scholarly journals Freeze-Up Ice Jam Formation in the River Bend, a Case Study on the Inner Mongolia Reach of Yellow River

Crystals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 631
Author(s):  
Shui-Xia Zhao ◽  
Wen-Jun Wang ◽  
Xiao-Hong Shi ◽  
Sheng-Nan Zhao ◽  
Ying-Jie Wu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sediment Transport ◽  
Yellow River ◽  
Open Water ◽  
River Ice ◽  
Freezing Process ◽  
Ice Jams ◽  
Narrow Channels ◽  
Frazil Ice ◽  
Ice Jam ◽  
Bed Changes

Concern has been expressed regarding the impacts of climate change on river ice and ice jam formation in cold regions. Ice jams are easily initiated in bends and narrow channels and cause disasters. In this study, observations and remote sensing monitoring are used to study the freeze-up ice jam formation of bends. Sediment transport and freezing process of the river interact, influencing bed changes profile and sedimentary budget. River ice processes, channel evolution, ice hydro-thermodynamics, and ice jam accumulation are explored. The results show that the channel topography determines the river thalweg, and that the channel elevation interacts with the river ice through sediment transport. The channel shrinkage increases the probability of ice jam, and the sharp bend is prone to ice jam formation. Under the effect of secondary circulation flow in the bend and in the outer bank, the juxtaposed freeze-up and the hummocky ice cover occur in the same location, and frazil ice accumulates under the junction of the main channel and the shoals. Affected by the increase of the hydraulic slope and the velocity downstream, open water reaches develops downstream of the ice accumulation. An open water section is emerged upstream of the bend, due to the ice deposition, and partly cut-off supply of the frazil.

Suspended sediment concentration and deformation of riverbed in a frazil jammed reach

2000 ◽  
Vol 27 (6) ◽  
pp. 1120-1129 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jueyi Sui ◽  
Desheng Wang ◽  
Bryan W Karney
Keyword(s):  
Sediment Transport ◽  
Open Channel ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Suspended Sediment Concentration ◽  
Yellow River ◽  
Sediment Concentration ◽  
Ice Jams ◽  
Frazil Ice ◽  
Ice Jam ◽  
Load Sediment

The presence of ice in rivers affects hydrodynamic conditions through changes in both the river's boundary conditions and its thermal regime. Therefore, the characteristics of sediment transport and the deformation of the river channel in ice-covered rivers are quite different from those experiencing conventional open channel flow. The variables of ice behavior, ice jamming extent, sediment transport, and deformation of the riverbed during ice periods are interrelated on the basis of both physical arguments and field experiments of river ice jams in the Hequ Reach of the Yellow River. The characteristics of sediment concentration in water, frazil ice, and ice cover are described. Analyses have been made on the mechanism of the evolution of frazil jam and the associated adjustments in the riverbed. It has been found that the evolution of the ice jam and the deformation of the riverbed reinforce each other. The interrelationship between the particular features of evolution of ice jam and deformation of riverbed is summarized here in the form of regression relationships relating the hydraulic parameters of water under ice jams to the deformation-extent of the riverbed and the jamming-extent.Key words: deformation of riverbed, evolution of frazil jam, frazil jam, suspended load, sediment concentration.

scholarly journals Variation in water level under ice-jammed condition – field investigation and experimental study

2005 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 65-84 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jueyi Sui ◽  
Bryan W. Karney ◽  
Daxian Fang
Keyword(s):  
Water Level ◽  
Yellow River ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Field Investigation ◽  
River Ice ◽  
Experimental Investigations ◽  
Physical Parameters ◽  
Ice Jams ◽  
Frazil Ice ◽  
Ice Concentration

This paper presents the impacts of frazil ice jams on the variation in water level at the Hequ Reach of the Yellow River in China. Based on both field observations and experimental studies, it is found that both the evolution of frazil ice jams and the associated variation in water level depend upon an interesting interaction between hydraulic variables during the ice-jammed period. In particular, the critical Froude number governing the formation of river ice jams and their upstream propagation is about 0.09. The water level during ice-jammed periods depends not only on the slope of the water surface and the water level under open-water conditions with the same discharge, but also on the length of the ice jam and the ice concentration in the water. Moreover, the field investigations show that the thickness of river ice strongly influences the variation in water level during ice-jammed periods. Empirical relationships are derived to quantify the relationship between the highest water level during ice periods and related physical parameters. To confirm the field results, and to explore the influence of ice discharge on the variation in water level, experimental studies were also conducted. These results confirm that the ice concentration plays a key role in the variation in water level and the jam thickness. Given the complexity of the jamming processes, surprisingly good agreement is observed between field and experimental investigations.

Thermal budget of river ice covers during breakup

1989 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 62-71 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. D. Prowse ◽  
P. Marsh
Keyword(s):  
Heat Input ◽  
Leading Edge ◽  
Field Measurements ◽  
Open Water ◽  
Heat Fluxes ◽  
River Ice ◽  
Ice Jams ◽  
Frazil Ice ◽  
Ice Melt ◽  
Ice Roughness

The magnitude and relative importance of atmosheric (air–ice) and hydrothermal (water–ice) heat fluxes to intact and fragmented river ice covers are studied for the case of a thermal breakup. Based on field measurements obtained from the Liard River, the atmospheric sources are shown to be dominant during the period of intact ice cover. Radiation was the primary heat source, but its effect was reduced by a granulation of the decaying columnar ice which increased the cover albedo to that comparable for melting snow. The hydrothermal heat input, even with frazil ice entrained within the flow, was comparable to that from atmospheric sources under low melt conditions. The hydrothermal heat flux dramatically increased with the arrival of the breakup front because of a rapid rise in water temperature and an increase in subsurface ice roughness. Higher surface roughness and lower albedo of the fragmented ice also increased the atmospheric heat fluxes, but these were small relative to the hydrothermal heat input near the leading edge of open water. Key words: floating ice, ice breakup, ice jams, ice melt.

Ice jam mitigation

1990 ◽  
Vol 17 (5) ◽  
pp. 675-685 ◽  
Author(s):  
Harold S. Belore ◽  
Brian C. Burrell ◽  
Spyros Beltaos
Keyword(s):  
Key Words ◽  
Carrying Capacity ◽  
Flood Control ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Water Levels ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
River Ice ◽  
Ice Jams ◽  
Ice Jam ◽  
Ice Breakup

In Canada, flooding due to the rise in water levels upstream of an ice jam, or the temporary exceedance of the flow and ice-carrying capacity of a channel upon release of an ice jam, has resulted in the loss of human life and extensive economic losses. Ice jam mitigation is a component of river ice management which includes all activities carried out to prevent or remove ice jams, or to reduce the damages that may result from an ice jam event. This paper presents a brief overview of measures to mitigate the damaging effects of ice jams and contains a discussion on their application to Canadian rivers. Key words: controlled ice breakup, flood control, ice jams, ice management, river ice.

Modelling climatic impacts on ice-jam floods: a review of current models, modelling capabilities, challenges, and future prospects.

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Apurba Das ◽  
Karl-Erich Lindenschmidt
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Climate Change Impacts ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
River Ice ◽  
Ice Jams ◽  
Ice Jam ◽  
Northern Latitudes ◽  
Climatic Impacts ◽  
Current Modelling

River ice is an important hydraulic and hydrological component of many rivers in the high northern latitudes of the world. It controls the hydraulic characteristics of streamflow, affects the geomorphology of channels, and can cause flooding due to ice-jam formation during ice-cover freeze-up and breakup periods. In recent decades, climate change has considerably altered ice regimes, affecting the severity of ice-jam flooding. Although many approaches have been developed to model river ice regimes and the severity of ice jam flooding, appropriate methods that account for impacts of the future climate on ice-jam flooding have not been well established. Therefore, the main goals of this study are to review the current knowledge of climate change impacts on river ice processes and to assess the current modelling capabilities to determine the severity of ice jams under future climatic conditions. Finally, a conceptual river ice-jam modelling approach is presented for incorporating climate change impacts on ice jams.

Longitudinal floating structures – new concepts in river ice control

1991 ◽  
Vol 18 (6) ◽  
pp. 933-939 ◽  
Author(s):  
Darryl J. Calkins
Keyword(s):  
Patent Application ◽  
Ice Cover ◽  
River Ice ◽  
Army Corps ◽  
Army Corps Of Engineers ◽  
Ice Jams ◽  
Control Structures ◽  
Ice Jam ◽  
New Concepts ◽  
Ice Control

Ice control structures placed in the streamwise direction of a river were analyzed to determine the effectiveness in reducing ice jam thicknesses. The theory describing the thickness for “wide” river ice jams was modified to analyze these longitudinal types, providing the computational verification that ice jam thicknesses could be reduced where the mode of ice cover thickening is internal collapse. These longitudinal structures appear to provide a new tool for modifying the river ice regime at freeze-up and possibly at breakup. By decreasing the ice jam thicknesses, which leads to lower stages, the structures have the potential for decreasing ice jam flood levels. The structures' ability to function is independent of the flow velocity and these structures should perform in rivers with velocities greater than the usual limitation of roughly 1 m/s associated with conventional cross-channel ice booms. Other possible applications include controlling ice movement at outlets from lakes, enhancing river ice cover progression, or even restraining the ice cover at breakup. A U.S. patent application has been filed jointly by the author and the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. Key words: river ice, ice jams, ice control, hydraulic structures, ice booms.

Ice jam release surges, ice runs, and breaking fronts: field measurements, physical descriptions, and research needs

2003 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 113-127 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin Jasek
Keyword(s):  
Unsteady Flow ◽  
Field Measurements ◽  
Open Water ◽  
Two Phase ◽  
Ice Jams ◽  
Water Ice ◽  
Flow Models ◽  
Ice Jam ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Break Up

Surges or flood waves made up of ice and water resulting from the release of ice jams can be destructive to life and property and are also one of the more complicated problems in river ice engineering. The interaction between the ice mechanics and unsteady flow leads to results that are often unpredictable with open water unsteady flow models. There are considerable differences of opinion on the degree of significance of this water–ice interaction. There have also been recent developments in two-phase unsteady flow modelling which are capable of handling these complicated situations. It is the aim of this paper to present both quantitative data and qualitative observations on ice runs and breaking fronts to provide insight to the physical processes involved as and possible sources of model calibration data.Key words: ice jam, surge, unsteady flow, ice run, ice jam release, breaking front, break-up, breakup, break-up front.

High-accuracy mapping of inundations induced by ice jams: a case study from Iceland

2012 ◽  
Vol 43 (4) ◽  
pp. 412-421 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emmanuel Pagneux ◽  
Árni Snorrason
Keyword(s):  
Flood Hazard ◽  
Numerical Models ◽  
Open Water ◽  
Flood Hazards ◽  
Hydraulic Modelling ◽  
Photo Interpretation ◽  
Ice Jams ◽  
Ice Jam ◽  
Digital Elevation ◽  
Elevation Model

Hydraulic modelling is widely used for deriving flood hazard maps featuring depth of flooding and flow velocity from discharge scenarios. Due to uncertainties about flow conditions or inaccurate terrain models, flood hazards maps obtained from hydraulic modelling may be of limited relevance and accuracy. Hydraulic modelling is particularly challenging in Arctic regions, where ice jams lead to flooding in areas that would not be subjected to inundation under open-water conditions. As numerical models of ice jam processes require information that may be difficult and expensive to collect, an alternative approach based on the photo interpretation of documented historical events is presented here. Orthophotographs and a digital elevation model at high resolution are used to support the photo interpretation process. Tested in an Icelandic watershed prone to ice jam floods, reconstructions provide locally unprecedented and robust information on the extent and depth of flooding of inundations induced by ice jams.

scholarly journals River predisposition to ice jams: a simplified geospatial model

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stéphane De Munck ◽  
Yves Gauthier ◽  
Monique Bernier ◽  
Karem Chokmani ◽  
Serge Légaré
Keyword(s):  
Local Knowledge ◽  
False Positive ◽  
False Negative ◽  
River Channel ◽  
Geospatial Data ◽  
River Ice ◽  
Main Question ◽  
Ice Jams ◽  
Ice Jam ◽  
Break Up

Abstract. The goal of this work was to develop a simplified geospatial model to estimate the predisposition of any river channel to ice jams. Rather than predicting river ice break up, the main question here was to predict where the broken up ice is susceptible to jam based on the river’s geomorphological characteristics. Thus, six parameters referred to potential causes for ice jams in the literature were selected: presence of an island, narrowing of the channel, high sinuosity, presence of a bridge, confluence of rivers, and slope break. A GIS-based tool has been used to generate the aforementioned factors over regular-spaced segments along the entire channel using available geospatial data. An "Ice Jam Predisposition Index" (IJPI) was calculated by combining the weighted optimal factors. Three Canadian rivers (Province of Quebec) have been chosen as test sites. The resulting maps were assessed from historical observations and local knowledge. Results show 77 % of the observed ice jam sites on record occurred in river sections that the model considered as having high or medium predisposition. This leaves 23 % of false negative errors (missed occurrence). Between 7 % and 11 % of the highly "predisposed" river sections did not have an ice jam on record (false-positive errors). Potential improvements are discussed.

Analysis of breakup and ice jams on the Athabasca River at Fort McMurray, Alberta

1984 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 444-458 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. D. Andres ◽  
P. F. Doyle
Keyword(s):  
Internal Friction ◽  
Open Water ◽  
Water Levels ◽  
Roughness Coefficient ◽  
Produce Water ◽  
Ice Jams ◽  
Athabasca River ◽  
Fort Mcmurray ◽  
Ice Jam ◽  
Clearwater River

During breakup, severe ice jams form at Fort McMurray, Alberta because of the dramatic change in the character of the Athabasca River at that location. Such jams, which produce water levels in the order of 10 m above the normal open water stage, were documented in 1977, 1978, and 1979. Additional channel surveys and improved estimates of discharge made since the initial analysis have redefined the ice jam characteristics. The Manning roughness coefficient of the underside of the ice jams was found to be 0.072. The new discharge estimates, which were up to twice those previously reported, result in a calculated coefficient of internal friction of 0.8–2.7. This is 30–100% greater than previous estimates, but still similar to values determined for ice jams at other locations.Even with the variation in the coefficient of internal friction, the river stage due to an ice jam at Fort McMurray could be computed with reasonable accuracy for a range of given discharges. If jams form downstream of the mouth of the Clearwater River at discharges greater than 800 m3/s (considerably less than the 1-in-2-year open water flood), flooding will occur within lower Fort McMurray. Unfortunately, the frequency of such an event is unknown because the probabilities of both the discharge being exceeded and the jam occurrence cannot be defined. Key words: ice, breakup, ice jam, ice roughness, flooding, hydraulics.

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