scholarly journals Characterizing the Mechanism of Action of Essential Oils on Skin Homeostasis—Data from Sonographic Imaging, Epidermal Water Dynamics, and Skin Biomechanics

Cosmetics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 36
Author(s):  
Sérgio Faloni de Andrade ◽  
Patricia Rijo ◽  
Clemente Rocha ◽  
Lin Zhu ◽  
Luis Monteiro Rodrigues
Keyword(s):  
Essential Oils ◽  
Water Retention ◽  
Good Clinical Practice ◽  
Water Dynamics ◽  
Safety And Efficacy ◽  
Almond Oil ◽  
Action Mechanisms ◽  
Nonparametric Statistical ◽  
Skin Biomechanics ◽  
Sonographic Imaging

Essential oils (EOs) have been recognized as materials of interest for dermatological applications, although some doubts remain regarding their safety and efficacy. We studied the action mechanisms of EOs from lavender and sage in human skin. Extracted EOs were incorporated (at 5% and 10%) in almond oil as a vehicle. Eleven healthy volunteers were selected and the prepared oils were tested on both forearms. All procedures respected the principles of good clinical practice. Effects were followed through high resolution sonography (HRS), epidermal water dynamics, and biomechanics. All variables were measured before and 30 min after application. Nonparametric statistical comparisons were applied (p < 0.05). HRS revealed a more echogenic epidermis, with a significant echogenicity decrease in the dermis (higher water retention) for all formulations. Significant TEWL decrease and an increase in superficial and deep epidermal hydration were also observed. These results indicate that EOs penetrate only into the most superficial layers of the skin, which is important for their safety profile. Furthermore, this “filmogenic” mechanism improving the epidermal water balance seems to connect directly with the observed biomechanical enhancement. These results confirm the clinical relevance of these compounds, in particular to restore the epidermal water content and prevent xerosis and other related disorders in sensitive (atopic, elderly) patients.

scholarly journals The influence of stony soil properties on water dynamics modeled by the HYDRUS model

2018 ◽  
Vol 66 (2) ◽  
pp. 181-188 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hana Hlaváčiková ◽  
Viliam Novák ◽  
Zdeněk Kostka ◽  
Michal Danko ◽  
Jozef Hlavčo
Keyword(s):  
Soil Water ◽  
Water Retention ◽  
Water Storage ◽  
Water Dynamics ◽  
Soil Water Storage ◽  
Rock Fragments ◽  
Soil Fraction ◽  
Fine Soil ◽  
Stony Soil ◽  
Water Retention Properties

AbstractStony soils are composed of two fractions (rock fragments and fine soil) with different hydrophysical characteristics. Although stony soils are abundant in many catchments, their properties are still not well understood. This manuscript presents an application of the simple methodology for deriving water retention properties of stony soils, taking into account a correction for the soil stoniness. Variations in the water retention of the fine soil fraction and its impact on both the soil water storage and the bottom boundary fluxes are studied as well. The deterministic water flow model HYDRUS-1D is used in the study. The results indicate that the presence of rock fragments in a moderate-to-high stony soil can decrease the soil water storage by 23% or more and affect the soil water dynamics. Simulated bottom fluxes increased or decreased faster, and their maxima during the wet period were larger in the stony soil compared to the non-stony one.

Soil water dynamics in forested and irrigated sites in Cyprus 

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marinos Eliades ◽  
Adriana Bruggeman ◽  
Hakan Djuma ◽  
Melpomeni Siakou ◽  
Panagiota Venetsanou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Water Potential ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Water Flow ◽  
Water Retention ◽  
Soil Depth ◽  
Soil Water Potential ◽  
Water Dynamics ◽  
Annual Rainfall ◽  
Irrigation Amount

&lt;p&gt;The water storage in soil is a dynamic process that changes with soil, vegetation and climate properties. Water retention curves, that describe the relationship between the soil water content (&amp;#952;) and the soil water potential (&amp;#968;), are used to model soil water flow and root water uptake by the plants. The overall objective of this study is to derive the retention curves of soils at two forested (Agia Marina, Platania) and two irrigated (Galata, Strakka) sites in Cyprus from in-situ soil moisture and soil water potential observations.&amp;#160;&lt;br&gt;The long-term (1980 &amp;#8211; 2010) average annual rainfall at Strakka olive grove (255 m elevation), Agia Marina P. brutia forest (640 m), Galata peach orchard (784 m) and Platania P. brutia forest (1160 m) is 298, 425, 502 and 839 mm, respectively. &amp;#160;The average soil depth at Agia Marina is 14 cm, while at other sites it is around 1 m. We installed a total of 18 TEROS21 soil water potential sensors, 37 5TM and 19 SMT100 soil moisture sensors, at different soil depths at the four sites.&amp;#160;&lt;br&gt;Results from January 2019 to January 2021 show differences in the water retention curves of the four sites due to different soil textures. At the forested sites, &amp;#952; reached wilting point at the summer period, indicating that trees extend their roots beyond the soil profile, to the bedrock in order to survive. At the irrigated sites, &amp;#952; exceeds field capacity during irrigation, indicating over-irrigation. We found different water retention relations after rainfall and after irrigation, indicating that irrigation has an uneven spatial distribution. These findings suggest that the irrigation in these fields is not optimal and farmers may need to increase the number of irrigation drippers, while reducing the irrigation amount per dripper. From a monitoring perspective, increasing the number of sensors may give a better representation of the soil moisture conditions.&amp;#160;&lt;br&gt;The research has received financial support from the ERANETMED3 program, as part of the ISOMED project (Environmental Isotope Techniques for Water Flow Accounting), funded through the Cyprus Research and Innovation Foundation.&lt;/p&gt;

scholarly journals Combination of Measurement Methods for a Wide-Range Description of Hydraulic Soil Properties

Water ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 1021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Weninger ◽  
Gernot Bodner ◽  
Janis Kreiselmeier ◽  
Parvathy Chandrasekhar ◽  
Stefan Julich ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hydraulic Conductivity ◽  
Soil Properties ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Water Retention ◽  
Measurement Methods ◽  
Water Dynamics ◽  
Conductivity Measurements ◽  
Soil Water Dynamics ◽  
Evaporation Method ◽  
Wide Range

Established measurement methods for hydraulic soil properties cover a limited soil moisture range. Simulations of soil water dynamics based on such observations are therefore rarely representative for all conditions from saturation to drought. Recent technical developments facilitate efficient and cheap collecting of soil water characteristics data, but the quantitative benefit of extended measurement campaigns has not been adequately tested yet. In this study, a combination of four methods to measure water retention and hydraulic conductivity at different moisture ranges was applied. Evaporation method, dewpoint psychrometry, hood infiltrometer experiments, and falling head method for saturated conductivity were conducted at two experimental sites in eastern Austria. Effects of including the particular methods in the measurement strategy were examined by visual evaluation and a 1D-modelling sensitivity study including drainage, infiltration and drought conditions. The evaporation method was considered essential due to its broad measurement range both for water retention and hydraulic conductivity. In addition to that, the highest effect on simulated water balance components was induced by the inclusion of separate conductivity measurements near saturation. Water content after three days of drainage was 15 percent higher and the transpiration rate in a drought period was 22 percent higher without near-saturated conductivity measurements. Based on relative comparisons between different combinations, we suggested combining evaporation method and hood infiltrometer experiments as the basis for representative predictions of soil water dynamics.

scholarly journals Soil functioning in a toposequence under rainforest in São Paulo, Brazil

2013 ◽  
Vol 37 (2) ◽  
pp. 392-399 ◽  
Author(s):  
Miguel Cooper ◽  
João Carlos Medeiros ◽  
Jaqueline Dalla Rosa ◽  
José Eduardo Soria ◽  
Raul Shiso Toma
Keyword(s):  
Soil Water ◽  
Water Retention ◽  
Particle Density ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Sao Paulo ◽  
Water Dynamics ◽  
Atlantic Rainforest ◽  
Morphological Properties ◽  
São Paulo ◽  
Soil Water Dynamics

Studies of soil-water dynamics using toposequences are essential to improve the understanding of soil-water-vegetation relationships. This study assessed the hydro-physical and morphological characteristics of soils of Atlantic Rainforest in the Parque Estadual de Carlos Botelho, state of São Paulo, Brazil. The study area of 10.24 ha (320 x 320 m) was covered by dense tropical rainforest (Atlantic Rainforest). Based on soil maps and topographic maps of the area, a representative transect of the soil in this plot was chosen and five soil trenches were opened to determine morphological properties. To evaluate the soil hydro-physical functioning, soil particle size distribution, bulk density (r), particle density (r s), soil water retention curves (SWRC), field saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ks), macroporosity (macro), and microporosity (micro) and total porosity (TP) were determined. Undisturbed samples were collected for micromorphometric image analysis, to determine pore size, shape, and connectivity. The soils in the study area were predominantly Inceptisols, and secondly Entisols and Epiaquic Haplustult. In the soil hydro-physical characterization of the selected transect, a change was observed in Ks between the surface and subsurface layers, from high/intermediate to intermediate/low permeability. This variation in soil-water dynamics was also observed in the SWRC, with higher water retention in the subsurface horizons. The soil hydro-physical behavior was influenced by the morphogenetic characteristics of the soils.

An Assessment of Herbal Weight Loss Products

1999 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 240-250 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michelle R. Easton ◽  
W. Alexander Morton
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Water Retention ◽  
Medication Use ◽  
Efficacy And Safety ◽  
Over The Counter ◽  
Herbal Products ◽  
Herbal Medication ◽  
Safety And Efficacy ◽  
Amount Of Information

Although herbal medication use has exploded over the last several years, the amount of information regarding efficacy and safety has not been as generous. There are numerous herbal weight loss products available over-the-counter that claim to“increase energy,”“decrease water retention,”“curb sugar cravings,”“suppress hunger,” and“build muscles.” However, verified and validated studies to confirm these weight loss claims are lacking in the scientific arena. Issues of safety and efficacy are discussed as well as guidelines for patients taking herbal products and suggestions for interventions that pharmacists can provide to consumers.

scholarly journals Biocrust effects on soil infiltrability in the Mu Us Desert: Soil hydraulic properties analysis and modeling

2021 ◽  
Vol 69 (4) ◽  
pp. 378-386
Author(s):  
Hongjie Guan ◽  
Xinyu Liu
Keyword(s):  
Soil Water ◽  
Hydraulic Properties ◽  
Water Retention ◽  
Infiltration Rate ◽  
Water Dynamics ◽  
Water Infiltration ◽  
Water Retention Curve ◽  
Soil Hydraulic Properties ◽  
Mu Us Desert ◽  
Soil Hydraulic

Abstract The presence of biocrusts changes water infiltration in the Mu Us Desert. Knowledge of the hydraulic properties of biocrusts and parameterization of soil hydraulic properties are important to improve simulation of infiltration and soil water dynamics in vegetation-soil-water models. In this study, four treatments, including bare land with sporadic cyanobacterial biocrusts (BL), lichen-dominated biocrusts (LB), early-successional moss biocrusts (EMB), and late-successional moss biocrusts (LMB), were established to evaluate the effects of biocrust development on soil water infiltration in the Mu Us Desert, northwest of China. Moreover, a combined Wooding inverse approach was used for the estimation of soil hydraulic parameters. The results showed that infiltration rate followed the pattern BL > LB > EMB > LMB. Moreover, the LB, EMB, and LMB treatments had significantly lower infiltration rates than the BL treatment. The saturated soil moisture (θs ) and shape parameter (α VG) for the EMB and LMB treatments were higher than that for the BL and LB treatments, although the difference among four treatments was insignificant. Water retention increased with biocrust development at high-pressure heads, whereas the opposite was observed at low-pressure heads. The development of biocrusts influences van Genuchten parameters, subsequently affects the water retention curve, and thereby alters available water in the biocrust layer. The findings regarding the parameterization of soil hydraulic properties have important implications for the simulation of eco-hydrological processes in dryland ecosystems.

Abstract 203: Safety And Efficacy Of WEB ® Aneurysm Treatment: Combined Analysis 0f WEBCAST, French Observatory, And WEBCAST2 Studies - Final Results.

Stroke ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 48 (suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Laurent Pierot ◽  
James Byrne ◽  
Andrew Molyneux
Keyword(s):  
Interventional Neuroradiology ◽  
Good Clinical Practice ◽  
Morbidity And Mortality ◽  
Anterior Communicating Artery ◽  
Safety And Efficacy ◽  
Complete Occlusion ◽  
Independent Expert ◽  
Aneurysm Occlusion ◽  
Web Device ◽  
Wide Neck

Purpose: WEB Flow disruption is an innovative endovascular treatment for wide-neck bifurcation aneurysms. Safety and efficacy are analyzed in the cumulated population of 3 prospective multicenter GCP (Good Clinical Practice) studies conducted in Europe (WEBCAST, French Observatory, WEBCAST2). Methods: Patients with wide neck bifurcation aneurysms were included in these 3 studies. An independent medical monitor independently analyzed adverse events. An independent expert in Interventional Neuroradiology evaluated anatomical results at 12 months using the 3 grades scale: complete occlusion, neck remnant, and aneurysm remnant. Results: A total of 168 patients with 169 aneurysms including 14 ruptured (8.3%) were included in the 3 studies. Eighty-six out 169 aneurysms were located at middle cerebral artery (50.9%), 36/169 at anterior communicating artery (21.3%), 30/169 at basilar artery (17.8%), and 17/169 at internal carotid artery terminus (10.1%). Placement of the WEB device was feasible in 163/169 aneurysms (96.4%). Morbidity and mortality at one month were reported in 4/168 patients (2.4%) and 0/168 patients (0.0%), respectively. Anatomical results at 12 months were complete aneurysm occlusion in 82/149 aneurysms (55.0%), neck remnant in 38/149 aneurysms (25.5%), and aneurysm remnant in 29/149 aneurysms (19.5%). Conclusion: This analysis in the large cumulated population of 3 GCP studies confirms the high safety of WEB treatment with low morbidity and mortality. At 12 months, adequate occlusion (complete occlusion and neck remnant) was obtained in a high percentage of aneurysms (80.5%).

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