scholarly journals Aquatic Organisms Research with DNA Barcodes

Diversity ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (7) ◽  
pp. 306
Author(s):  
Manuel Elías-Gutiérrez ◽  
Nicolas Hubert ◽  
Rupert A. Collins ◽  
Camilo Andrade-Sossa
Keyword(s):  
Food Security ◽  
Aquatic Ecosystems ◽  
Sustainable Use ◽  
Aquatic Organisms ◽  
Environmental Dna ◽  
Aquatic Species ◽  
Dna Barcodes ◽  
Aquatic Resources ◽  
Further Development ◽  
Made In

Since their inception, DNA barcodes have become a powerful tool for understanding the biodiversity and biology of aquatic species, with multiple applications in diverse fields such as food security, fisheries, environmental DNA, conservation, and exotic species detection. Nevertheless, most aquatic ecosystems, from marine to freshwater, are understudied, with many species disappearing due to environmental stress, mostly caused by human activities. Here we highlight the progress that has been made in studying aquatic organisms with DNA barcodes, and encourage its further development in assisting sustainable use of aquatic resources and conservation.

scholarly journals Use of Environmental DNA to Detect Grass Carp Spawning Events

Fishes ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 27
Author(s):  
Cari-Ann Hayer ◽  
Michael F. Bayless ◽  
Amy George ◽  
Nathan Thompson ◽  
Catherine A. Richter ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Grass Carp ◽  
Traditional Method ◽  
Positive Relationship ◽  
Environmental Dna ◽  
Aquatic Species ◽  
Invasive Grass ◽  
Important Data ◽  
Alternative Method ◽  
Further Development ◽  
Eggs And Larvae

The timing and location of spawning events are important data for managers seeking to control invasive grass carp populations. Ichthyoplankton tows for grass carp eggs and larvae can be used to detect spawning events; however, these samples can be highly debris-laden, and are expensive and laborious to process. An alternative method, environmental DNA (eDNA) technology, has proven effective in determining the presence of aquatic species. The objectives of this project were to assess the use of eDNA collections and quantitative eDNA analysis to assess the potential spawning of grass carp in five reservoir tributaries, and to compare those results to the more traditional method of ichthyoplankton tows. Grass carp eDNA was detected in 56% of sampling occasions and was detected in all five rivers. Concentrations of grass carp eDNA were orders of magnitude higher in June, corresponding to elevated discharge and egg presence. Grass carp environmental DNA flux (copies/h) was lower when no eggs were present and was higher when velocities and discharge increased and eggs were present. There was a positive relationship between grass carp eDNA flux and egg flux. Our results support the further development of eDNA analysis as a method to detect the spawning events of grass carp or other rheophilic spawners.

scholarly journals Identifying spawning activity in aquatic species based on environmental DNA spikes

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Satsuki Tsuji ◽  
Naoki Shibata
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive Biology ◽  
Field Survey ◽  
Aquatic Organisms ◽  
Environmental Dna ◽  
Reproductive Season ◽  
Aquatic Species ◽  
Spawning Activity ◽  
Invasive Approach ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Management Actions

AbstractAn understanding of the reproductive biology of aquatic organisms is crucial for the efficient conservation and management of species and/or populations. Nevertheless, conventional spawning surveys such as visual- and capture-based monitoring generally require laborious, time-consuming work and are subject to monitoring biases such as observer bias, as well as miscounts due to false spawning. In addition, direct capture often damages eggs or individuals. Thus, an efficient non-invasive approach for monitoring spawning activity on aquatic species would be a valuable tool to understand their reproductive biology and conserving biodiversity. Here, we proposed an environmental DNA (eDNA)-based approach for monitoring and understanding spawning activity by observing spikes in eDNA concentration after spawning activity. We found in cross experiments using two medaka species (Oryzias latipes and O. sakaizumii, 1:1 individual per tank) that an eDNA spike occurred in only male species after spawning activity. In addition, the magnitude of the eDNA spike was dependent on the number of spawning activities with egg and sperm release. In the field survey during the reproductive season, eDNA concentration after spawning were 3–25 times higher than before spawning. On the other hand, there was no increase in eDNA concentration during the non-reproductive season. Therefore, our results demonstrated that spikes in the eDNA concentration are mainly caused by the release of sperm during spawning activity, and it can be used as evidence of spawning in field survey. The presented approach could be a practical tool for studying reproductive biology and provides an opportunity to design effective conservation and environmental management actions.

ABATEMENT OF ANTICANCER DRUGS VIA ELECTROCHEMICAL OXIDATION PROCESS: A REVIEW

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-4
Author(s):  
CHARULATA SIVODIA ◽  
ALOK SINHA
Keyword(s):  
Anticancer Drugs ◽  
Cell Function ◽  
Electrochemical Techniques ◽  
Aquatic Organisms ◽  
Pharmaceutical Drugs ◽  
Cytostatic Drugs ◽  
Cancerous Cell ◽  
Pharmaceutical Removal ◽  
Mutagenic Effects ◽  
Made In

The advancement made in biomedical industry upsurges the consumption rate of pharmaceutical drugs. The lack of proper monitoring and regulation methods leads to the unregulated discharge of pharmaceuticals in wastewater, where it can affect the aquatic organisms. Anticancer drugs are also known as cytostatic drugs mainly used for the treatment of cancer by disrupting the cell function and prevent multiplication of cancerous cell. Therefore, anticancer drugs are suspected to pose potential risk on environment by influencing mutagenic effects on the cells of aquatic organisms. An extensive research has been already made in the field of pharmaceutical removal, however their application on the removal of anticancer drugs is limited. This review paper elucidates about different electrochemical techniques for the mitigation of cytostatic drugs.

scholarly journals The Role of Aquatic Ecosystems (River Tua, Portugal) as Reservoirs of Multidrug-Resistant Aeromonas spp.

Water ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (5) ◽  
pp. 698
Author(s):  
Sónia Gomes ◽  
Conceição Fernandes ◽  
Sandra Monteiro ◽  
Edna Cabecinha ◽  
Amílcar Teixeira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Nalidixic Acid ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Aquatic Ecosystems ◽  
Anthropogenic Activities ◽  
Aquatic Organisms ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Anthropogenic Pressures ◽  
Resistance Rates

The inappropriate use of antibiotics, one of the causes of the high incidence of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria isolated from aquatic ecosystems, represents a risk for aquatic organisms and the welfare of humans. This study aimed to determine the antimicrobial resistance rates among riverine Aeromonas spp., taken as representative of the autochthonous microbiota, to evaluate the level of antibacterial resistance in the Tua River (Douro basin). The prevalence and degree of antibiotic resistance was examined using motile aeromonads as a potential indicator of antimicrobial susceptibility for the aquatic environment. Water samples were collected from the middle sector of the river, which is most impacted area by several anthropogenic pressures. Water samples were plated on an Aeromonas-selective agar, with and without antibiotics. The activity of 19 antibiotics was studied against 30 isolates of Aeromonas spp. using the standard agar dilution susceptibility test. Antibiotic resistance rates were fosfomycin (FOS) 83.33%, nalidixic acid (NA) 60%, cefotaxime (CTX) 40%, gentamicin (CN) 26.67%, tobramycin (TOB) 26.67%, cotrimoxazole (SXT) 26.67%, chloramphenicol (C) 16.67%, and tetracycline (TE) 13.33%. Some of the nalidixic acid-resistant strains were susceptible to fluoroquinolones. Multiple resistance was also observed (83.33%). The environmental ubiquity, the natural susceptibility to antimicrobials and the zoonotic potential of Aeromonas spp. make them optimal candidates for studying antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in aquatic ecosystems. Aquatic environments may provide an ideal setting for the acquisition and dissemination of antibiotic resistance because anthropogenic activities frequently impact them. The potential risk of multi- and pan-resistant bacteria transmission between animals and humans should be considered in a “One Health—One World” concept.

scholarly journals A New Version of the Software for the Information System “Scientific Heritage of Russia”

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Konstantin Pogorelko
Keyword(s):  
Information System ◽  
Information Retrieval ◽  
Data Structure ◽  
Scientific Heritage ◽  
Further Development ◽  
Made In

The information system “Scientific Heritage of Russia” has been created in stages since 2007. Currently, the existing software does not meet the needs of the system and complicates its further development. It was decided to implement the new version of the software in the asp.net core crossplatform environment. The article describes the decisions made in the implementation of software and modernization of the data structure. Particular attention is paid to the development of information retrieval tools.

scholarly journals Hvem var opænbarligh gen guth i Jyske Lovs Fortale? Et studie i Lovbogens teksthistorie

2016 ◽  
Vol 52 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael H. Gelting
Keyword(s):  
Fifteenth Century ◽  
Canon Law ◽  
Original Text ◽  
Standard Text ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Will ◽  
The Law ◽  
Further Development ◽  
Political Realities ◽  
Made In

One sentence in the Prologue of the Law of Jutland (1241) has caused much scholarlydiscussion since the nineteenth century. Did it say that “the law which the king givesand the land adopts, he [i.e. the king] may not change or abolish without the consentof the land, unless he [i.e. the king] is manifestly contrary to God” – or “unless it [i.e.the law] is manifestly contrary to God”? In this article it is argued that scholarly conjectures about the original sense of the text at this point have paid insufficient attentionto the textual history of the law-book.On the basis of Per Andersen’s recent study of the early manuscripts of the Lawof Jutland, it is shown that the two earliest surviving manuscripts both have a readingthat leaves little doubt that the original text stated that the king could not change thelaw without the consent of the land unless the law was manifestly contrary to God. Theequivocal reading that has caused the scholarly controversy was introduced by a conservativerevision of the law-book (known as the AB text), which is likely to have originatedin the aftermath of the great charter of 1282, which sealed the defeat of the jurisdictionalpretensions of King Erik V. A more radical reading, leaving no doubt that the kingwould be acting contrary to God in changing the law without consent, occurs in an earlyfourteenth-century manuscript and sporadically throughout the fifteenth century, butit never became the generally accepted text. On the contrary, an official revision of thelaw-book (the I text), probably from the first decade of the fourteenth century, sought toeliminate the ambiguity by adding “and he may still not do it against the will of the land”,thus making it clear that it was the law that might be contrary to God.Due to the collapse of the Danish monarchy in the second quarter of the fourteenthcentury, the I text never superseded the AB text. The two versions coexistedthroughout the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries and soon produced a number ofhybrid versions. One of these gained particular importance, since it was the text thatwas used for the first printed editions of the Law of Jutland in 1504 and 1508. Thus itbecame the standard text of the law-book in the sixteenth century. The early printededitions also included the medieval Latin translation of the Law of Jutland and theLatin glosses to the text. The glosses are known to be the work of Knud Mikkelsen,bishop of Viborg from 1451 to 1478. Based on a close comparison of the three texts, itis argued here that Bishop Knud was also the author of the revised Danish and Latintexts of the law-book that are included in the early printed editions, and that the wholework was probably finished in or shortly after 1466. Bishop Knud included the I text’saddition to the sentence about the king’s legislative powers.An effort to distribute Bishop Knud’s work as a new authoritative text seems tohave been made in 1488, but rather than replacing the earlier versions of the Lawof Jutland, this effort appears to have triggered a spate of new versions of the medievaltext, each of them based upon critical collation of several different manuscripts.In some of these new versions, a further development in the sentence on the king’slegislative power brought the sentence in line with the political realities of the late fifteenthcentury. Instead of having “he” [i.e. the king] as the agent of legal change, theyattribute the initiative to the indefinite personal pronoun man: at the time, any suchinitiative would require the agreement of the Council of the Realm.Only the printing press brought this phase of creative confusion to an end in theearly sixteenth century.Finally, it is argued that the present article’s interpretation of the original senseof this particular passage in the Prologue is in accordance with the nature of Danishlegislation in the period from c.1170 to the 1240s, when most major legislation happenedin response to papal decretals and changes in canon law.

scholarly journals How U.S. Conservatives Perceive and Respond to International Nutrition Issues, and How to Shape Messaging for Successful Advocacy

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 32-43
Author(s):  
Jennifer Eaton Dyer ◽  
Brian Lloyd Heuser
Keyword(s):  
Food Security ◽  
Global Health ◽  
Foreign Assistance ◽  
Moral Foundation ◽  
Security Issues ◽  
Philanthropic Organizations ◽  
Health And Development ◽  
Development Goals ◽  
Global Health And Development ◽  
Made In

Since 1990, epic strides have been made in global health and development toward achieving Millennium Development Goals. With a united front of forces, including governments, coalitions, private sector, foundations, philanthropic organizations, and the faith community, millions of lives have been saved from extreme poverty and disease. Yet, some issues enjoy more robust funding and notoriety than others.  For instance, AIDS, tuberculosis, and malaria enjoy the majority of the U.S. foreign assistance funding in global health. Nutrition, notably, has remained stagnant for decades. We wanted to test the appetite for increased funding for international nutrition and food security issues among Political, Religious, Social Conservatives (PRSCs), and the General Population (GP) to gauge perception and response to the issue and its correlates. Our goal with these national surveys was to understand the best choice of language to promote awareness, education, and prompt advocacy for global nutrition and food security issues. With this research, we found that conservatives were motivated by national security issues first and foremost, not their faith, finances or moral foundation. We recommend that education be enhanced among conservatives regarding U.S. foreign assistance, nutrition funding and implementation, and nutrition-related terminology, including stunting, wasting, and anemia. Moreover, we recommend strong narratives about mothers, children, and infants, particularly a child’s first 1,000 days, from conception to two years, which has proved to elicit the most positive response among all messaging.

scholarly journals Current limitations and future prospects of detection and biomonitoring of NIS in the Mediterranean Sea through environmental DNA

NeoBiota ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 70 ◽  
pp. 151-165
Author(s):  
Francesco Zangaro ◽  
Benedetta Saccomanno ◽  
Eftychia Tzafesta ◽  
Fabio Bozzeda ◽  
Valeria Specchia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mediterranean Sea ◽  
Dna Barcode ◽  
Environmental Dna ◽  
Special Focus ◽  
Indigenous Species ◽  
Dna Barcodes ◽  
Identification Of Species ◽  
The Mediterranean ◽  
Taxonomic Groups ◽  
Non Indigenous Species

The biodiversity of the Mediterranean Sea is currently threatened by the introduction of Non-Indigenous Species (NIS). Therefore, monitoring the distribution of NIS is of utmost importance to preserve the ecosystems. A promising approach for the identification of species and the assessment of biodiversity is the use of DNA barcoding, as well as DNA and eDNA metabarcoding. Currently, the main limitation in the use of genomic data for species identification is the incompleteness of the DNA barcode databases. In this research, we assessed the availability of DNA barcodes in the main reference libraries for the most updated inventory of 665 confirmed NIS in the Mediterranean Sea, with a special focus on the cytochrome oxidase I (COI) barcode and primers. The results of this study show that there are no barcodes for 33.18% of the species in question, and that 45.30% of the 382 species with COI barcode, have no primers publicly available. This highlights the importance of directing scientific efforts to fill the barcode gap of specific taxonomic groups in order to help in the effective application of the eDNA technique for investigating the occurrence and the distribution of NIS in the Mediterranean Sea.

scholarly journals Development of 3D Ultrasound

2010 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 205-215 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kazunori Baba
Keyword(s):  
Human Development ◽  
Clinical Application ◽  
3D Ultrasound ◽  
Obstetrics And Gynecology ◽  
General Interest ◽  
Early Human Development ◽  
3D Sonography ◽  
Further Development ◽  
Early Human ◽  
Made In

Abstract Significant advances have been made in recent years in clinical application of 3D sonography in both obstetrics and gynecology. Since the author pioneered the use of 3D sonography many new clinical useful techniques have been used for better visualization of early human development and for the diagnostics of many gynecological problems as well as the use of 3D in management of female infertility. In this review we are describing further development in 3D ultrasound, which should be of general interest of readers of this journal.

scholarly journals FAKTOR-FAKTOR YANG MEMPENGARUHI TOKSISITAS BAHAN PENCEMAR TERHADAP ORGANISME PERAIRAN

OSEANA ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 42 (2) ◽  
pp. 12-22
Author(s):  
Triyoni Purbonegoro
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Physicochemical Properties ◽  
Aquatic Environment ◽  
Aquatic Ecosystems ◽  
Physiological Condition ◽  
Aquatic Organisms ◽  
Combined Effects ◽  
Biological Factors ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Major Factors

FACTORS THAT AFFECTING THE TOXICITY OF POLLUTANTS TO AQUATIC ORGANISMS. There are a large number of pollutants in aquatic environment with various characteristics and factors that can modify and affect the toxicity of pollutants in this environment. The major factors affecting pollutant toxicity include physicochemical properties of pollutants, mode of exposure, time, environmental factors, and biological factors. Moreover, organisms in an aquatic ecosystem are seldom exposed to only single pollutant, and most cases the stress of pollution on aquatic ecosystems is related to the interaction and combined effects of many chemicals. The combined effects may be synergistic or antagonistic, depending on the pollutants and the physiological condition of the organism involved.

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