scholarly journals Conserving Refugia: What Are We Protecting and Why?

Diversity ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 67
Author(s):  
Maurizio Rossetto ◽  
Robert Kooyman
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Evolutionary Dynamics ◽  
Spatial Scales ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Management Decision ◽  
Buffer Zones ◽  
Eastern Australia ◽  
Short And Long Term ◽  
Temporal And Spatial

Refugia play an important role in contributing to the conservation of species and communities by buffering environmental conditions over time. As large natural landscapes worldwide are declining and are increasingly threatened by extreme events, critical decision-making in biological conservation depends on improved understanding of what is being protected by refugia and why. We provide three novel definitions for refugia (i.e., persistent, future, and temporary) that incorporate ecological and evolutionary dynamics into a land management decision framework and are applicable across changing temporal and spatial settings. Definitions are supported by identification, core value, and management strategy criteria to assist short- and long-term decision-making. We illustrate these concepts using the World Heritage Gondwana Rainforests (WHGR) of eastern Australia, briefly exploring the spatial and temporal factors that can inform the development of conservation management strategies following the extreme fire events of 2019–2020. For the WHGR, available knowledge can be used to protect critical assets by recognizing and implementing buffer zones and corridor connections, and by undertaking emergency translocations of target species into safe areas that will act as future refugia. More broadly, we suggest that the identification and protection of ecological and evolutionary processes across varying temporal and spatial scales is central to securing improved biodiversity conservation outcomes.

RELEVANT COST CONCEPT: A Glaring Dichotomy-Accountant’s Perspective

2012 ◽  
Vol 02 (03) ◽  
pp. 25-33
Author(s):  
Omah Ishmael ◽  
Osamor I .P
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Specific Problem ◽  
Behavior Pattern ◽  
International Market ◽  
Management Decision ◽  
Planning Decisions ◽  
Cost Behavior ◽  
Short And Long Term ◽  
Relevant Cost

Purpose: This paper examines the concept of relevant cost, its relevance in decision making analysis, its decision advantage in both short and long-term planning decisions and how it influences the decision maker’s choice of preference/priorities. The study is based on primary information (data) tailored to allow individual respondents comprehend the concept of “relevant cost”. Forty (40) closely related questionnaires were prepared and administered in some business retail traders in “ALABA INTERNATIONAL MARKET”. A review of related literature was also applied to have a general over-view of the concept of relevant cost ideology. It was revealed that relevant cost or costs are costs appropriate to a specific management decision. They are estimated future costs, that are different under alternative courses of action for a specific problem. It consist of both fixed and variable costs. Relevance in decision making is independent of cost behavior pattern. It influences the decision maker’s choice of preference and priority. If a decision is to be taken to either add a product or drop a product, salary of a supervisor or managing director is irrelevant. It is a differential (or incremental) cash flow that forms a component of relevant cost.

Business Ethics and Stakeholder Analysis

1991 ◽  
Vol 1 (01) ◽  
pp. 53-73 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kenneth E. Goodpaster
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Natural Kinds ◽  
Stakeholder Analysis ◽  
Harvard Business Review ◽  
Management Decision ◽  
Management Decision Making ◽  
Short And Long Term ◽  
Peter Drucker

Much has been written about stakeholder analysis as a process by which to introduce ethical values into management decision-making. This paper takes a critical look at the assumptions behind this idea, in an effort to understand better the meaning of ethical management decisions.A distinction is made between stakeholder analysis and stakeholder synthesis. The two most natural kinds of stakeholder synthesis are then defined and discussed: strategic and multi-fiduciary. Paradoxically, the former appears to yield business without ethics and the latter appears to yield ethics without business. The paper concludes by suggesting that a third approach to stakeholder thinking needs to be developed, one that avoids the paradox just mentioned and that clarifies for managers (and directors) the legitimate role of ethical considerations in decision-making.So we must think through what management should be accountable for; and how and through whom its accountability can be discharged. The stockholders’ interest, both short- and long-term, is one of the areas. But it is only one.Peter Drucker, 1988Harvard Business Review

Business Ethics and Stakeholder Analysis

1991 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 53-73 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kenneth E. Goodpaster
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Natural Kinds ◽  
Stakeholder Analysis ◽  
Harvard Business Review ◽  
Management Decision ◽  
Management Decision Making ◽  
Short And Long Term ◽  
Peter Drucker

Much has been written about stakeholder analysis as a process by which to introduce ethical values into management decision-making. This paper takes a critical look at the assumptions behind this idea, in an effort to understand better the meaning of ethical management decisions.A distinction is made between stakeholder analysis and stakeholder synthesis. The two most natural kinds of stakeholder synthesis are then defined and discussed: strategic and multi-fiduciary. Paradoxically, the former appears to yield business without ethics and the latter appears to yield ethics without business. The paper concludes by suggesting that a third approach to stakeholder thinking needs to be developed, one that avoids the paradox just mentioned and that clarifies for managers (and directors) the legitimate role of ethical considerations in decision-making.So we must think through what management should be accountable for; and how and through whom its accountability can be discharged. The stockholders’ interest, both short- and long-term, is one of the areas. But it is only one.Peter Drucker, 1988Harvard Business Review

Forest Management Decision-Making: Art or Science?

1981 ◽  
Vol 57 (5) ◽  
pp. 233-238 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. H. Hall
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Forest Management ◽  
Simulation Modeling ◽  
Forest Planning ◽  
Management Decision ◽  
Creative Design ◽  
Management Decision Making ◽  
Evaluation Techniques ◽  
Making Art

This paper describes an approach to forest management decision-making. Acknowledging both objective and subjective elements, the approach offers a methodology to encourage more creative design in forest planning. It uses the descriptive capabilities of simulation modeling in tandem with the prescriptive capabilities of graphical evaluation techniques, to facilitate the use and interpretation of technical forestry information in decision-making problems. It emphasizes a need for an overview of long-term resource behavior as a prerequisite to, and a framework for, forest planning.

Evolutionary Stable Strategies for Supply Chains: Selfishness, Fairness, and Altruism

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (6) ◽  
pp. 532-551 ◽  
Author(s):  
Caichun Chai ◽  
Hailong Zhu ◽  
Zhangwei Feng
Keyword(s):  
Supply Chains ◽  
Evolutionary Dynamics ◽  
Replicator Dynamics ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Individual Preference ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Evolutionary Stable Strategies ◽  
Pure Strategies ◽  
The Stability

Abstract The management strategies of a firm are inevitable affected by individual behavior preferences. The effect of individual preference on the evolutionary dynamics for supply chains is studied by employing replicator dynamics. Each firm has three behavior preferences: selfishness, fairness, and altruism. Firstly, the case that the strategy set of manufacturers and retailers including two pure strategies is considered and the effect of preference parameter on the equilibrium outcome in the short-term interaction is discussed. Secondly, the equilibrium state in the short-term is always disturbed because the change of the environment, firm’s structure, and so forth. Using the replicator dynamics, the evolutionary stable strategies of manufacturers and retailers in the long-term interaction are analyzed. Finally, the extend case that the strategy set of manufacturers and retailers include three pure strategies is investigated. These results are found that the strategy profile in which both manufacturer and retailer choose fairness or altruism, or one player chooses fair or altruistic strategy and the other player chooses selfish strategy may be evolutionary stable, the stability of these equilibria depends on the the preference parameters.

Vegetation Dynamics in Changing Environments.

1993 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 104 ◽  
Author(s):  
S Archer
Keyword(s):  
Atmospheric Chemistry ◽  
Life History Traits ◽  
Spatial Scales ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Global Changes ◽  
Broad Array ◽  
Landscape Response ◽  
Temporal And Spatial ◽  
Local Ecosystem ◽  
Induced Changes

Human-induced changes in atmospheric chemistry and meteorology have the potential to alter a broad array of ecosystem processes over a range of temporal and spatial scales. These may have direct and indirect effects that could influence management strategies and landscape response to disturbances associated with natural events and land use. The extent to which forecasted global changes are effective in altering local ecosystem properties will depend upon a variety of factors. In this paper, I address species life history traits and community and landscape properties that can be used by land managers to evaluate potential manifestations of global change on a local scale.

scholarly journals The Progressive Response of Sahelian Dams to Sediment Intrusion: Case of Kano State between 1976 and 2009

2015 ◽  
Vol 773-774 ◽  
pp. 1301-1306
Author(s):  
Mahadi Lawan Yakubu ◽  
Usman Tasiu Abdurrahman ◽  
Muhammad Tajuri Ahmed ◽  
Amina Sallau Aliyu ◽  
Muttaqa Uba Zango ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Management Strategies ◽  
Water Storage ◽  
Time Frame ◽  
Mitigation Strategy ◽  
The State ◽  
Best Management ◽  
The Future ◽  
Short And Long Term

Reservoirs are built to store water during abundance for possible reuse during scarcity; sediment incursion is the leading phenomenon that limit reservoirs to sustain this function. Therefore, modelling the rate at which reservoir accumulates sediments is critical in understanding the nature of the problem, the time frame within which it is expected to occur, and the best mitigation strategy that will maintain the reservoir service. This study investigated the sediment influx in three typical Sahelian reservoirs in Kano state using the bathymetric method. The reservoir capacities were found to be declining at different rates but with grave consequences on the future, and economy of the state. In prolific terms, the state is losing 490 million litres of water storage each year. Presently, Magaga lost 39% of its capacity; Thomas has lost 13%; while Kafin-chiri has lost 5%. For sustainability, this trend needs to be addressed. The short and long-term best management strategies to curtail this trend have been outlined in this study.

Autonomy in Maternal Accounts of Birth after Cesarean

2012 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 62-70 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth Soliday ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Clinical Practice ◽  
Scientific Knowledge ◽  
Practice Patterns ◽  
Obstetric Care ◽  
Ethical Guidelines ◽  
Current State ◽  
Short And Long Term ◽  
Maternal Autonomy

Following decades of maltreatment of women in obstetric care, professional respect for maternal autonomy in obstetric decision making and care have become codified in global and national professional ethical guidelines. Yet, using the example of birth after cesarean, identifiable threats to maternal autonomy in obstetrics continue. This paper focuses on how current scientific knowledge and obstetric practice patterns factor into restricted maternal autonomy as evidenced in three representative maternal accounts obtained prior and subsequent to birth after cesarean. Short- and long-term remedies to improve the current state of restricted maternal autonomy in clinical practice surrounding decision making on birth after cesarean are provided.

Long-term assessment of surface dynamics in the Tyrrhenian Sea

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Enrico Zambianchi ◽  
Naomi Krauzig ◽  
Pierpaolo Falco
Keyword(s):  
Sea Level ◽  
Spatial Scales ◽  
Sea Surface ◽  
Extreme Weather Events ◽  
Tyrrhenian Sea ◽  
Surface Dynamics ◽  
Surface Circulation ◽  
Spatial Coverage ◽  
Temporal And Spatial

<p>The variability of surface dynamics has been investigated extensively in the Mediterranean Sea for different temporal and spatial coverage, whereas a specific evaluation for the area of the Tyrrhenian Sea does not exist. Thus, this study is focused on the Tyrrhenian basin, a subbasin of the western Mediterranean, which is considered sensitive to climatic variations due to its small size and isolated nature. The main scope is to provide a comprehensive and up-to-date assessment of the sea surface warming, the sea level changes and the general surface circulation in the Tyrrhenian Sea, as well as to improve the understanding of the relation to large-scale teleconnection patterns and to regional air-sea interaction. The long-term spatio-temporal variability and trends were investigated using satellite-derived, in-situ and reanalysis-based datasets up to the end of 2018. Further, the possible linkage with the occurrence of extreme weather events was assessed using observations from the European Severe Weather Database. The different datasets cover multiple temporal and spatial scales and enable the investigation of the potential physical processes related to the non-homogeneous, time-depended spatial variability. The results indicate a significant increase in sea level and sea surface temperature which appears to be linked with the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) and the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation (AMO), respectively. Moreover, analysis of the basin’s surface circulation together with local air-sea exchanges of heat, freshwater and momentum indicated a significant influence of the wind-driven Ekman pumping variability.</p>

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