scholarly journals Landscape Damage Effect Impacts on Natural Environment and Recreational Benefits in Bikeway

Diversity ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 52
Author(s):  
Chun-Chu Yeh ◽  
Crystal Jia-Yi Lin ◽  
James Po-Hsun Hsiao ◽  
Chin-Huang Huang
Keyword(s):  
Natural Environment ◽  
Consumer Surplus ◽  
Damage Effect ◽  
Sport Tourism ◽  
Outdoor Sports ◽  
Environment Quality ◽  
Actual Environment ◽  
Recreational Benefits ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Recreation Site

Landscape is an important element in outdoor sports recreation. Cyclists’ perception of an environment reflects their interaction with the actual environment; they become aware of the recreation site through their primary receptive senses. As one popular bikeway in Taiwan, the landscape along Dong-Feng bikeway appeals to many cyclists. Nevertheless, the landscape was spoiled due to a soil conservation project. This study follows the theorem of planned behavior (TPB) and applies contingent behavior scenario to evaluate the recreational benefits and the damage effect of landscape. The empirical model uses travel cost method (TCM) to estimate the consumer surplus of cyclists. Under the scenario of damaged landscape, the number of trips went down 1.01 times and the recreational benefit dropped to NT$750, making the cost of damaging the landscape to NT$132 per person. The result indicates that the landscape of environment quality is crucial to cyclists, and it is important to preserve the natural environment of bike paths for developing the sport tourism sustainability.

Unequal Treatment of Identical Agents in Cournot Equilibrium

1999 ◽  
Vol 89 (3) ◽  
pp. 585-604 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen W Salant ◽  
Greg Shaffer
Keyword(s):  
Marginal Cost ◽  
Consumer Surplus ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Cournot Equilibrium ◽  
Unequal Treatment ◽  
Marginal Costs ◽  
Second Stage ◽  
Policy Debates ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Antitrust Regulation

Oligopoly models where prior actions by firms affect subsequent marginal costs have been useful in illuminating policy debates in areas such as antitrust regulation, environmental protection, and international competition. We discuss properties of such models when a Cournot equilibrium occurs at the second stage. Aggregate production costs strictly decline with no change in gross revenue or gross consumer surplus if the prior actions strictly increase the variance of marginal costs without changing the marginal-cost sum. Therefore, unless the cost of inducing second-stage asymmetry more than offsets this reduction in production costs, the private and social optima are asymmetric. (JEL D43, L13, L40)

Effects of a five-day Nordic skiing camp on the individuals and on the group.

2021 ◽  
pp. 39-49
Author(s):  
Eduard Inglés Yuba ◽  
Víctor Labrador Roca ◽  
Unai Sáez de Ocáriz Granja
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Empirical Study ◽  
Natural Environment ◽  
Human Being ◽  
Outdoor Sports ◽  
Integral Development ◽  
Different Dimensions ◽  
Nordic Skiing ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Shed Light

Abstract Scholars from diverse disciplines are increasingly concerned with the benefits generated by the practice of physical activity in the natural environment on individuals (Gomila Serra, 2014; Jirásek et al., 2016). This chapter attempts to shed light on the various scientific approaches that confirm this beneficial relationship. It also contributes to the holistic and integral conception of the human being, made up of different dimensions: physical, mental, emotional and social (Sandell et al., 2009; Borkowski, 2011). After an introductory approach to the relationship between outdoor sports and the integral development of their participants, an empirical study is shown. A five-day Nordic skiing camp is used to evaluate the effects of this practice on the individuals and on the group.

scholarly journals Product Design in Selection Markets *

2016 ◽  
Vol 131 (2) ◽  
pp. 1007-1056 ◽  
Author(s):  
André Veiga ◽  
E. Glen Weyl
Keyword(s):  
Consumer Surplus ◽  
Insurance Markets ◽  
Social Planner ◽  
Endogenous Quality ◽  
Health Insurance Markets ◽  
Product Features ◽  
Marginal Willingness To Pay ◽  
Multidimensional Types ◽  
Simple Ratio ◽  
The Cost

Abstract In selection markets, where the cost of serving consumers is heterogeneous and noncontractible, nonprice product features allow a firm to sort profitable from unprofitable consumers. An example of this “sorting by quality” is the use of down payments to dissuade borrowers who are unlikely to repay. We study a model in which consumers have multidimensional types and a firm offers a single product of endogenous quality, as in Spence (1975) . These two ingredients generate a novel sorting incentive in a firm’s first-order condition for quality, which is a simple ratio. The denominator is marginal consumer surplus, a measure of market power. The numerator is the covariance, among marginal consumers, between marginal willingness to pay for quality and cost to the firm. We provide conditions under which this term is signed and contrast the sorting incentives of a profit-maximizer and a social planner. We then use this characterization to quantify the importance of sorting empirically in subprime auto lending, analytically sign its impact in a model of add-on pricing, and calibrate optimal competition policy in health insurance markets.

scholarly journals Transparency of Behavior-Based Pricing

2019 ◽  
Vol 57 (1) ◽  
pp. 78-99 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xi Li ◽  
Krista J. Li ◽  
Xin (Shane) Wang
Keyword(s):  
Social Welfare ◽  
Consumer Surplus ◽  
Unintended Consequences ◽  
History Data ◽  
Consumer Data ◽  
Behavior Based ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Firm Profit ◽  
Commitment Device

Behavior-based pricing (BBP) refers to the practice in which firms collect consumers’ purchase history data, recognize repeat and new consumers from the data, and offer them different prices. This is a prevalent practice for firms and a worldwide concern for consumers. Extant research has examined BBP under the assumption that consumers observe firms’ practice of BBP. However, consumers do not know that specific firms are doing this and are often unaware of how firms collect and use their data. In this article, the authors examine (1) how firms make BBP decisions when consumers do not observe whether firms perform BBP and (2) how the transparency of firms’ BBP practice affects firms and consumers. They find that when consumers do not observe firms’ practice of BBP and the cost of implementing BBP is low, a firm indeed practices BBP, even though BBP is a dominated strategy when consumers observe it. When the cost is moderate, the firm does not use BBP; however, it must distort its first-period price downward to signal and convince consumers of its choice. A high cost of implementing BBP serves as a commitment device that the firm will forfeit BBP, thereby improving firm profit. By comparing regimes in which consumers do and do not observe a firm’s practice of BBP, the authors find that transparency of BBP increases firm profit but decreases consumer surplus and social welfare. Therefore, requiring firms to disclose collection and usage of consumer data could hurt consumers and lead to unintended consequences.

Quality Disclosure Under Consumer Loss Aversion

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jianqiang Zhang ◽  
Krista J. Li
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Social Welfare ◽  
Loss Aversion ◽  
Consumer Surplus ◽  
Quality Disclosure ◽  
Disclosure Decisions ◽  
Future Outcomes ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Firm Profit ◽  
First Mover

Consumers experience a sense of loss when a product’s quality does not match their expectations. To alleviate consumer loss aversion (CLA), firms can disclose information to reduce consumers’ uncertainty about product quality and the resulting psychological loss. In this paper, we investigate the implications of CLA on firm profit, consumer surplus, and social welfare when firms endogenously make quality disclosure decisions. We find that CLA leads symmetric firms to disclose quality more often. Given that CLA weakly reduces consumers’ utility from buying a product and quality disclosure is costly, intuition suggests that CLA is detrimental to firms. We find that this intuition is true only in a monopoly. Surprisingly, CLA makes both firms in a competition better off. Moreover, CLA increases firms’ profit when they invest in quality disclosure instead of money-back guarantees to respond to CLA. We also find that CLA decreases consumer surplus and social welfare. Therefore, educating consumers to improve decision-making skills by deliberating on future outcomes and emotions can benefit firms at the cost of consumers and society. When firms disclose quality sequentially, CLA can discourage the follower from disclosing quality. A strong level of CLA increases the leader’s profit over the follower’s, thereby encouraging firms to be the first mover in quality disclosure. This paper was accepted by Juanjuan Zhang, marketing.

The Inheriting and Development of Tradition - Analysis of Wang Shu’s Award Receipt and more Architectural Engineering Cases

2013 ◽  
Vol 357-360 ◽  
pp. 129-134
Author(s):  
Bin Quan Zhang ◽  
Yong Sheng Chen
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Natural Environment ◽  
Traditional Culture ◽  
Status Quo ◽  
Architectural Engineering ◽  
Social And Economic Development ◽  
The Status ◽  
City Construction ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Way

City construction is beset with severe problems like homogenization, exotic style copy, barbaric development and short-lived buildings, jeopardizing the traditional culture as well as natural environment. Faced with the status quo, it is not feasible to protect the environment at the cost of social and economic development. City construction thus faces extruding problems. The solution of such problems calls for all-dimensional discussion. The practice of Mr. Wang Shu leads the way.

Service quality improving effects and recreational benefits for sports tourism—A case study

2016 ◽  
Vol 22 (6) ◽  
pp. 1332-1337 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chun-Chu Yeh ◽  
Kuo-Ting Hua ◽  
Chin-Huang Huang
Keyword(s):  
Service Quality ◽  
Consumer Surplus ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Quality Improvements ◽  
Demand Model ◽  
Sport Event ◽  
Recreational Benefits ◽  
Moon Lake

Service quality is one of many crucial items for sport event participants. Using Sun Moon Lake Swimming Carnival Event as an example, this study measures the perception of service quality for various participant groups and their associated recreational benefits from the demand model. Three service quality clusters, interaction and information, physical facility improving, and program and outcome, were extracted. Later, the contingent behavior method was used to measure the hypothetical benefits from service quality improvements. This study’s findings discover that the amenity of Sun Moon Lake and its surroundings at current status is not sufficient to make participants come back. Findings show that an improvement in the service quality of sports program and the outcome will result in an NT$85.78 million consumer surplus gain, with the facility improvement producing a gain of NT$72.90 million arising simply from the event in each year. Therefore, recreation managers may find it justifiable to improve an event’s service quality in this regard.

scholarly journals Especificaciones y consideraciones muestrales en la estimación de la demanda de un espacio natural singular: Las Illas Cíes en Galicia.

2011 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 67
Author(s):  
Manuel González Gómez ◽  
Philippe Polomé ◽  
Albino Prada Blanco
Keyword(s):  
Functional Form ◽  
Consumer Surplus ◽  
Sampling Scheme ◽  
Natural Area ◽  
Using Data ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Restrictive Hypothesis

In this paper, we present estimates of several specifications of demand for a singular natural area using data from surveys on visitors and non-visitors. The estimates take into account the problems of functional form, measurement of the cost and of the demand, choosing sampling scheme, and handling the sample. Considering these alternatives allows us to select a specification of demand under improved conditions and frees us from initial restrictive hypothesis. The results in terms of prediction of demand and consumer surplus estimates are quite dissimilar, stressing the importance of comparing various specifications that encompass a range of possible options.

scholarly journals Development and Efficiency Assessment of New Methods on Rapid Assessment of Toxicity in Environmental Monitoring

2020 ◽  
pp. 458-469
Author(s):  
E. A. Lushchay ◽  
D. E. Ivanov ◽  
E. I. Tikhomirova
Keyword(s):  
Biological Monitoring ◽  
Natural Environment ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Elevated Temperatures ◽  
Rapid Assessment ◽  
Coli Strain ◽  
Quantitative Chemical Analysis ◽  
Environment Quality ◽  
Conventional Methods ◽  
Express Methods

The transformation of hazardous pollutants in the environment usually results in formation of hard-to-identify compounds that may have a significant impact on ecosystems. They are difficult to identify by conventional methods of quantitative chemical analysis, but their detrimental effects can be detected by biological methods. The goal of this study was to develop novel methodological approaches to the express assessment of the state of the environment as well as toxicity of its components in the process of biological monitoring at hazardous industrial facilities. The article presents the results of comprehensive toxicity assessment of environmental objects using originally developed system of express methods. The objects of research were water fleas (Daphnia magna Straus and Ceriodaphnia affinis Lilljeborg), infusoria (Paramecium caudatum), preparation of lyophilized fluorescent bacteria based on recombinant Escherichia coli strain M-17 (Ecolum), algae (Chlorella vulgaris Beijer, Scenedesmus quadricauda (Turp.) Breb.), and mammalian gonads. The original methods for determining toxicity by changing the motor activity of water fleas at elevated temperatures of the studied environment are described. The description of the following original utility models is presented: “Method of bioassay for water samples and device for its implementation”, “Device for express assessment of natural environment quality” and “Device for comprehensive assessment of natural environment quality”, confirmed by the patents of the Russian Federation. Their use may significantly reduce the cost of ecotoxicological studies in terms of time and money expenditures. The effectiveness of the system of express methods was established during a biological monitoring of a sanitary protection zone of the Balakovo NPP. Toxicity of the samples of bottom sediments, soil, as well as water samples from the cooler pond and the adjacent water area of the Saratov reservoir were identified. The bioassay results were matched by both conventional methods’ results and originally developed system of express methods.

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