scholarly journals Genetic Introgression and Morphological Variation in Naked-Back Bats (Chiroptera: Mormoopidae: Pteronotus Species) along Their Contact Zone in Central America

Diversity ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (5) ◽  
pp. 194
Author(s):  
Aline Méndez-Rodríguez ◽  
Javier Juste ◽  
Alejandro Centeno-Cuadros ◽  
Flor Rodríguez-Gómez ◽  
Alejandra Serrato-Díaz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Central America ◽  
Sympatric Species ◽  
Clinal Variation ◽  
Genetic Introgression ◽  
Sympatric Populations ◽  
Southern Mexico ◽  
Sympatric Distribution ◽  
Mitochondrial Coi ◽  
Quaternary Climate ◽  
Phylogenetic Hypotheses

Two sibling bare-backed bat species (Pteronotus fulvus and P. gymnonotus) have been traditionally differentiated by their size. However, intermediate specimens between the two species have been found in sympatric populations along southern Mexico and it has been suggested that they may be the outcome of a hybridization process between the two species. We used one mitochondrial (COI), three nuclear markers (PRKCL, STAT5A and RAG2) and 13 microsatellites to explore the evolutionary relationships between these two species and elucidate whether the intermediate morphotypes correspond to hybrid individuals. These markers have been analyzed in sympatric and allopatric populations of the two species plus the closely related species Pteronotus davyi. We confirmed the species-level differentiation of the three lineages (P. fulvus, P. davyi and P. gymnonotus), but the phylogenetic hypotheses suggested by the nuclear and mitochondrial markers were discordant. We confirm that the discordance between markers is due to genetic introgression through the mitochondrial capture of P. fulvus in P. gymnonotus populations. Such introgression was found in all P. gymnonotus specimens across its sympatric distribution range (Mexico to Costa Rica) and is related to expansion/retraction species distribution pulses associated with changes in forest distribution during the Quaternary climate cycles. Microsatellite analyses showed contemporary genetic contact between the two sympatric species and 3.0% of the samples studied were identified as hybrids. In conclusion, we found a historical and asymmetric genetic introgression (through mitochondrial capture) of P. fulvus into P. gymnonotus in Mexico and Central America and a limited contemporary gene exchange between the two species. However, no relationship was found between hybridization and the intermediate-sized specimens from southern Mexico, which might likely result from a clinal variation with latitude. These results confirm the need for caution when using forearm size to identify these species in the field and when differentiating them in the laboratory based on mitochondrial DNA alone.

Paradise Transplanted

2014 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 86-94 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pierrette Hondagneu-Sotelo
Keyword(s):  
Los Angeles ◽  
Central America ◽  
Support Network ◽  
Informal Support ◽  
Community Garden ◽  
Southern Mexico ◽  
Informal Support Network

This article tells the story of a central Los Angeles community garden and the women, who came primarily from Southern Mexico and Central America, who had plots there. The garden fostered an informal support network for the women and families who used it, and a place to grow food and flowers common in their home communities but not found in Los Angeles. The essay then traces the upheaval the followed a local nonprofit’s takeover of, and investment in, the garden.

The complete description of larval stages of the lobster shrimpLeonardsaxius amurensis(Kobjakova, 1937) (Decapoda: Axiidea: Axiidae) identified by DNA barcoding

2017 ◽  
Vol 98 (6) ◽  
pp. 1435-1453 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elena S. Kornienko ◽  
Darya D. Golubinskaya ◽  
Olga M. Korn ◽  
Svetlana N. Sharina
Keyword(s):  
Larval Development ◽  
Sequence Data ◽  
Molecular Genetic ◽  
Sympatric Species ◽  
Molecular Genetic Analysis ◽  
Mitochondrial Coi ◽  
Larval Stages ◽  
The Family ◽  
Rdna Sequence Data ◽  
First Time

The complete larval development of the lobster shrimpLeonardsaxius amurensis(Kobjakova, 1937) (Decapoda: Axiidea: Axiidae) is described and illustrated for the first time. The first zoeae of this species were collected from the plankton samples and reared in the laboratory before moulting to the megalopa. A molecular genetic analysis based on comparison of partial mitochondrial COI, 12S rDNA and 16S rDNA sequence data confirmed the identity of axiid larvae found in the plankton andL. amurensisadults collected in the same area. The larval development ofL. amurensisincludes five zoeal stages and a single megalopa. Zoeae I ofL. amurensisare characterized by the presence of one short posterodorsal spine on the fifth pleonite in contrast to the larvae of related sympatric speciesBoasaxius princepshaving four posterodorsal spines on the pleonites 2–5.Leonardsaxius amurensisoccupies an intermediate position between lobster shrimps with abbreviated pelagic development (2–3 zoeal stages) and species with long development (up to eight zoeal stages). Thus, the number of zoeal stages in the family Axiidae varies widely, similarly to that in the families Callianassidae and Upogebiidae.

scholarly journals Assessment of tsunami hazards for the Central American Pacific coast from southern Mexico to northern Peru

2014 ◽  
Vol 14 (7) ◽  
pp. 1889-1903 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Brizuela ◽  
A. Armigliato ◽  
S. Tinti
Keyword(s):  
Central America ◽  
Pacific Coast ◽  
Probabilistic Approach ◽  
Central American ◽  
Southern Mexico ◽  
Extended Region ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Northern Peru ◽  
Run Up ◽  
Tsunami Run Up

Abstract. Central America (CA), from Guatemala to Panama, has been struck by at least 52 tsunamis between 1539 and 2013, and in the extended region from Mexico to northern Peru (denoted as ECA, Extended Central America in this paper) the number of recorded tsunamis in the same time span is more than 100, most of which were triggered by earthquakes located in the Middle American Trench that runs parallel to the Pacific coast. The most severe event in the catalogue is the tsunami that occurred on 2 September 1992 off Nicaragua, with run-up measured in the range of 5–10 m in several places along the Nicaraguan coast. The aim of this paper is to assess the tsunami hazard on the Pacific coast of this extended region, and to this purpose a hybrid probabilistic-deterministic analysis is performed, that is adequate for tsunamis generated by earthquakes. More specifically, the probabilistic approach is used to compute the Gutenberg–Richter coefficients of the main seismic tsunamigenic zones of the area and to estimate the annual rate of occurrence of tsunamigenic earthquakes and their corresponding return period. The output of the probabilistic part of the method is taken as input by the deterministic part, which is applied to calculate the tsunami run-up distribution along the coast.

Mitochondrial phylogeography of kinkajous (Procyonidae, Carnivora): maybe not a single ESU

2019 ◽  
Vol 100 (5) ◽  
pp. 1631-1652 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manuel Ruiz-García ◽  
Maria Fernanda Jaramillo ◽  
Joseph Mark Shostell
Keyword(s):  
Central America ◽  
Isolation By Distance ◽  
Average Diameter ◽  
Mitochondrial Genes ◽  
Bayesian Skyline Plot ◽  
Strong Decrease ◽  
Southern Mexico ◽  
North Central ◽  
Different Populations ◽  
Colombian Amazon

AbstractKnowledge of how a species is divided into different genetic units, and the structure among these units, is fundamental to the protection of biodiversity. Procyonidae was one of the families in the Order Carnivora with more success in the colonization of South America. The most divergent species in this family is the kinkajou (Potos flavus). However, knowledge of the genetics and evolution of this species is scarce. We analyzed five mitochondrial genes within 129 individuals of P. flavus from seven Neotropical countries (Mexico, Guatemala, Honduras, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia). We detected eight different populations or haplogroups, although only three had highly significant bootstrap values (southern Mexico and Central America; northern Peruvian, Ecuadorian, and Colombian Amazon; and north-central Andes and the southern Amazon in Peru). Some analyses showed that the ancestor of the southern Mexico–Central America haplogroup was the first to appear. The youngest haplogroups were those at the most southern area analyzed in Peru and Bolivia. A “borrowed molecular clock” estimated the initial diversification to have occurred around 9.6 million years ago (MYA). All the spatial genetic analyses detected a very strong spatial structure with significant genetic patches (average diameter around 400–500 km) and a clinal isolation by distance among them. The overall sample and all of the haplogroups we detected had elevated levels of genetic diversity, which strongly indicates their long existence. A Bayesian Skyline Plot detected, for the overall sample and for the three most significant haplogroups, a decrease in the number of females within the last 30,000–50,000 years, with a strong decrease in the last 10,000–20,000 years. Our data supported an alignment of some but not all haplogroups with putative morphological subspecies. We have not discounted the possibility of a cryptic kinkajou species.

Spatial variation in susceptibility to infection in a snail–trematode interaction

Parasitology ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 121 (4) ◽  
pp. 395-401 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. C. KRIST ◽  
C. M. LIVELY ◽  
E. P. LEVRI ◽  
J. JOKELA
Keyword(s):  
Gene Flow ◽  
Shallow Water ◽  
Local Adaptation ◽  
Deep Water ◽  
Clinal Variation ◽  
Sympatric Populations ◽  
Host Condition ◽  
Susceptibility To Infection ◽  
Allopatric Populations ◽  
Asymmetric Pattern

Parasites should be better at infecting hosts from sympatric populations than allopatric populations most of the time (parasite local adaptation). In a previous study of a population of snail parasites (Microphallus sp.) from Lake Alexandrina, New Zealand, we found that Microphallus was more infective to snails (Potamopyrgus antipodarum) in shallow water but not in deep water. Here, we repeated the original study and also monitored the development of the parasite. We found that parasites from shallow water were more infective to hosts from shallow water and developed more rapidly in these hosts. In contrast, parasites from deep water were not more infective to hosts from deep water and did not develop more rapidly in them. These results suggest clinal variation in the susceptibility of these snails, with shallow-water snails more susceptible than deep-water snails. We offer 2 possible explanations for these results. First, gene flow in the Microphallus population is primarily from shallow to deep water, leading to an asymmetric pattern of local adaptation. Alternatively, snails from shallow water may be more susceptible for reasons independent of gene flow, perhaps due to differences in host condition between habitats.

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