of extra S.E. given between rations A and B but no further response between rations B and C. The fat percentages of the milk were not significantly different for the three rations whereas the solidsnot-fat (S.N.F.) varied significantly from 8·58% for ration A to 8·77% for ration C— a response of 0·05% S.N.F. for each additional 1 lb of S.E. The change in the S.N.F. was mainly in the protein fraction of the milk. The cows were significantly heavier when on ration C than when on ration A.The effect of feeding roots on the appetite of the cow and on the resulting milk quality, and the problems of growing roots on intensively managed grassland farms are briefly discussed.

scholarly journals Prevalence of Carriage of Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli Serotypes O157:H7, O26:H11, O103:H2, O111:H8, and O145:H28 among Slaughtered Adult Cattle in France

2014 ◽  
Vol 81 (4) ◽  
pp. 1397-1405 ◽  
Author(s):  
Delphine Bibbal ◽  
Estelle Loukiadis ◽  
Monique Kérourédan ◽  
Franck Ferré ◽  
Françoise Dilasser ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Shiga Toxin ◽  
Beef Cows ◽  
Adult Cattle ◽  
Genetic Characteristics ◽  
Content Type ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Beef Bulls ◽  
Dairy Bulls

ABSTRACTThe main pathogenic enterohemorrhagicEscherichia coli(EHEC) strains are defined as Shiga toxin (Stx)-producingE. coli(STEC) belonging to one of the following serotypes: O157:H7, O26:H11, O103:H2, O111:H8, and O145:H28. Each of these five serotypes is known to be associated with a specific subtype of the intimin-encoding gene (eae). The objective of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of bovine carriers of these “top five” STEC in the four adult cattle categories slaughtered in France. Fecal samples were collected from 1,318 cattle, including 291 young dairy bulls, 296 young beef bulls, 337 dairy cows, and 394 beef cows. A total of 96E. coliisolates, including 33 top five STEC and 63 atypical enteropathogenicE. coli(aEPEC) isolates, with the same genetic characteristics as the top five STEC strains except that they lacked anstxgene, were recovered from these samples. O157:H7 was the most frequently isolated STEC serotype. The prevalence of top five STEC (all serotypes included) was 4.5% in young dairy bulls, 2.4% in young beef bulls, 1.8% in dairy cows, and 1.0% in beef cows. It was significantly higher in young dairy bulls (P< 0.05) than in the other 3 categories. The basis for these differences between categories remains to be elucidated. Moreover, simultaneous carriage of STEC O26:H11 and STEC O103:H2 was detected in one young dairy bull. Lastly, the prevalence of bovine carriers of the top five STEC, evaluated through a weighted arithmetic mean of the prevalence by categories, was estimated to 1.8% in slaughtered adult cattle in France.

scholarly journals Precision long-read metagenomics sequencing for food safety by detection and assembly of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli in irrigation water

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Meghan Maguire ◽  
Julie A. Kase ◽  
Dwayne Roberson ◽  
Tim Muruvanda ◽  
Eric W. Brown ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Food Safety ◽  
Shiga Toxin ◽  
Irrigation Water ◽  
Foodborne Illness ◽  
Nanopore Sequencing ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance Genes ◽  
Metagenomic Sample

ABSTRACTShiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) contamination of agricultural water might be an important factor to recent foodborne illness and outbreaks involving leafy greens. Whole genome sequencing generation of closed bacterial genomes plays an important role in source tracking. We aimed to determine the limits of detection and classification of STECs by qPCR and nanopore sequencing using enriched irrigation water artificially contaminated with E. coli O157:H7 (EDL933). We determined the limit of STEC detection by qPCR to be 30 CFU/reaction, which is equivalent to 105 CFU/ml in the enrichment. By using Oxford Nanopore’s EPI2ME WIMP workflow and de novo assembly with Flye followed by taxon classification with a k-mer analysis software (Kraken), E. coli O157:H7 could be detected at 103 CFU/ml (68 reads) and a complete fragmented E. coli O157:H7 metagenome-assembled genome (MAG) was obtained at 105-108 CFU/ml. Using a custom script to extract the E. coli reads, a completely closed MAG was obtained at 107-108 CFU/ml and a complete, fragmented MAG was obtained at 105-106 CFU/ml. In silico virulence detection for E. coli MAGs for 105-108 CFU/ml showed that the virulotype was indistinguishable from the spiked E. coli O157:H7 strain. We further identified the bacterial species in the un-spiked enrichment, including antimicrobial resistance genes, which could have important implications to food safety. We propose this workflow could be used for detection and complete genomic characterization of STEC from a complex microbial sample and could be applied to determine the limit of detection and assembly of other foodborne bacterial pathogens.IMPORTANCEFoodborne illness caused by Shiga toxin-producing E. coli (STEC) ranges in severity from diarrhea to hemolytic uremic syndrome and produce-related incidence is increasing. The pervasive nature of E. coli requires not only detection, but also a complete genome to determine potential pathogenicity based on stx and eae genes, serotype, and other virulence factors. We have developed a pipeline to determine the limits of nanopore sequencing for STECs in a metagenomic sample. By utilizing the current qPCR in the FDA Bacteriological Analytical Manual (BAM) Chapter 4A, we can quantify the amount of STEC in the enrichment and then sequence and classify the STEC in less than half the time as current protocols that require a single isolate. These methods have wide implications for food safety, including decreased time to STEC identification during outbreaks, characterization of the microbial community, and the potential to use these methods to determine the limits for other foodborne pathogens.

scholarly journals Production and utilization of ensiled forages by beef cattle, dairy cows, pregnant ewes and finishing lambs - A review

2013 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 70-92 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tim Keady ◽  
Seamus Hanrahan ◽  
Christina Marley ◽  
Nigel David Scollan
Keyword(s):  
Beef Cattle ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Red Clover ◽  
Fertilizer Management ◽  
Maize Silage ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Grass Silage ◽  
Feed Value ◽  
Cattle And Sheep

This paper reviews the production of, and factors affecting the performance of dairy cows, beef cattle and sheep offered silage based diets in Ireland and UK. Digestibility is the most important factor influencing the feed value of grass silage and consequently animal performance. Each 10 g kg-1 increase in digestive organic matter in the dry matter (DOMD) increases milk yield of dairy cows by 0.33 kg d-1, carcass gain of beef cattle by 23.8 g d-1 , carcass gain of finishing lambs by 9.3 g d-1, lamb birth weight by 52.3 g and ewe weight post lambing by 1.3 kg, respectively. Factors influencing feed value of grass silage are discussed including harvest date, wilting, fertilizer management, chop length and use of additives at ensiling. Maize silage increases the performance of cattle and sheep whilst whole crop wheat silage has no beneficial effect. Advances in silage technology, has enabled the ensiling high protein forages, such as red clover, lucerne and kale.

Effects of replacing barley/soya with malt distillers grains (draff) in silage based complete diets for dairy cows

1989 ◽  
Vol 1989 ◽  
pp. 64-64
Author(s):  
J J Hyslop ◽  
D J Roberts
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Previous Experiment ◽  
Distillers Grains ◽  
Dry Matter Intake ◽  
Design Experiment ◽  
Early Lactation ◽  
Grass Silage ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Friesian Cows

In a previous experiment outlined at last year's conference (Hyslop and Roberts, 1988), it was demonstrated that replacement of a proprietary pelleted concentrate with malt distillers grains (draff), should be limited to 15% of total dry matter intake (DMI) when draff is offered in two feeds per day. However there is little evidence to validate such a limitation when draff is used as a concentrate replacement in complete diets. This experiment examined the effect of replacing barley/soya with draff plus additional minerals in silage based complete diets.In a cyclic changeover design experiment consisting of 4 three week periods, fifteen British Friesian cows in early lactation were offered five treatments. Cows were given ad libitum access to one of five complete diets based on grass silage (69 “D”). Draff plus additional minerals gradually replaced barley/soya at increasing rates in diets 0-4 respectively.

scholarly journals Evaluation of a Recombinant Hc of Clostridium botulinum Neurotoxin Serotype F as an Effective Subunit Vaccine

2008 ◽  
Vol 15 (12) ◽  
pp. 1819-1823 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yun-Zhou Yu ◽  
Na Li ◽  
Rui-Lin Wang ◽  
Heng-Qi Zhu ◽  
Shuang Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Clostridium Botulinum ◽  
Subunit Vaccine ◽  
Botulinum Neurotoxin ◽  
Protective Efficacy ◽  
Intraperitoneal Administration ◽  
Neutralization Assay ◽  
Gene Encoding ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Protective Antibodies ◽  
New Gene

ABSTRACT A new gene encoding the Hc domain of Clostridium botulinum neurotoxin serotype F (FHc) was designed and completely synthesized with oligonucleotides. A soluble recombinant Hc of C. botulinum neurotoxin serotype F was highly expressed in Escherichia coli with this synthetic FHc gene. Subsequently, the purified FHc was used to vaccinate mice and evaluate their survival against challenge with active botulinum neurotoxin serotype F (BoNT/F). After the administration of FHc protein mixed with Freund adjuvant via the subcutaneous route, a strong protective immune response was elicited in the vaccinated mice. Mice that were given two or three vaccinations with a dosage of 1 or 10 μg of FHc were completely protected against an intraperitoneal administration of 20,000 50% lethal doses (LD50) of BoNT/F. The BoNT/F neutralization assay showed that the sera from these vaccinated mice contained high titers of protective antibodies. Furthermore, mice were vaccinated once, twice, or three times at four different dosages of FHc using Alhydrogel (Sigma) adjuvant via the intramuscular route and subsequently challenged with 20,000 LD50 of neurotoxin serotype F. A dose response was observed in both the antibody titer and the protective efficacy with increasing dosage of FHc and number of vaccinations. Mice that received one injection of 5 μg or two injections of ≥0.04 μg of FHc were completely protected. These findings suggest that the recombinant FHc expressed in E. coli is efficacious in protecting mice against challenge with BoNT/F and that the recombinant FHc subunit vaccine may be useful in humans.

323 Effect of an Acidogenic Diet with Phytogenic Supplementation on in Situ Degradability of Corn and Wheat Grain, and Grass Silage in Dairy Cows

2021 ◽  
Vol 99 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 174-174
Author(s):  
Raul Rivera-Chacon ◽  
Sara Ricci ◽  
Nicole Reisinger ◽  
Qendrim Zebeli ◽  
Ezequias Castillo-Lopez
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Random Effect ◽  
Feed Additive ◽  
Wheat Grain ◽  
Ruminal Acidosis ◽  
Grass Silage

Abstract Modern dairy production systems require larger inputs of energy in diets to increase milk yield. Therefore, dairy cows are at risk of experiencing subacute ruminal acidosis (SARA). The objective of this study was to evaluate grains and forage rumen degradability in cows fed different diets supplemented with a phytogenic (PHY) feed additive. The experiment was conducted with nine rumen-cannulated non-lactating Holstein cows blocked in two groups of four and five animals, and were part of a cross-over design. This study consisted in 2 runs separated by a 12-week washout period, in which cows grazed on pasture. Each experimental run had one week of forage (F) feeding, one week of transition to a high grain (HG) diet, and four weeks of HG (65:35 concentrate to forage ratio in dry matter basis). Cows were supplemented with PHY (a blend of menthol and thymol) or a control carrier (CON) from week F. Corn and wheat grain were ground through a 4 mm screen, while grass silage was ground through a 6 mm screen. Sampling for in situ degradability was performed in F and in week four of HG diet. Data were analyzed with SAS with week of feeding and supplementation as fixed effects and cow as random effect. Corn and wheat 24-h dry matter (DM) and organic matter (OM) degradability increased during HG diet compared with F (P &lt; 0.05), grass silage DM and OM 48-h degradability was reduced by HG diet compared to F (P &lt; 0.01). Additionally, wheat grain 24-h OM degradability was higher for PHY compared to CON under F and HG diet conditions (P = 0.05). Overall, diet composition and SARA conditions can influence grains and fiber degradability in the rumen.

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