scholarly journals A Brief Review of Non-Avian Reptile Environmental DNA (eDNA), with a Case Study of Painted Turtle (Chrysemys picta) eDNA Under Field Conditions

Diversity ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 50 ◽  
Author(s):  
Clare Adams ◽  
Luke Hoekstra ◽  
Morgan Muell ◽  
Fredric Janzen
Keyword(s):  
Rank Order ◽  
Environmental Dna ◽  
Chrysemys Picta ◽  
Field Conditions ◽  
Coi Gene ◽  
Painted Turtle ◽  
Freshwater Turtles ◽  
Detection Rates ◽  
Painted Turtles ◽  
Current State

Environmental DNA (eDNA) is an increasingly used non-invasive molecular tool for detecting species presence and monitoring populations. In this article, we review the current state of non-avian reptile eDNA work in aquatic systems, and present a field experiment on detecting the presence of painted turtle (Chrysemys picta) eDNA. Thus far, turtle and snake eDNA studies have shown mixed results in detecting the presence of these animals under field conditions. However, some instances of low detection rates and non-detection occur for these non-avian reptiles, especially for squamates. We explored non-avian reptile eDNA quantification by sampling four lentic ponds with different densities (0 kg/ha, 6 kg/ha, 9 kg/ha, and 13 kg/ha) of painted turtles over three months to detect differences in eDNA using a qPCR assay amplifying the COI gene of the mtDNA genome. Only one sample of the highest-density pond amplified eDNA for a positive detection. Yet, estimates of eDNA concentration from pond eDNA were rank-order correlated with turtle density. We present the “shedding hypothesis”—the possibility that animals with hard, keratinized integument do not shed as much DNA as mucus-covered organisms—as a potential challenge for eDNA studies. Despite challenges with eDNA inhibition and availability in water samples, we remain hopeful that eDNA can be used to detect freshwater turtles in the field. We provide key recommendations for biologists wishing to use eDNA methods for detecting non-avian reptiles.

scholarly journals A Brief Review of Non-Avian Reptile Environmental DNA (eDNA), with a Case Study of Painted Turtle (Chrysemys picta) eDNA under Field Conditions

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Clare I. M. Adams ◽  
Luke A. Hoekstra ◽  
Morgan R. Muell ◽  
Fredric J. Janzen
Keyword(s):  
Rank Order ◽  
Environmental Dna ◽  
Chrysemys Picta ◽  
Field Conditions ◽  
Painted Turtle ◽  
Freshwater Turtles ◽  
Detection Rates ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Painted Turtles ◽  
Current State

Environmental DNA (eDNA) is an increasingly used non-invasive molecular tool for detecting species presence and monitoring populations. In this article, we review the current state of non-avian reptile eDNA work in aquatic systems, as well as present a field experiment on detecting the presence of painted turtle (Chrysemys picta) eDNA. Thus far, turtle and snake eDNA studies have been successful mostly in detecting the presence of these animals in field conditions. However, some instances of low detection rates and non-detection occur for these non-avian reptiles, especially for squamates. We explored this matter by sampling lentic ponds with different densities (0 kg/ha, 6 kg/ha, 9 kg/ha, and 13 kg/ha) of painted turtles over three months, attempting to detect differences in eDNA accumulation using a qPCR assay. Only one sample of the highest density pond readily amplified eDNA. Yet, estimates of eDNA concentration from pond eDNA were rank-order correlated with turtle density. We present a “shedding hypothesis”–the possibility that animals with hard, keratinized integument do not shed as much DNA as mucus-covered organisms–as a potential challenge for turtle eDNA studies. Despite challenges with eDNA inhibition and availability in water samples, we remain hopeful that eDNA can be used to detect freshwater turtles in the field. We provide key recommendations for biologists wishing to use eDNA methods for detecting non-avian reptiles.

Seasonal change in the capacity for supercooling by neonatal painted turtles

2001 ◽  
Vol 204 (9) ◽  
pp. 1667-1672 ◽  
Author(s):  
G.C. Packard ◽  
M.J. Packard ◽  
L.L. McDaniel
Keyword(s):  
Natural History ◽  
Seasonal Change ◽  
Chrysemys Picta ◽  
Painted Turtle ◽  
Nucleating Agents ◽  
Limited Capacity ◽  
The North ◽  
Terrestrial Arthropods ◽  
Painted Turtles ◽  
Reduced Temperature

Hatchlings of the North American painted turtle (Chrysemys picta) typically spend their first winter of life inside the shallow, subterranean nest where they completed incubation the preceding summer. This facet of their natural history commonly causes neonates in northerly populations to be exposed in mid-winter to ice and cold, which many animals survive by remaining unfrozen and supercooled. We measured the limit of supercooling in samples of turtles taken shortly after hatching and in other samples after 2 months of acclimation (or acclimatization) to a reduced temperature in the laboratory or field. Animals initially had only a limited capacity for supercooling, but they acquired an ability to undergo deeper supercooling during the course of acclimation. The gut of most turtles was packed with particles of soil and eggshell shortly after hatching, but not after acclimation. Thus, the relatively high limit of supercooling for turtles in the days immediately after hatching may have resulted from the ingestion of soil (and associated nucleating agents) by the animals as they were freeing themselves from their eggshell, whereas the relatively low limit of supercooling attained by acclimated turtles may have resulted from their purging their gut of its contents. Parallels may, therefore, exist between the natural-history strategy expressed by hatchling painted turtles and that expressed by numerous terrestrial arthropods that withstand the cold of winter by sustaining a state of supercooling.

Natural freezing survival by painted turtles Chrysemys picta marginata and C. picta bellii

1992 ◽  
Vol 262 (3) ◽  
pp. R530-R537 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. A. Churchill ◽  
K. B. Storey
Keyword(s):  
Freeze Tolerance ◽  
Chrysemys Picta ◽  
Painted Turtle ◽  
Survival Times ◽  
Painted Turtles ◽  
Ice Content ◽  
Total Body ◽  
Natural Freezing ◽  
Free Amino Acid Pools ◽  
Continuous Freezing

Hatchlings of both the Midland (Chrysemys picta marginata) and Western (C. picta bellii) subspecies of the painted turtle tolerate the freezing of extracellular body fluids while overwintering in terrestrial nests. Fall-collected hatchlings survived 3 days of continuous freezing at -2.5 degrees C, with ice contents of 43.5 +/- 1.0% of total body water (SE; n = 24) for C. picta marginata and 46.5 +/- 0.8% (n = 32) for C. picta bellii. Survival times dropped to 4-5 h when temperature was lowered to -4 degrees C, correlated with ice contents of greater than or equal to 50%. However, C. picta marginata tested immediately after excavation from nests in the spring showed greater freeze tolerance, with survival extending to 11 days at -2.5 degrees C and a higher mean ice content of 50.2 +/- 1.2% (n = 6). Spring hatchlings also had high supercooling points, -1.07 +/- 0.13 degrees C (n = 8), that dropped within 3 days to -4.83 +/- 0.83 degrees C (n = 4), suggesting a breakdown of endogenous ice-nucleating agents when hibernation ended. A search for possible cryoprotectants showed that both subspecies accumulated glucose and lactate in liver during freezing (net increase = 3-13 mumols/g wet wt); both also maintained large free amino acid pools in organs, with taurine making up 21-47% of the total.

Is righting response lateralized in two species of freshwater turtles?

Behaviour ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 154 (9-10) ◽  
pp. 1069-1079 ◽  
Author(s):  
Geoffrey R. Smith ◽  
Jessica E. Rettig ◽  
John B. Iverson
Keyword(s):  
Population Level ◽  
Chrysemys Picta ◽  
Shell Shape ◽  
Painted Turtle ◽  
Freshwater Turtles ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Righting Response ◽  
Sternotherus Odoratus ◽  
Terrestrial Habitats

Laterality has been found in a variety of reptiles. In turtles, one important behaviour is the righting response. Here, we studied laterality of righting response of two species of freshwater turtles, the Painted Turtle (Chrysemys picta) and the Eastern Musk Turtle (Sternotherus odoratus). We found evidence of individual-level laterality in righting response inC. picta, but notS. odoratus. Neither species showed evidence of population-level laterality in righting response. Our results suggest that there is variation in the extent of laterality of righting response in turtles. Possible explanations for variation in laterality of righting response in turtles include shell shape and use of terrestrial habitats. However, more species of turtles need to be examined to demonstrate any general patterns in laterality of righting response in turtles.

The physiology of hibernation among painted turtles: the midland painted turtle (Chrysemys picta marginata)

2000 ◽  
Vol 124 (1) ◽  
pp. 43-50 ◽  
Author(s):  
Scott A. Reese ◽  
Carlos E. Crocker ◽  
Donald C. Jackson ◽  
Gordon R. Ultsch
Keyword(s):  
Chrysemys Picta ◽  
Painted Turtle ◽  
Painted Turtles

How do sexual differences in growth and maturation interact to determine size in northern and southern painted turtles?

1994 ◽  
Vol 72 (8) ◽  
pp. 1436-1443 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert St. Clair ◽  
Patrick T. Gregory ◽  
J. Malcolm Macartney
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Chrysemys Picta ◽  
Annual Growth ◽  
Painted Turtle ◽  
Size At Maturity ◽  
The South ◽  
Northern Limit ◽  
Painted Turtles ◽  
Annual Frequency

Widely distributed animals often show considerable differences in growth and maturation both between sexes and among populations. We compared growth and maturation between the sexes in the painted turtle (Chrysemys picta) at the northern limit of its range and related these differences to patterns observed in southern populations. In British Columbia, females grow faster and mature later than males, and as a consequence, are both larger and older than males at maturity. Northern individuals of both sexes show greater annual growth than populations farther south, despite a shorter growing season. Northern males may mature at a similar age to those in the south but northern females mature later than those in the south and this, coupled with faster growth, results in larger size at maturity. Because of constraints on the number of clutches that may be successfully incubated per year at a higher latitude, northern females reproduce at most once per year, whereas southern females can produce several clutches over a summer. Therefore, delayed maturity and faster growth may be favoured in northern females so that they may produce larger clutches at a necessarily lower annual frequency.

Thermal environment for overwintering hatchlings of the painted turtle (Chrysemys picta)

1997 ◽  
Vol 75 (3) ◽  
pp. 401-406 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gary C. Packard ◽  
Sarah L. Fasano ◽  
Marcus B. Attaway ◽  
Leslie D. Lohmiller ◽  
Trina L. Lynch
Keyword(s):  
Low Temperatures ◽  
Thermal Environment ◽  
Chrysemys Picta ◽  
Painted Turtle ◽  
National Wildlife Refuge ◽  
North Central ◽  
Wildlife Refuge ◽  
Painted Turtles ◽  
Frozen State

We monitored temperatures during the winter of 1995–1996 inside 18 nests containing hatchling painted turtles (Chrysemys picta). The study was performed at the Valentine National Wildlife Refuge in north-central Nebraska to assess survival of neonatal turtles in relation to the thermal environment inside their hibernacula. Minimum temperatures in the nests varied from −3 to −21 °C, and were better predictors of survival of hatchlings than other measures of the thermal environment. All hatchlings survived in nests where the temperature never went below −7 °C, some animals survived in nests where the minimum was between −7 and −13 °C, but no turtle survived in a nest where the minimum was below −14 °C. Hatchlings probably survived the cold by sustaining a state of supercooling, because the duration of exposure to low temperatures was far too long for animals in most nests to have survived in a frozen state.

Predation on painted turtle nests: nest survival as a function of nest age

1982 ◽  
Vol 60 (12) ◽  
pp. 3290-3292 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathan E. Snow
Keyword(s):  
Procyon Lotor ◽  
Nest Survival ◽  
Predation Rate ◽  
Chrysemys Picta ◽  
Mephitis Mephitis ◽  
Painted Turtle ◽  
Tamias Striatus ◽  
Painted Turtles ◽  
Risk Of Predation ◽  
The Relationship

This study examined the relationship between nest age and predation rate in painted turtles (Chrysemys picta). Eighty-one intact nests were found; 33 were eventually preyed upon during the study. New nests (less than 72 h old) do not appear to have a greater risk of predation than older nests. The majority (55%) of nests preyed upon were older than 72 h. Nests were divided into two groups: the first 41 of the season's nestings and the remaining 40 nestings. The proportion of nests preyed upon did not differ significantly between the two groups. Predators appeared to have made more frequent daily visits during the time the latter group of nests were being constructed. The average age of nests preyed upon in each group was 13.7 and 2.7 d, respectively; these averages are significantly different. Identifiable predators included skunks (Mephitis mephitis), raccoons (Procyon lotor), foxes (Vulpes fulva), and chipmunks (Tamias striatus) that accounted for 23, 4, 4, and 5, respectively, of the nests preyed upon.

The Physiology of Hibernation among Painted Turtles: The Eastern Painted Turtle Chrysemys picta picta

1999 ◽  
Vol 72 (4) ◽  
pp. 493-501 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gordon R. Ultsch ◽  
Mary E. Carwile ◽  
Carlos E. Crocker ◽  
Donald C. Jackson
Keyword(s):  
Chrysemys Picta ◽  
Painted Turtle ◽  
Painted Turtles

scholarly journals Skeletal Muscle Histidine Containing Dipeptide Contents are Increased in Freshwater Turtles (Chrysemys picta bellii) with Cold-Acclimation

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eimear Dolan ◽  
Daniel E Warren ◽  
Roger C Harris ◽  
Craig Sale ◽  
Bruno Gualano ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Temperature Sensitivity ◽  
Ph Regulation ◽  
Chrysemys Picta ◽  
Painted Turtle ◽  
Freshwater Turtles ◽  
Acid Base ◽  
Cold Temperatures ◽  
Chrysemys Picta Bellii ◽  
Buffering Power

Freshwater turtles found in higher latitudes can experience extreme challenges to acid-base homeostasis while overwintering, due to a combination of cold temperatures along with the potential for environmental hypoxia. Histidine containing dipeptides (HCDs; carnosine, anserine and balenine) may facilitate pH regulation in response to these challenges, through their role as pH buffers. We measured the HCDs content of three tissues (liver, cardiac muscle and skeletal muscle) from the anoxia-tolerant painted turtle (Chrysemys picta bellii) acclimated to either 3 or 20 C. HCDs were detected in all tissues, with the highest content shown in the skeletal muscle. Turtles acclimated to 3 C had more HCD in their skeletal muscle than those acclimated to 20 C (carnosine = 20.8 +/- 4.5 vs 12.5 +/- 5.9 mmol/kg DM; ES = 1.59 (95%CI: 0.16 - 3.00), P = 0.013). The higher HCD content observed in the skeletal muscle of the cold-acclimated turtles suggests a role in acid-base regulation in response to physiological challenges associated with living in the cold, with the increase possibly related to the temperature sensitivity of carnosine's dissociation constant and buffering power of the skeletal muscle during anoxic submergence.

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