scholarly journals High Differentiation among Populations of Green Foxtail, Setaria viridis, in Taiwan and Adjacent Islands Revealed by Microsatellite Markers

Diversity ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 159
Author(s):  
Wei-Hsun Hsieh ◽  
Yen-Chiun Chen ◽  
Hsien-Chun Liao ◽  
Yann-Rong Lin ◽  
Chih-Hui Chen
Keyword(s):  
Gene Flow ◽  
Foxtail Millet ◽  
Agricultural System ◽  
Mountain Range ◽  
Setaria Viridis ◽  
Wild Populations ◽  
Model Species ◽  
Genetic Characteristics ◽  
Green Foxtail ◽  
Low Diversity

Setaria viridis (L.) Beauv., or green foxtail, is native to Eurasia and is the putative ancestor of foxtail millet. Due to the advantageous genetic characteristics of S. viridis, it is a model species for C4 plants. However, S. viridis has seriously spread to the agricultural system around the world because of its wide adaptability. This study is aimed to understand the distribution of S. viridis in Taiwan, and also to investigate the genetic diversity and relationships among different wild populations. A total of 141 S. viridis collected at 10 sites with sampling sizes ranging from 8 to 24 plants in Taiwan were analyzed by 13 highly polymorphic SSR markers, and 6.1 alleles per locus were detected in our study. The relationships of collected S. viridis mostly corresponded to its distribution in different parts of Taiwan revealed by PCoA and phylogenetic tree. Similarly, the results for population structure showed the significance of collecting site or geographical factors. Finally, the extent of gene flow was studied with the genetic differentiation (FST) and Nm values, and two S. viridis populations were found to significantly contain the existence of gene-flow events. In conclusion, S. viridis showed a pattern of low diversity and heterozygosity within a population, but high differentiation among populations because of its selfing attribute and the barriers of sea and mountain range for gene flow. In addition, the founder effect may be the other reason for this pattern of population genetic structure.

scholarly journals Study of Flowering Pattern in Setaria viridis, a Proposed Model Species for C4 Photosynthesis Research

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Govinda Rizal ◽  
Kelvin Acebron ◽  
Reychelle Mogul ◽  
Shanta Karki ◽  
Nikki Larazo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
C4 Photosynthesis ◽  
Foxtail Millet ◽  
Time Lapse ◽  
Setaria Viridis ◽  
Model Species ◽  
Flowering Pattern ◽  
Bioenergy Grasses ◽  
Green Foxtail ◽  
Proposed Model ◽  
Simple Growth

Green foxtail millet (Setaria viridis) has NADP-ME type of C4 photosynthesis. Because of its short life cycle, small genome size of ~515 Mb, small plant stature, high number of seed set, simple growth requirements, and wide adaptability, this diploid (2n=18) weed is proposed to be a model species for the study of C4 photosynthesis. It is also a representative of bioenergy grasses and a model for genetic study of invasive weeds. Despite having all traits of a model species, it is difficult to cross-pollinate because its flowering behavior is not well studied. We used time lapse digital recording to study the flowering time and pattern along a single panicle. We found that flowering in Setaria was triggered by the darkness of the night and when the temperature was lower than 35°C. The anthesis of all the spikelets in a panicle took up-to three nights flowering from 9:30 pm to 10:00 am in the morning. Each spikelet has three phases of anthesis during which pollination occurs. A spikelet remains open for less than three hours. The pollination time for each spikelet is less than 60 minutes. Information from this study will facilitate the geneticists and plant breeders to plan for efficient crossing of Setaria.

scholarly journals Phytolith Analysis for Differentiating between Foxtail Millet (Setaria italica) and Green Foxtail (Setaria viridis)

PLoS ONE ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 6 (5) ◽  
pp. e19726 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jianping Zhang ◽  
Houyuan Lu ◽  
Naiqin Wu ◽  
Xiaoyan Yang ◽  
Xianmin Diao
Keyword(s):  
Foxtail Millet ◽  
Setaria Italica ◽  
Setaria Viridis ◽  
Phytolith Analysis ◽  
Green Foxtail

scholarly journals A genome resource for green millet Setaria viridis enables discovery of agronomically valuable loci

2020 ◽  
Vol 38 (10) ◽  
pp. 1203-1210 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sujan Mamidi ◽  
Adam Healey ◽  
Pu Huang ◽  
Jane Grimwood ◽  
Jerry Jenkins ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Complex Traits ◽  
De Novo ◽  
Foxtail Millet ◽  
Wild Plant ◽  
Leaf Angle ◽  
Setaria Viridis ◽  
Model Species ◽  
Seed Shattering ◽  
A Genome ◽  
Wild Accessions

Abstract Wild and weedy relatives of domesticated crops harbor genetic variants that can advance agricultural biotechnology. Here we provide a genome resource for the wild plant green millet (Setaria viridis), a model species for studies of C4 grasses, and use the resource to probe domestication genes in the close crop relative foxtail millet (Setaria italica). We produced a platinum-quality genome assembly of S. viridis and de novo assemblies for 598 wild accessions and exploited these assemblies to identify loci underlying three traits: response to climate, a ‘loss of shattering’ trait that permits mechanical harvest and leaf angle, a predictor of yield in many grass crops. With CRISPR–Cas9 genome editing, we validated Less Shattering1 (SvLes1) as a gene whose product controls seed shattering. In S. italica, this gene was rendered nonfunctional by a retrotransposon insertion in the domesticated loss-of-shattering allele SiLes1-TE (transposable element). This resource will enhance the utility of S. viridis for dissection of complex traits and biotechnological improvement of panicoid crops.

Numerical and Chemotaxonomy of the Green Foxtail Complex

Weed Science ◽  
1976 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 331-335 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. D. Williams ◽  
M. M. Schreiber
Keyword(s):  
Cluster Analysis ◽  
Paper Chromatography ◽  
Quantitative Data ◽  
Foxtail Millet ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Setaria Viridis ◽  
Old World ◽  
Phenetic Relationships ◽  
Green Foxtail

The phenetic relationships of green foxtail [Setaria viridisvar.viridis(L.) Beauv.] and its allies were examined by numerical and chemotaxonomic methods. Correlation coefficients and taxonomic distances based on quantitative data from 31 characters displayed close phenetic similarities among green foxtail, its varieties and foxtail millet [S. italica(L.) Beauv.]. Isolation and separation of 35 alcohol-soluble compounds by two dimensional paper chromatography supported the numerical comparisons. By combining all characters examined, the resulting cluster analysis displayed the closest similarity between robust white (S. viridisvar.robusta-albaSchreiber), robust purple (S. viridisvar.robusta-purpureaSchreiber) and giant green foxtail [S. viridisvar.major(Gaudin.) Posp.] indicating that the robust foxtails may be subvarieties of giant green foxtail rather than of green foxtail. The numerical, morphological and chemical comparisons support the proposed phylogeny of the Old World foxtails and indicate green foxtail as the probable center of ancestorial origin.

scholarly journals Applied phylogeography of Cyclopia intermedia (Fabaceae) highlights the need for ‘duty of care’ when cultivating honeybush

PeerJ ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. e9818 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicholas C. Galuszynski ◽  
Alastair J. Potts
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Genetic Variation ◽  
Gene Flow ◽  
Isolation By Distance ◽  
Cultivated Plants ◽  
Duty Of Care ◽  
Mountain Range ◽  
Wild Populations ◽  
Genetic Structuring ◽  
Mountain Ranges

Background The current cultivation and plant breeding of Honeybush tea (produced from members of CyclopiaVent.) do not consider the genetic diversity nor structuring of wild populations. Thus, wild populations may be at risk of genetic contamination if cultivated plants are grown in the same landscape. Here, we investigate the spatial distribution of genetic diversity within Cyclopia intermedia E. Mey.—this species is widespread and endemic in the Cape Floristic Region (CFR) and used in the production of Honeybush tea. Methods We applied High Resolution Melt analysis (HRM), with confirmation Sanger sequencing, to screen two non-coding chloroplast DNA regions (two fragments from the atpI-aptH intergenic spacer and one from the ndhA intron) in wild C. intermedia populations. A total of 156 individuals from 17 populations were analyzed for phylogeographic structuring. Statistical tests included analyses of molecular variance and isolation-by-distance, while relationships among haplotypes were ascertained using a statistical parsimony network. Results Populations were found to exhibit high levels of genetic structuring, with 62.8% of genetic variation partitioned within mountain ranges. An additional 9% of genetic variation was located amongst populations within mountains, suggesting limited seed exchange among neighboring populations. Despite this phylogeographic structuring, no isolation-by-distance was detected (p > 0.05) as nucleotide variation among haplotypes did not increase linearly with geographic distance; this is not surprising given that the configuration of mountain ranges dictates available habitats and, we assume, seed dispersal kernels. Conclusions Our findings support concerns that the unmonitored redistribution of Cyclopia genetic material may pose a threat to the genetic diversity of wild populations, and ultimately the genetic resources within the species. We argue that ‘duty of care’ principles be used when cultivating Honeybush and that seed should not be translocated outside of the mountain range of origin. Secondarily, given the genetic uniqueness of wild populations, cultivated populations should occur at distance from wild populations that is sufficient to prevent unintended gene flow; however, further research is needed to assess gene flow within mountain ranges.

scholarly journals Exploring Grass Morphology & Mutant Phenotypes Using Setaria viridis

2021 ◽  
Vol 83 (5) ◽  
pp. 311-319
Author(s):  
Ruth J. Kaggwa ◽  
Hui Jiang ◽  
Rita A. Ryan ◽  
Justin Paul Zahller ◽  
Elizabeth A. Kellogg ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Economic Value ◽  
Foxtail Millet ◽  
Caloric Intake ◽  
Model Organism ◽  
Growth Cycle ◽  
Close Relative ◽  
Setaria Viridis ◽  
Green Foxtail ◽  
Photosynthesis Pathway ◽  
Mutant Phenotypes

Globally, most human caloric intake is from crops that belong to the grass family (Poaceae), including sugarcane (Saccharum spp.), rice (Oryza sativa), maize (or corn, Zea mays), and wheat (Triticum aestivum). The grasses have a unique morphology and inflorescence architecture, and some have also evolved an uncommon photosynthesis pathway that confers drought and heat tolerance, the C4 pathway. Most secondary-level students are unaware of the global value of these crops and are unfamiliar with plant science fundamentals such as grass architecture and the genetic concepts of genotype and phenotype. Green foxtail millet (Setaria viridis) is a model organism for C4 plants and a close relative of globally important grasses, including sugarcane. It is ideal for teaching about grass morphology, the economic value of grasses, and the C4 photosynthetic pathway. This article details a teaching module that uses S. viridis to engage entire classrooms of students in authentic research through a laboratory investigation of grass morphology, growth cycle, and genetics. This module includes protocols and assignments to guide students through the process of growing one generation of S. viridis mutants and reference wild-type plants from seed to seed, taking measurements, making critical observations of mutant phenotypes, and discussing their physiological implications.

Some botanical characteristics of green foxtail (Setaria viridis) and harvesting experiments on the grass

Antiquity ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 72 (278) ◽  
pp. 902-907 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tracey L.-D. Lu
Keyword(s):  
Interspecific Cross ◽  
Foxtail Millet ◽  
Hebei Province ◽  
Setaria Viridis ◽  
Cultural Significance ◽  
Annual Grass ◽  
Old World ◽  
Green Foxtail ◽  
Botanical Characteristics

Green foxtail (Setaria viridis) is an annual grass widely distributed over the Old World, including China, where evidence of the earliest foxtail millet domestication to date has been discovered in the Cishan assemblage, Hebei province, dated to approximately 7900–7500 BP (Institute of Archaeology CASS 1991). Isozymic analysis and interspecific cross between S. viridis and S. italica (domesticated foxtail millet) demonstrated that S. viridis is the progenitor of domesticated foxtail millet (Gao & Chen 1988; Li et al. 1945). Yet little is known about the process of millet domestication, and even less about either the botanical characteristics of S. viridis or its cultural significance regarding human domestication.

scholarly journals The Setaria viridis genome and diversity panel enables discovery of a novel domestication gene

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sujan Mamidi ◽  
Adam Healey ◽  
Pu Huang ◽  
Jane Grimwood ◽  
Jerry Jenkins ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Basis ◽  
De Novo ◽  
Foxtail Millet ◽  
Complex Trait ◽  
Leaf Angle ◽  
Setaria Viridis ◽  
Model Species ◽  
Seed Shattering ◽  
Major Predictor ◽  
Wild Accessions

AbstractDiverse wild and weedy crop relatives hold genetic variants underlying key evolutionary innovations of crops under domestication. Here, we provide genome resources and probe the genetic basis of domestication traits in green millet (Setaria viridis), a close wild relative of foxtail millet (S. italica). Specifically, we develop and exploit a platinum-quality genome assembly and de novo assemblies for 598 wild accessions to identify loci underlying a) response to climate, b) a key ‘loss of shattering’ trait that permits mechanical harvest, and c) leaf angle, a major predictor of yield in many grass crops. With CRISPR-Cas9 genome editing, we validated Less Shattering1 (SvLES1) as a novel gene for seed shattering, which is rendered non-functional via a retrotransposon insertion in SiLes1, the domesticated loss-of-shattering allele of S. italica. Together these results and resources project S. viridis as a key model species for complex trait dissection and biotechnological improvement of panicoid crops.

Enhancement of Herbicide Activity with an Isoparaffinic Oil Carrier

Weed Science ◽  
1971 ◽  
Vol 19 (6) ◽  
pp. 701-705 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. J. Burr ◽  
G. F. Warren
Keyword(s):  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Cyperus Rotundus ◽  
Setaria Viridis ◽  
Ipomoea Hederacea ◽  
Purple Nutsedge ◽  
Green Foxtail ◽  
Herbicide Activity ◽  
Dichlorophenoxy Acetic Acid ◽  
Agropyron Repens

Several herbicides were tested in the greenhouse on ivyleaf morningglory (Ipomoea hederacea(L.) Jacq.), green foxtail (Setaria viridis(L.) Beauv.), purple nutsedge (Cyperus rotundusL.), and quackgrass (Agropyron repens(L.) Beauv.) to determine the degree of enhancement in activity that could be obtained with an isoparaffinic oil carrier applied at 140 L/ha. The enhancement varied with the herbicide and with the species, ranging from 16-fold enhancement with 2-chloro-4-(ethylamino)-6-(isopropylamino)-s-triazine (atrazine) and 2-sec-butyl-4,6-dinitrophenol (dinoseb) on ivyleaf morningglory to no enhancement of atrazine activity on purple nutsedge and quackgrass or (2,4-dichlorophenoxy)acetic acid (2,4-D) activity on quackgrass and ivyleaf morningglory. An oil adjuvant was less effective in enhancing dinoseb and 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1-methoxy-1-methylurea (linuron) activity than was the isoparaffinic oil carrier. Also, the isoparaffinic oil carrier emulsified in water was less effective than the undiluted oil in enhancing dinoseb activity on green foxtail, even though equal volumes of the isoparaffinic oil were applied.

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