scholarly journals Taxonomy, Evolution, and Biogeography of the Rhodniini Tribe (Hemiptera: Reduviidae)

Diversity ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 97 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carolina Hernández ◽  
João Aristeu da Rosa ◽  
Gustavo A. Vallejo ◽  
Felipe Guhl ◽  
Juan David Ramírez
Keyword(s):  
Latin American ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Protozoan Parasite ◽  
Molecular Techniques ◽  
Fossil Species ◽  
Wide Geographical Distribution ◽  
Vector Capacity ◽  
Five Tribes ◽  
Latin American Countries ◽  
Shed Light

The Triatominae subfamily includes 151 extant and three fossil species. Several species can transmit the protozoan parasite Trypanosoma cruzi, the causative agent of Chagas disease, significantly impacting public health in Latin American countries. The Triatominae can be classified into five tribes, of which the Rhodniini is very important because of its large vector capacity and wide geographical distribution. The Rhodniini tribe comprises 23 (without R. taquarussuensis) species and although several studies have addressed their taxonomy using morphological, morphometric, cytogenetic, and molecular techniques, their evolutionary relationships remain unclear, resulting in inconsistencies at the classification level. Conflicting hypotheses have been proposed regarding the origin, diversification, and identification of these species in Latin America, muddying our understanding of their dispersion and current geographic distribution. Clarifying these factors can help for the design of vector control strategies. The aim of this review is to depict the different approaches used for taxonomy of the Rhodniini and to shed light on their evolution and biogeography.

Political Parties, Candidate Selection, and Quality of Government

2013 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 783-810 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fernando M. Aragón
Keyword(s):  
Political Parties ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Political Competition ◽  
Candidate Selection ◽  
Presidential Candidates ◽  
Electoral Incentives ◽  
Latin American Countries ◽  
Robust Evidence ◽  
Shed Light

Abstract This article explores empirically the relation between political parties’ institutions and quality of government. I focus on procedures used to nominate presidential candidates given the importance of candidate selection in party politics. Using a panel dataset of Latin American countries, I find robust evidence of a positive relation between the use of democratic procedures, such as primaries, and quality of government. To shed light on the mechanism, I examine why parties use primaries. I find evidence suggestive that the results are mostly driven by the increase in political competition and candidates’ pre-electoral incentives.

scholarly journals Experimental Vaccines against Chagas Disease: A Journey through History

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olivia Rodríguez-Morales ◽  
Víctor Monteón-Padilla ◽  
Silvia C. Carrillo-Sánchez ◽  
Martha Rios-Castro ◽  
Mariana Martínez-Cruz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Primary Prevention ◽  
Chagas Disease ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Protozoan Parasite ◽  
Immune Protection ◽  
Transmission Control ◽  
American Trypanosomiasis ◽  
Control Programs ◽  
Primary Prevention Strategy ◽  
Latin American Countries

Chagas disease, or American trypanosomiasis, which is caused by the protozoan parasiteTrypanosoma cruzi, is primarily a vector disease endemic in 21 Latin American countries, including Mexico. Although many vector control programs have been implemented,T. cruzihas not been eradicated. The development of an anti-T. cruzivaccine for prophylactic and therapeutic purposes may significantly contribute to the transmission control of Chagas disease. Immune protection against experimental infection withT. cruzihas been studied since the second decade of the last century, and many types of immunogens have been used subsequently, such as killed or attenuated parasites and new DNA vaccines. This primary prevention strategy appears feasible, effective, safe, and inexpensive, although problems remain. The objective of this review is to summarize the research efforts about the development of vaccines against Chagas disease worldwide. A thorough literature review was conducted by searching PubMed with the terms “Chagas disease” and “American trypanosomiasis” together with “vaccines” or “immunization”. In addition, reports and journals not cited in PubMed were identified. Publications in English, Spanish, and Portuguese were reviewed.

Modified culture methods for the detection of Vibrio spp. from estuarine waters

1995 ◽  
Vol 31 (5-6) ◽  
pp. 283-290
Author(s):  
A. Toro ◽  
N. Gonzalez ◽  
J. Torres ◽  
E. Dvorsky ◽  
G. A. Toranzos
Keyword(s):  
Latin American ◽  
Selective Medium ◽  
Molecular Techniques ◽  
Tris Buffer ◽  
Culture Methods ◽  
Culture Techniques ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Speed Up ◽  
Latin American Countries ◽  
Vibrio Spp

The purpose of this study was to improve and speed up the isolation and recovery of Vibrio spp. from water using modifications of the currently used culture techniques. Thiosulfate Citrate Bile Salts (TCBS) and Alkaline Peptone Salt Broth (APSB) media were modified by the addition of NaCl and Tris buffer. None of the modifications had a negative effect on the recovery of Vibrio spp. when compared to the unmodified media. The modifications giving the best results were 3% and 6% NaCl and Tris buffer 0.05 M at pH 8.4. Under these conditions, the background microflora was drastically reduced in both TCBS and APSB making the detection of the target colonies extremely easy. The presence of sulfur-producing microorganisms was reduced and in most cases completely eliminated. The use of a more selective medium also allows for an easier application of molecular techniques. Colony hybridizations are easily done, since the growth of interfering microorganisms is reduced. These studies are being expanded to include the detection of V. cholerae 01 and non-01 in waters from Latin American countries affected by the cholera epidemic.

Self-Organization Among Delivery Platforms Workers in Neoliberal Latin American Countries. The Cases of Peru and Chile

2022 ◽  
pp. 1-30
Author(s):  
Karol Morales Muñoz ◽  
Alejandra Dinegro Martinez
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Institutional Context ◽  
Labor Process ◽  
Self Organization ◽  
Ethnographic Research ◽  
Grassroots Organizations ◽  
Institutional Contexts ◽  
Latin American Countries ◽  
Shed Light

Abstract Recently in Latin America, numerous mobilizations of workers against the precariousness of work in delivery platforms have been developed. In this study, we argue that consolidation into strong organizations for defending platform workers’ interests is strongly related to the socio-political and institutional contexts they are involved in. Drawn upon the understanding of solidarity among workers as a phenomenon rooted in the labor process, as well as the relevance of socio-political and institutional context for the organizing processes among precarious workers, this study addresses the cases of self-organization of platforms deliverers in Chile and Peru. Based on ethnographic research, the results show common characteristics of workers’ self-organization, which are related to similar labor processes in delivery platforms. In addition, results shed light on the relevance of the socio-political and institutional context in providing resources for the consolidation of grassroots organizations, especially after platform counter-actions.

Test Use in Spain, Portugal and Latin American Countries

1999 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 151-157 ◽  
Author(s):  
José Muñiz ◽  
Gerardo Prieto ◽  
Leandro Almeida ◽  
Dave Bartram
Keyword(s):  
Latin American ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Task Force ◽  
Test Construction ◽  
European Federation ◽  
Psychometric Characteristics ◽  
Testing Practices ◽  
Professional Psychologists ◽  
Test Use ◽  
Latin American Countries

Summary: The two main sources of errors in educational and psychological evaluation are the lack of adequate technical and psychometric characteristics of the tests, and especially the failure to properly implement the testing process. The main goal of the present research is to study the situation of test construction and test use in the Spanish-speaking (Spain and Latin American countries) and Portuguese-speaking (Portugal and Brazil) countries. The data were collected using a questionnaire constructed by the European Federation of Professional Psychologists Association (EFPPA) Task Force on Tests and Testing, under the direction of D. Bartram . In addition to the questionnaire, other ad hoc data were also gathered. Four main areas of psychological testing were investigated: Educational, Clinical, Forensic and Work. Key persons were identified in each country in order to provide reliable information. The main results are presented, and some measures that could be taken in order to improve the current testing practices in the countries surveyed are discussed. As most of the tests used in these countries were originally developed in other cultures, a problem that appears to be especially relevant is the translation and adaptation of tests.

Test movement in Ibero-Latin American countries

2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Solange Muglia Wechsler ◽  
Maria Perez Solis ◽  
Conceicao Ferreira ◽  
Isabel Magno ◽  
Norma Contini ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Latin American ◽  
Latin American Countries

The Spanish Translation of Les Leçons de chimie élémentaire: On the Legal Status of Translation and its Various Values

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (2-3) ◽  
pp. 201-215
Author(s):  
Tania P. Hernández-Hernández
Keyword(s):  
Complex Network ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Legal System ◽  
Legal Status ◽  
Spanish Translation ◽  
Cultural Economic ◽  
Translation Rights ◽  
International Legal System ◽  
Latin American Countries ◽  
Legal Battle

Throughout the nineteenth century, European booksellers and publishers, mostly from France, England, Germany and Spain, produced textual materials in Europe and introduced them into Mexico and other Latin American countries. These transatlantic interchanges unfolded against the backdrop of the emergence of the international legal system to protect translation rights and required the involvement of a complex network of agents who carried with them publishing, translating and negotiating practices, in addition to books, pamphlets, prints and other goods. Tracing the trajectories of translated books and the socio-cultural, economic and legal forces shaping them, this article examines the legal battle over the translation and publishing rights of Les Leçons de chimie élémentaire, a chemistry book authored by Jean Girardin and translated and published in Spanish by Jean-Frédéric Rosa. Drawing on a socio-historical approach to translation, I argue that the arguments presented by both parties are indicative of the uncertainty surrounding the legal status of translated texts and of the different values then attributed to translation.

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