scholarly journals Continuous Agrochemical Treatments in Agroecosystems Can Modify the Effects of Pendimethalin-Based Herbicide Exposure on Immunocompetence of a Beneficial Ground Beetle

Diversity ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
pp. 241
Author(s):  
Anita Giglio ◽  
Francesco Cavaliere ◽  
Piero Giulio Giulianini ◽  
Joachim Kurtz ◽  
Maria Luigia Vommaro ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Enzyme Activities ◽  
Laboratory Tests ◽  
Ground Beetle ◽  
Herbicide Application ◽  
Soil Biodiversity ◽  
Initial Exposure ◽  
Immune Parameters ◽  
Repeated Applications ◽  
Constitutive Immunity ◽  
Herbicide Exposure

Herbicide application for pest control can negatively affect soil biodiversity, mainly acting on species that are involved in ecosystem service. In this study, field and laboratory trials were designed to assay herbicide exposure effects on the constitutive immunity of Harpalus (Pseudoophonus) rufipes (De Geer, 1774), a beneficial carabid species that inhabits croplands. The circulating hemocytes (THCs) and plasmatic levels of basal and total phenoloxidase (PO), as well as lysozyme-like enzyme activities, were measured as markers of exposure. In laboratory tests, the exposure to realistic field doses of pendimethalin-based herbicides for two, seven and 21 days caused a reduction in enzyme activities in beetles from organic crops. In beetles from conventional fields, the THCs and total PO activity decreased significantly at two and seven days after the initial exposure, though no effects were recorded on basal PO and lysozyme like-enzyme activities. These differences in enzyme activities and THCs indicate that the interference of pendimethalin with immune parameters clearly depends on both the different field conditions from which the population comes and the cumulative effects of repeated applications over the time.

Dietary butyric acid improved growth, digestive enzyme activities and humoral immune parameters in Barramundi ( Lates calcarifer )

2019 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 156-164 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hamed Aalamifar ◽  
Siyavash Soltanian ◽  
Arya Vazirzadeh ◽  
Mostafa Akhlaghi ◽  
Vahid Morshedi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Butyric Acid ◽  
Enzyme Activities ◽  
Digestive Enzyme ◽  
Lates Calcarifer ◽  
Humoral Immune ◽  
Immune Parameters ◽  
Digestive Enzyme Activities

Diagnostic accuracy of pancreatic enzymes evaluated by use of multivariate data analysis

1993 ◽  
Vol 39 (9) ◽  
pp. 1960-1965 ◽  
Author(s):  
S C Kazmierczak ◽  
P G Catrou ◽  
F Van Lente
Keyword(s):  
Neural Network ◽  
Network Analysis ◽  
Diagnostic Accuracy ◽  
Roc Curve ◽  
Enzyme Activities ◽  
Laboratory Tests ◽  
Curve Analysis ◽  
Multivariate Techniques ◽  
Neural Network Analysis ◽  
Roc Curve Analysis

Abstract We analyzed pancreatic enzyme data from 508 patients with suspected pancreatitis by neural network analysis, by an Expert multirule generation protocol, and by receiver-operator characteristic (ROC) curve analysis of a single test result. Neural network analysis showed that use of lipase provided the best means for diagnosing pancreatitis. Diagnostic accuracies achieved by using amylase only, lipase only, and amylase and lipase in combination were 76%, 82%, and 84%, respectively. Use of the Expert rule generation protocol provided a diagnostic accuracy of 92% when rules for single and multiple samplings were combined. ROC curve analysis for initial enzyme activities showed the maximal diagnostic accuracy to be 82% and 85% for amylase and lipase, respectively; use of peak enzyme activities yielded accuracies of 81% and 88%, respectively. The evaluation of laboratory test data should include analysis of the diagnostic accuracy of laboratory tests by multivariate techniques such as neural network analysis or an Expert systems approach. Multivariate analysis should allow for a more realistic assessment of the diagnosis accuracy of laboratory tests because all the available data are included in the evaluation.

EFFECTS OF EXCESSIVE ANNUAL APPLICATIONS OF TERBACIL, DIURON, SIMAZINE AND DICHLOBENIL ON VIGOR, YIELD, AND CATION NUTRITION OF YOUNG APPLE TREES

1988 ◽  
Vol 68 (3) ◽  
pp. 843-850 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. J. HOGUE ◽  
G. H. NEILSEN
Keyword(s):  
Tree Mortality ◽  
Ground Cover ◽  
Practical Significance ◽  
Herbicide Application ◽  
Apple Trees ◽  
Dimethyl Urea ◽  
Repeated Applications ◽  
Leaf Nutrition ◽  
Coarse Soil ◽  
Young Apple

A field trial was conducted to determine the effects of repeated applications of residual herbicides on young apple trees on dwarfing rootstock planted in coarse soil and under full growing season irrigation. Bisbee Delicious/M.26 apple trees (Malus domestica Borkh.) planted in 1978 were subjected to various, but continuous soil management treatments from 1980 to 1985. These treatments included full ground cover, glyphosate [N-(phosphonomethyl)glycine] herbicide applied at 1.5 kg a.i. ha−1 yr−1 and recommended (X), twice recommended (2X) and four times recommended (4X) rates of terbacil (3-tert-butyl-5-chloro-6-methyluracil), diuron [3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethyl urea], simazine [2-chloro-4, 6-bis(ethylamino)-s-triazine] and dichlobenil (2,6-dichlorobenzonitrile). Herbicide application at X was 1.5 kg a.i. ha−1 yr−1 for terbacil, 2.5 kg a.i. ha−1 yr−1 for diuron and simazine and 4.0 kg a.i. ha−1 yr−1 for dichlobenil. Applications of terbacil, diuron and simazine above X resulted in linear decreases in tree vigor and yield. Cumulative initial yield, 1982–85, was reduced at 4X by 46.8% for simazine and 60.8% for terbacil compared to their respective yields at X, while 4X diuron began causing tree mortality after the second application. High rates of dichlobenil did not significantly affect tree vigor or yield. Although simazine applications directly increased leaf Mg and Zn concentrations in 2 of 3 yr, the results had no practical significance, due to the toxicity of simazine. Other herbicides did not consistently influence tree cation nutrition.Key words: Apple, yield, vigor, herbicide toxicity, leaf nutrition

SUSCEPTIBILITY OF THE BLACK SPRUCE CONE MAGGOT, STROBILOMYIA APPALACHENSIS MICHELSEN (DIPTERA: ANTHOMYIIDAE) TO ENTOMOPATHOGENIC NEMATODES (NEMATODA: STEINERNEMATIDAE)

1995 ◽  
Vol 127 (6) ◽  
pp. 865-875 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.D. Sweeney ◽  
G.N. Gesner
Keyword(s):  
Laboratory Tests ◽  
Entomopathogenic Nematodes ◽  
Black Spruce ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Steinernema Carpocapsae ◽  
Repeated Applications

AbstractLarvae of the black spruce cone maggot, Strobilomyia appalachensis, were infected and killed by Steinernema carpocapsae (Weiser) All and Umeå strains, S. feltiae (Filipjev) (= bibionis) strain 27, and S. glaseri Steiner strain 326, in laboratory tests. After formation of puparia, however, cone maggots were practically resistant to all species and strains tested. Very few or no maggots were infected when nematodes were sprayed on or injected into infested spruce cones. The survival, activity, and infectivity of infective juveniles held in an aerated infusion of black spruce cones were significantly lower compared with those held in aerated water. In peat–sand columns, the proportion of larvae infected with S. feltiae, but not S. carpocapsae Umeå strain, was significantly greater when larvae were dropped immediately or 1 day following nematode application compared with 1 day before or 3 days following nematode application. Our results suggest that, in field trials for cone maggot suppression, nematodes should be applied within a day prior to larval drop and that repeated applications may be required for persistence of sufficient infectivity.

Stomatal Metabolism: Primary Carboxylation and Enzyme Activities

1978 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 485
Author(s):  
N Thorpe ◽  
C.J Brady ◽  
F.L Milthorpe
Keyword(s):  
Enzyme Activities ◽  
Phosphoenolpyruvate Carboxykinase ◽  
Acid Metabolism ◽  
High Ratio ◽  
Density Gradients ◽  
Initial Exposure ◽  
Pyruvate Orthophosphate Dikinase ◽  
Fraction 1 Protein ◽  
Orthophosphate Dikinase ◽  
Ribulosebisphosphate Carboxylase

Malate and aspartate are the major labelled products when 14CO2 is offered to epidermal strips of Commelina cyanea R.Br. Thirty seconds after initial exposure to 14CO2 of strips in light with open stomata, 75 % of 14C in aspartate was a [4-14C]aspartate. As the exposure time increased, the ratio [4-14C]aspartate to [U-14C]aspartate declined. This evidence indicates that 14C enters aspartate after a �-carboxylation reaction and that the newly formed aspartate is further metabolized by the tissue. Ribulosebisphosphate carboxylase fractionated similarly on sucrose density gradients whether from intact leaf or epidermal strips and, from either tissue, the activity was inhibited by antisera to purified fraction 1 protein from wheat. Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase from mesophyll and epidermis also coincided on sucrose density gradients. A survey of enzymic activities in extracts of leaves and epidermes showed that the latter were specialized towards the metabolism of C*4 acids. They have a high ratio of phosphoenolpyruvate to ribulosebisphosphate carboxylase activities, and enhanced amounts of aspartate aminotransferase, malate dehydrogenase (NADP+), and NAD : malic and NADP : malic enzymes. Pyruvate, orthophosphate dikinase or phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase, enzymes possibly involved with C*4 acid metabolism, were not detected.

scholarly journals Gut microbial community response to herbicide exposure in a ground beetle

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anita Giglio ◽  
Maria Luigia Vommaro ◽  
Fabrizia Gionechetti ◽  
Alberto Pallavicini
Keyword(s):  
Microbial Community ◽  
Ground Beetle ◽  
Community Response ◽  
Gut Microbial Community ◽  
Herbicide Exposure

Plasma enzyme activities in primary hypothyroidism.

1984 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 323-325 ◽  
Author(s):  
G H White ◽  
R N Walmsley
Keyword(s):  
Enzyme Activities ◽  
Medical Staff ◽  
Laboratory Tests ◽  
Clinical Chemistry ◽  
Primary Hypothyroidism ◽  
Diagnostic Problem ◽  
Plasma Enzyme ◽  
Professional Assistance ◽  
Clinical Chemistry Tests

Abstract Results of clinical chemistry tests are often initially interpreted by relatively inexperienced junior medical staff, and therefore a major role of clinical chemists is to ensure that their laboratory tests are utilized and interpreted appropriately. The cases described below demonstrate the interaction of a diagnostic problem and clinical inexperience in an area where clinical chemists can, and should be, of professional assistance.

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