scholarly journals Key Generation for Hardware Obfuscation Using Strong PUFs

Cryptography ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 17 ◽  
Author(s):  
Md Shahed Enamul Quadir ◽  
John A. Chandy
Keyword(s):  
Reverse Engineering ◽  
Internet Protocol ◽  
Key Generation ◽  
Physical Unclonable Functions ◽  
Excess Production ◽  
Ip Theft

As a result of the increased use of contract foundries, internet protocol (IP) theft, excess production and reverse engineering are major concerns for the electronics and defense industries. Hardware obfuscation and IP locking can be used to make a design secure by replacing a part of the circuit with a key-locked module. In order to ensure each chip has unique keys, previous work has proposed using physical unclonable functions (PUF) to lock the circuit. However, these designs are area intensive. In this work, we propose a strong PUF-based hardware obfuscation scheme to uniquely lock each chip.

scholarly journals Total Ionizing Dose Effects on a Delay-Based Physical Unclonable Function Implemented in FPGAs

Electronics ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (9) ◽  
pp. 163 ◽  
Author(s):  
Honorio Martin ◽  
Pedro Martin-Holgado ◽  
Yolanda Morilla ◽  
Luis Entrena ◽  
Enrique San-Millan
Keyword(s):  
Low Cost ◽  
Ring Oscillator ◽  
Radiation Environment ◽  
Key Generation ◽  
Total Ionizing Dose ◽  
Space Applications ◽  
Physical Unclonable Functions ◽  
Dose Effects ◽  
Total Ionizing Dose Effects

Physical Unclonable Functions (PUFs) are hardware security primitives that are increasingly being used for authentication and key generation in ICs and FPGAs. For space systems, they are a promising approach to meet the needs for secure communications at low cost. To this purpose, it is essential to determine if they are reliable in the space radiation environment. In this work we evaluate the Total Ionizing Dose effects on a delay-based PUF implemented in SRAM-FPGA, namely a Ring Oscillator PUF. Several major quality metrics have been used to analyze the evolution of the PUF response with the total ionizing dose. Experimental results demonstrate that total ionizing dose has a perceptible effect on the quality of the PUF response, but it could still be used for space applications by making some appropriate corrections.

scholarly journals Barrel Shifter Physical Unclonable Function Based Encryption

Cryptography ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 22 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yunxi Guo ◽  
Timothy Dee ◽  
Akhilesh Tyagi
Keyword(s):  
Logistic Regression ◽  
Manufacturing Process ◽  
Ring Oscillator ◽  
Key Generation ◽  
Physical Unclonable Functions ◽  
Encryption And Decryption ◽  
Barrel Shifter ◽  
Transmission Gates ◽  
Encryption Decryption ◽  
Randomness Tests

Physical Unclonable Functions (PUFs) are designed to extract physical randomness from the underlying silicon. This randomness depends on the manufacturing process. It differs for each device. This enables chip-level authentication and key generation applications. We present an encryption protocol using PUFs as primary encryption/decryption functions. Each party has a PUF used for encryption and decryption. This PUF is constrained to be invertible and commutative. The focus of the paper is an evaluation of an invertible and commutative PUF based on a primitive shifting permutation network—a barrel shifter. Barrel shifter (BS) PUF captures the delay of different shift paths. This delay is entangled with message bits before they are sent across an insecure channel. BS-PUF is implemented using transmission gates for physical commutativity. Post-layout simulations of a common centroid layout 8-level barrel shifter in 0.13 μ m technology assess uniqueness, stability, randomness and commutativity properties. BS-PUFs pass all selected NIST statistical randomness tests. Stability similar to Ring Oscillator (RO) PUFs under environmental variation is shown. Logistic regression of 100,000 plaintext–ciphertext pairs (PCPs) fails to successfully model BS-PUF behavior.

scholarly journals DANA Universal Dataflow Analysis for Gate-Level Netlist Reverse Engineering

2020 ◽  
pp. 309-336
Author(s):  
Nils Albartus ◽  
Max Hoffmann ◽  
Sebastian Temme ◽  
Leonid Azriel ◽  
Christof Paar
Keyword(s):  
Integrated Circuits ◽  
Reverse Engineering ◽  
Dataflow Analysis ◽  
Hardware Trojans ◽  
On Chip ◽  
Perfect Recovery ◽  
High Level ◽  
And Control ◽  
Hardware Designs ◽  
Ip Theft

Reverse engineering of integrated circuits, i.e., understanding the internals of Integrated Circuits (ICs), is required for many benign and malicious applications. Examples of the former are detection of patent infringements, hardware Trojans or Intellectual Property (IP)-theft, as well as interface recovery and defect analysis, while malicious applications include IP-theft and finding insertion points for hardware Trojans. However, regardless of the application, the reverse engineer initially starts with a large unstructured netlist, forming an incomprehensible sea of gates.This work presents DANA, a generic, technology-agnostic, and fully automated dataflow analysis methodology for flattened gate-level netlists. By analyzing the flow of data between individual Flip Flops (FFs), DANA recovers high-level registers. The key idea behind DANA is to combine independent metrics based on structural and control information with a powerful automated architecture. Notably, DANA works without any thresholds, scenario-dependent parameters, or other “magic” values that the user must choose. We evaluate DANA on nine modern hardware designs, ranging from cryptographic co-processors, over CPUs, to the OpenTitan, a stateof- the-art System-on-Chip (SoC), which is maintained by the lowRISC initiative with supporting industry partners like Google and Western Digital. Our results demonstrate almost perfect recovery of registers for all case studies, regardless whether they were synthesized as FPGA or ASIC netlists. Furthermore, we explore two applications for dataflow analysis: we show that the raw output of DANA often already allows to identify crucial components and high-level architecture features and also demonstrate its applicability for detecting simple hardware Trojans.Hence, DANA can be applied universally as the first step when investigating unknown netlists and provides major guidance for human analysts by structuring and condensing the otherwise incomprehensible sea of gates. Our implementation of DANA and all synthesized netlists are available as open source on GitHub.

scholarly journals NIST-certified secure key generation via deep learning of physical unclonable functions in silica aerogels

Nanophotonics ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 457-464
Author(s):  
Andrea Fratalocchi ◽  
Adam Fleming ◽  
Claudio Conti ◽  
Andrea Di Falco
Keyword(s):  
Deep Learning ◽  
Silica Aerogels ◽  
Key Generation ◽  
Physical Unclonable Functions ◽  
Mapping Algorithm ◽  
Neural Architecture ◽  
All Optical ◽  
Certification Standards ◽  
Cryptographic Keys ◽  
Random Generators

AbstractPhysical unclonable functions (PUFs) are complex physical objects that aim at overcoming the vulnerabilities of traditional cryptographic keys, promising a robust class of security primitives for different applications. Optical PUFs present advantages over traditional electronic realizations, namely, a stronger unclonability, but suffer from problems of reliability and weak unpredictability of the key. We here develop a two-step PUF generation strategy based on deep learning, which associates reliable keys verified against the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) certification standards of true random generators for cryptography. The idea explored in this work is to decouple the design of the PUFs from the key generation and train a neural architecture to learn the mapping algorithm between the key and the PUF. We report experimental results with all-optical PUFs realized in silica aerogels and analyzed a population of 100 generated keys, each of 10,000 bit length. The key generated passed all tests required by the NIST standard, with proportion outcomes well beyond the NIST’s recommended threshold. The two-step key generation strategy studied in this work can be generalized to any PUF based on either optical or electronic implementations. It can help the design of robust PUFs for both secure authentications and encrypted communications.

scholarly journals Intrinsic Physical Unclonable Function (PUF) Sensors in Commodity Devices

Sensors ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (11) ◽  
pp. 2428 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shuai Chen ◽  
Bing Li ◽  
Yuan Cao
Keyword(s):  
Random Access ◽  
Random Access Memory ◽  
Experimental Results ◽  
Raspberry Pi ◽  
Key Generation ◽  
Access Memory ◽  
Physical Unclonable Functions ◽  
Security Authentication ◽  
Commercial Off The Shelf ◽  
Intrinsic Dynamic

The environment-dependent feature of physical unclonable functions (PUFs) is capable of sensing environment changes. This paper presents an analysis and categorization of a variety of PUF sensors. Prior works have demonstrated that PUFs can be used as sensors while providing a security authentication assurance. However, most of the PUF sensors need a dedicated circuit. It can be difficult to implemented in commercial off-the-shelf devices. This paper focuses on the intrinsic Dynamic Random Access Memory (DRAM) PUF-based sensors, which requires no modifications for hardware. The preliminary experimental results on Raspberry Pi have demonstrated the feasibility of our design. Furthermore, we configured the DRAM PUF-based sensor in a DRAM PUF-based key generation scheme which improves the practicability of the design.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document