scholarly journals Effects of Fermented Oils on Alpha-Biodiversity and Relative Abundance of Cheek Resident Skin Microbiota

Cosmetics ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 34
Author(s):  
Tiziana Ciardiello ◽  
Daniela Pinto ◽  
Laura Marotta ◽  
Giammaria Giuliani ◽  
Fabio Rinaldi
Keyword(s):  
Day Treatment ◽  
Alpha Diversity ◽  
Skin Microbiome ◽  
Active Components ◽  
Skin Microbiota ◽  
16S Sequencing ◽  
Microbiome Composition ◽  
Natural Oils ◽  
Mutualistic Relationship

The skin microbiome is in a very close mutualistic relationship with skin cells, influencing their physiology and immunology and participating in many dermatological conditions. Today, there is much interest in cosmetic ingredients that may promote a healthy microbiome, especially postbiotics, mainly derived from fermented products. In the present work, we studied the effects on skin microbiota of new patented natural oils obtained by unique fermentation technology in vivo. Three fermented oils were evaluated: F-Shiunko (FS), F-Artemisia® (FA) and F-Glycyrrhiza® (FG). The active components were included as single active component or in combination (FSAG) in an emulsion system. A total of 20 healthy women were recruited, and skin microbiota from cheek were analyzed by mean of swab sampling at T0 and T1 (after 4 weeks of a one-day treatment). 16S sequencing revealed that the treatment with fermented oils improved microbiome composition and alpha-diversity. It was shown that higher biodiversity reflects in a healthier microbial ecosystem since microbial diversity decreases in the presence of a disease or due to aging. The treatment also resulted in a more “beneficial” and “younger” microbial community since a significant decrease in Proteobacteria and the increase in Staphylococcus were reported after the treatment with fermented oils.

scholarly journals Profiling Skin Microbiome in Healthy Young Adult Representing Javanese, Papuans, and Chinese Descent in Indonesia

2021 ◽  
Vol 28 (4) ◽  
pp. 249-261
Author(s):  
Stella Vania ◽  
Amarila Malik
Keyword(s):  
Skin Diseases ◽  
Geographical Location ◽  
Alpha Diversity ◽  
Ethnic Origin ◽  
Skin Microbiome ◽  
Microbiota Composition ◽  
Skin Microbiota ◽  
Pathogen Invasion ◽  
Chinese Descent ◽  
Microbiome Research

Skin serves as the first physical barrier and biological barrier by the colonization of commensal bacteria to prevent pathogen invasion. It was known that the disruption on normal commensal microbiota composition or dysbiosis causes skin diseases, while the skin microbiota diversity itself is influenced by several factors, one of them is ethnicity. This study shows the influence of ethnicity factor in Papuans, Javanese, and Chinese descent young adults living in Jakarta on skin microbiome profiles. The microbiota genomic DNA are extracted from the face skin samples and sequenced with Next Generation Sequencing method to be further analyzed. The result shows that individuals with the same ethnic background share similar skin microbiome characteristics. The greatest skin microbiome alpha diversity is shown by the Papuans and the Chinese descent the smallest. Ethnicity factor that shows statistically significant differences in interindividual dissimilarities are independent of other intriguing factors such as age, geographical location, etc. Therefore the ethnic origin of individuals especially from three ethnics above is a factor to be considered in skin microbiome research and the skin microbiota composition can be used for potential future applications.

scholarly journals Safety and Modulatory Effects of Humanized Galacto-Oligosaccharides on the Gut Microbiome

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jason W. Arnold ◽  
Hunter D. Whittington ◽  
Suzanne F. Dagher ◽  
Jeffery Roach ◽  
M. Andrea Azcarate-Peril ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiome ◽  
Alpha Diversity ◽  
Biological Synthesis ◽  
Glycosyl Hydrolases ◽  
Microbiome Composition ◽  
Metabolic Substrates ◽  
Beneficial Impact ◽  
Infant Gut Microbiome ◽  
Membrane Bound

Complex dietary carbohydrate structures including β(1–4) galacto-oligosaccharides (GOS) are resistant to digestion in the upper gastrointestinal (GI) tract and arrive intact to the colon where they benefit the host by selectively stimulating microbial growth. Studies have reported the beneficial impact of GOS (alone or in combination with other prebiotics) by serving as metabolic substrates for modulating the assembly of the infant gut microbiome while reducing GI infections. N-Acetyl-D-lactosamine (LacNAc, Galβ1,4GlcNAc) is found in breast milk as a free disaccharide. This compound is also found as a component of human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs), which have repeating and variably branched lactose and/or LacNAc units, often attached to sialic acid and fucose monosaccharides. Human glycosyl-hydrolases do not degrade most HMOs, indicating that these structures have evolved as natural prebiotics to drive the proper assembly of the infant healthy gut microbiota. Here, we sought to develop a novel enzymatic method for generating LacNAc-enriched GOS, which we refer to as humanized GOS (hGOS). We showed that the membrane-bound β-hexosyl transferase (rBHT) from Hamamotoa (Sporobolomyces) singularis was able to generate GOS and hGOS from lactose and N-Acetyl-glucosamine (GlcNAc). The enzyme catalyzed the regio-selective, repeated addition of galactose from lactose to GlcNAc forming the β-galactosyl linkage at the 4-position of the GlcNAc and at the 1-position of D-galactose generating, in addition to GOS, LacNAc, and Galactosyl-LacNAc trisaccharides which were produced by two sequential transgalactosylations. Humanized GOS is chemically distinct from HMOs, and its effects in vivo have yet to be determined. Thus, we evaluated its safety and demonstrated the prebiotic's ability to modulate the gut microbiome in 6-week-old C57BL/6J mice. Longitudinal analysis of gut microbiome composition of stool samples collected from mice fed a diet containing hGOS for 5 weeks showed a transient reduction in alpha diversity. Differences in microbiome community composition mostly within the Firmicutes phylum were observed between hGOS and GOS, compared to control-fed animals. In sum, our study demonstrated the biological synthesis of hGOS, and signaled its safety and ability to modulate the gut microbiome in vivo, promoting the growth of beneficial microorganisms, including Bifidobacterium and Akkermansia.

scholarly journals Surveying the sweetpotato rhizosphere, endophyte, and surrounding soil microbiomes at two North Carolina farms reveals underpinnings of sweetpotato microbiome community assembly

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
C Pepe-Ranney ◽  
C Keyser ◽  
J Trimble ◽  
B Bissinger
Keyword(s):  
North Carolina ◽  
Community Assembly ◽  
Alpha Diversity ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Sequence Variant ◽  
Skin Microbiome ◽  
Microbiome Composition ◽  
Pests And Diseases ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
Surrounding Soil

AbstractFarmers grow sweetpotatoes worldwide and some sub-Saharan African and Asian diets include sweetpotato as a staple, yet the sweetpotato microbiome is conspicuously less studied relative to crops such as maize, soybean, and wheat. Studying sweetpotato microbiome ecology may reveal paths to engineer the microbiome to improve sweetpotato yield, and/or combat sweetpotato pests and diseases. We sampled sweetpotatoes and surrounding soil from two North Carolina farms. We took samples from sweetpotato fields under two different land management regimes, conventional and organic, and collected two sweetpotato cultivars, ‘Beauregard’ and ‘Covington’. By comparing SSU rRNA gene amplicon sequence profiles from sweetpotato storage root skin, rhizosphere, and surrounding soil we found the skin microbiome possessed the least composition heterogeneity among samples and lowest alpha-diversity and was significantly nested by the rhizosphere in amplicon sequence variant (ASV) membership. Many ASVs were specific to a single field and/or only found in either the skin, rhizosphere, or surrounding soil. Notably, sweetpotato skin enriched for Planctomycetaceae in relative abundance at both farms. This study elucidates underpinnings of sweetpotato microbiome community assembly, quantifies microbiome composition variance within a single farm, and reveals microorganisms associated with sweetpotato skin that belong to common but uncultured soil phylotypes.

scholarly journals The balance of metagenomic elements shapes the skin microbiome in acne and health

2016 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Emma Barnard ◽  
Baochen Shi ◽  
Dezhi Kang ◽  
Noah Craft ◽  
Huiying Li
Keyword(s):  
Propionibacterium Acnes ◽  
Quantitative Prediction ◽  
Study Cohort ◽  
Skin Microbiome ◽  
Healthy Individuals ◽  
Skin Microbiota ◽  
Microbiome Composition ◽  
Mere Presence ◽  
Virulence Property ◽  
Sample Set

Abstract Studies have emphasized the importance of disease-associated microorganisms in perturbed communities, however, the protective roles of commensals are largely under recognized and poorly understood. Using acne as a model disease, we investigated the determinants of the overall virulence property of the skin microbiota when disease- and health-associated organisms coexist in the community. By ultra-deep metagenomic shotgun sequencing, we revealed higher relative abundances of propionibacteria and Propionibacterium acnes phage in healthy skin. In acne patients, the microbiome composition at the species level and at P. acnes strain level was more diverse than in healthy individuals, with enriched virulence-associated factors and reduced abundance of metabolic synthesis genes. Based on the abundance profiles of the metagenomic elements, we constructed a quantitative prediction model, which classified the clinical states of the host skin with high accuracy in both our study cohort (85%) and an independent sample set (86%). Our results suggest that the balance between metagenomic elements, not the mere presence of disease-associated strains, shapes the overall virulence property of the skin microbiota. This study provides new insights into the microbial mechanism of acne pathogenesis and suggests probiotic and phage therapies as potential acne treatments to modulate the skin microbiota and to maintain skin health.

scholarly journals Skin microbiome dysbiosis in leprosy cases

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (5) ◽  
pp. 741
Author(s):  
Vannia C. Teng ◽  
Prima K. Esti
Keyword(s):  
Microbial Community ◽  
Microvascular Dysfunction ◽  
Skin Lesions ◽  
Skin Microbiome ◽  
Capillary Structure ◽  
Skin Microbiota ◽  
Microbiome Composition ◽  
Cutaneous Immunity ◽  
Leprosy Patients

<p>The human skin possesses a microenvironment conducive to the growth of the skin microbiome, which plays in many physiological functions in cutaneous immunity homeostasis and maturation. The microbiome composition depends on many variables, such as endogenous (host condition) or exogenous (environmental) factors and topographic location. Host-skin microbes’ interaction can be mutualism or pathogenicity. Dysbiosis or alteration in skin microbiota is associated with various dermatological diseases, including leprosy. Dysbiosis is driven by the alteration of the microbial communities themselves or due to the intrinsic features of the host. Leprosy is a chronic granulomatous disease caused by <em>Mycobacterium leprae</em> targeting the nerves and skin, leading to loss of sensation on the skin, with or without dermatologic lesions, and correlated with long term consequences, such as deformities or disability. Microvascular dysfunction and significant alterations in capillary structure due to invasion of <em>M. leprae</em> lead to altered hydration levels of the skin caused by disruption of blood flow; which changes the resident microbial community structure. The skin microbiome composition differences in leprosy patient’s skin lesions were observed; skin microbial diversity in the leprosy patients was lower than in healthy individuals. The diversity reduction was observed in freshly diagnosis leprosy patients, those at various stages of MDT, and post-MDT; indicated that both the interaction between skin microbial community and<strong> </strong><em>M. leprae</em> or the ongoing therapeutic regimen impacted the skin microbiome variation. </p><p> </p>

scholarly journals Apple cider vinegar soaks do not alter the skin bacterial microbiome in atopic dermatitis

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (6) ◽  
pp. e0252272
Author(s):  
Lydia A. Luu ◽  
Richard H. Flowers ◽  
Yingnan Gao ◽  
Martin Wu ◽  
Sofia Gasperino ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Atopic Dermatitis ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Skin Microbiome ◽  
Healthy Skin ◽  
16S Sequencing ◽  
Microbiome Composition ◽  
Apple Cider ◽  
Skin Bacteria ◽  
Bacterial Microbiome

Introduction Atopic dermatitis is a common skin disease characterized by altered cutaneous immunity in which patients often exhibit lower skin microbiota diversity compared to healthy skin and are prone to colonization by Staphylococcus aureus. Apple cider vinegar has been shown to have antibacterial effects; however, its effects on the skin microbiome have not previously been well-described. Objectives We aimed to examine the effects of topical dilute apple cider vinegar soaks on Staphylococcus aureus abundance, skin bacterial microbiome composition, and skin bacterial microbiome diversity in atopic dermatitis participants compared to healthy skin. Methods Eleven subjects with atopic dermatitis and 11 healthy controls were enrolled in this randomized, non-blinded, single-institution, split-arm pilot study. Subjects soaked one forearm in dilute apple cider vinegar (0.5% acetic acid) and the other forearm in tap water for 10 minutes daily. Skin bacteria samples were collected from subjects’ volar forearms before and after 14 days of treatment. 16S sequencing was used to analyze Staphylococcus aureus abundance and skin bacterial microbiome composition, and alpha diversity of microbiota were determined using Shannon diversity index. Results There was no difference in skin bacterial microbiome in atopic dermatitis subjects after 2 weeks of daily water or apple cider vinegar treatments (p = 0.056 and p = 0.22, respectively), or in mean abundance of S. aureus on apple cider vinegar-treated forearms (p = 0.60). At 2 weeks, the skin bacterial microbiomes of healthy control subjects were not significantly different from the skin bacterial microbiome of atopic dermatitis subjects (p = 0.14, 0.21, 0.12, and 0.05). Conclusions Our results suggest that daily soaks in 0.5% apple cider vinegar are not an effective method of altering the skin bacterial microbiome in atopic dermatitis. Further studies are needed to explore the effects of different concentrations of apple cider vinegar on skin microflora and disease severity. Trial number UVA IRB-HSR #19906.

In Vivo Studies on the Inhibition of Coagulation by Fractionated Heparin and by a Heparin Analogue I. Effects of Heparin Fractions

1981 ◽  
Vol 46 (03) ◽  
pp. 612-616 ◽  
Author(s):  
U Schmitz-Huebner ◽  
L Balleisen ◽  
F Asbeck ◽  
J van de Loo
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Weight ◽  
Day Treatment ◽  
Gel Filtration ◽  
Weight Fraction ◽  
In Vivo Studies ◽  
Low Molecular Weight ◽  
High Molecular Weight Fraction ◽  
Platelet Factor ◽  
Heparin Fractions

SummaryHigh and low molecular weight heparin fractions obtained by gel filtration chromatography of sodium mucosal heparin were injected subcutaneously into six healthy volunteers and compared with the unfractionated substance in a cross-over trial. Equal doses of 5,000 U were administered twice daily over a period of three days and heparin activity was repeatedly controlled before and 2, 4, 8 hrs after injection by means of the APTT, the anti-Xa clotting test and a chromogenic substrate assay. In addition, the in vivo effect of subcutaneously administered fractionated heparin on platelet function was examined on three of the volunteers. The results show that s.c. injections of the low molecular weight fraction induced markedly higher anti-Xa activity than injections of the other preparations. At the same time, APTT results did not significantly differ. Unfractionated heparin and the high molecular weight fraction enhanced ADP-induced platelet aggregation and collagen-mediated MDA production, while the low molecular weight fraction hardly affected these assays, but potently inhibited thrombin-induced MDA production. All heparin preparations stimulated the release of platelet Factor 4 in plasma. During the three-day treatment periods, no side-effects and no significant changes in the response to heparin injections were detected.

Neurotrophic Properties of Silexan, an Essential Oil from the Flowers of Lavender-Preclinical Evidence for Antidepressant-Like Properties

2020 ◽  
Vol 54 (01) ◽  
pp. 37-46
Author(s):  
Kristina Friedland ◽  
Giacomo Silani ◽  
Anita Schuwald ◽  
Carola Stockburger ◽  
Egon Koch ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Essential Oil ◽  
Hippocampal Neurons ◽  
Day Treatment ◽  
Neuronal Cell ◽  
Antidepressant Activity ◽  
In Vivo Models ◽  
Antidepressant Effects ◽  
Primary Hippocampal Neurons

Abstract Background Silexan, a special essential oil from flowering tops of lavandula angustifolia, is used to treat subsyndromal anxiety disorders. In a recent clinical trial, Silexan also showed antidepressant effects in patients suffering from mixed anxiety-depression (ICD-10 F41.2). Since preclinical data explaining antidepressant properties of Silexan are missing, we decided to investigate if Silexan also shows antidepressant-like effects in vitro as well as in vivo models. Methods We used the forced swimming test (FST) in rats as a simple behavioral test indicative of antidepressant activity in vivo. As environmental events and other risk factors contribute to depression through converging molecular and cellular mechanisms that disrupt neuronal function and morphology—resulting in dysfunction of the circuitry that is essential for mood regulation and cognitive function—we investigated the neurotrophic properties of Silexan in neuronal cell lines and primary hippocampal neurons. Results The antidepressant activity of Silexan (30 mg/kg BW) in the FST was comparable to the tricyclic antidepressant imipramine (20 mg/kg BW) after 9-day treatment. Silexan triggered neurite outgrowth and synaptogenesis in 2 different neuronal cell models and led to a significant increase in synaptogenesis in primary hippocampal neurons. Silexan led to a significant phosphorylation of protein kinase A and subsequent CREB phosphorylation. Conclusion Taken together, Silexan demonstrates antidepressant-like effects in cellular as well as animal models for antidepressant activity. Therefore, our data provides preclinical evidence for the clinical antidepressant effects of Silexan in patients with mixed depression and anxiety.

scholarly journals Staphylococcal Communities on Skin Are Associated with Atopic Dermatitis and Disease Severity

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 432
Author(s):  
Sofie Marie Edslev ◽  
Caroline Meyer Olesen ◽  
Line Brok Nørreslet ◽  
Anna Cäcilia Ingham ◽  
Søren Iversen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Atopic Dermatitis ◽  
Alpha Diversity ◽  
Skin Microbiota ◽  
Specific Primers ◽  
Staphylococcus Lugdunensis ◽  
Disease Symptoms ◽  
Lesional Skin ◽  
Staphylococcus Capitis ◽  
Staphylococcus Hominis

The skin microbiota of atopic dermatitis (AD) patients is characterized by increased Staphylococcus aureus colonization, which exacerbates disease symptoms and has been linked to reduced bacterial diversity. Skin bacterial communities in AD patients have mostly been described at family and genus levels, while species-level characterization has been limited. In this study, we investigated the role of the bacteria belonging to the Staphylococcus genus using targeted sequencing of the tuf gene with genus-specific primers. We compared staphylococcal communities on lesional and non-lesional skin of AD patients, as well as AD patients with healthy controls, and determined the absolute abundance of bacteria present at each site. We observed that the staphylococcal community, bacterial alpha diversity, and bacterial densities were similar on lesional and non-lesional skin, whereas AD severity was associated with significant changes in staphylococcal composition. Increased S. aureus, Staphylococcus capitis, and Staphylococcus lugdunensis abundances were correlated with increased severity. Conversely, Staphylococcus hominis abundance was negatively correlated with severity. Furthermore, S. hominis relative abundance was reduced on AD skin compared to healthy skin. In conclusion, various staphylococcal species appear to be important for skin health.

scholarly journals Inhibitory Effect of Sargassum fusiforme and Its Components on Replication of Respiratory Syncytial Virus In Vitro and In Vivo

Viruses ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 548
Author(s):  
Kiramage Chathuranga ◽  
Asela Weerawardhana ◽  
Niranjan Dodantenna ◽  
Lakmal Ranathunga ◽  
Won-Kyung Cho ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Syncytial Virus ◽  
Antiviral Agent ◽  
Active Components ◽  
Sargassum Fusiforme ◽  
Antiviral Effects ◽  
Improve Life Expectancy ◽  
Rsv Infection ◽  
Syncytial Virus

Sargassum fusiforme, a plant used as a medicine and food, is regarded as a marine vegetable and health supplement to improve life expectancy. Here, we demonstrate that S. fusiforme extract (SFE) has antiviral effects against respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) in vitro and in vivo mouse model. Treatment of HEp2 cells with a non-cytotoxic concentration of SFE significantly reduced RSV replication, RSV-induced cell death, RSV gene transcription, RSV protein synthesis, and syncytium formation. Moreover, oral inoculation of SFE significantly improved RSV clearance from the lungs of BALB/c mice. Interestingly, the phenolic compounds eicosane, docosane, and tetracosane were identified as active components of SFE. Treatment with a non-cytotoxic concentration of these three components elicited similar antiviral effects against RSV infection as SFE in vitro. Together, these results suggest that SFE and its potential components are a promising natural antiviral agent candidate against RSV infection.

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