scholarly journals An Electrochemist Perspective of Microbiologically Influenced Corrosion

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 59-76 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Blackwood
Keyword(s):  
Electron Transfer ◽  
Cathodic Polarization ◽  
Direct Electron Transfer ◽  
Electrochemical Corrosion ◽  
Microbiologically Influenced Corrosion ◽  
Redox Mediators ◽  
Electrically Conducting ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
History Of ◽  
Polarization Theory

Microbiologically influenced corrosion (MIC) is a major concern in a wide range of industries, with claims that it contributes 20% of the total annual corrosion cost. The focus of this present work is to review critically the most recent proposals for MIC mechanisms, with particular emphasis on whether or not these make sense in terms of their electrochemistry. It is determined that, despite the long history of investigating MIC, we are still a long way from really understanding its fundamental mechanisms, especially in relation to non-sulphate reducing bacterial (SRB) anaerobes. Nevertheless, we do know that both the cathodic polarization theory and direct electron transfer from the metal into the cell are incorrect. Electrically conducting pili also do not appear to play a role in direct electron transfer, although these could still play a role in aiding the mass transport of redox mediators. However, it is not clear if the microorganisms are just altering the local chemistry or if they are participating directly in the electrochemical corrosion process, albeit via the generation of redox mediators. The review finishes with suggestions on what needs to be done to further our understanding of MIC.

Electrochemistry of Redox Active Centres Encapsulated by Non-Covalent Methods

2010 ◽  
Vol 63 (2) ◽  
pp. 184 ◽  
Author(s):  
Suresh Gadde ◽  
Elizabeth K. Batchelor ◽  
Angel E. Kaifer
Keyword(s):  
Electron Transfer ◽  
Direct Electron Transfer ◽  
Electrochemical Behaviour ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Transfer Reactions ◽  
Molecular Receptors ◽  
General Terms ◽  
Redox Active ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Active Centres

This manuscript presents a summary of recent research work on the electrochemical behaviour of redox active guests fully or almost fully encapsulated by suitable molecular receptors or molecular capsules. From the standpoint of their voltammetric behaviour the cyclodextrins have been shown to be very dynamic hosts, which hamper the observation of direct electron transfer to/from their inclusion complexes. Therefore, this Review is essentially concerned with research work on cucurbituril and cavitand-type hosts, which was mostly done in the author’s laboratory. In general terms, the observed voltammetric behaviour for encapsulated guests covers a wide range of possibilities. Cucurbituril and cavitand-type hosts afford more kinetically stable complexes, whose direct electrochemical behaviour is observable and tends to be kinetically slower than that of the free guests. However, the degree of kinetic attenuation varies over a wide range and, in some cases, challenges our ability to rationalize the data. Clearly, more variation in the host structures and more research work are required to improve our understanding of encapsulation effects on these electron transfer reactions.

Biomedical Perspectives of Polyaniline Based Biosensors

2013 ◽  
Vol 810 ◽  
pp. 173-216 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amir Al-Ahmed ◽  
Haitham M. Bahaidarah ◽  
Mohammad A. Jafar Mazumder
Keyword(s):  
Electron Transfer ◽  
Conducting Polymers ◽  
Biomedical Applications ◽  
Catalytic Properties ◽  
Direct Electron Transfer ◽  
Review Article ◽  
Direct Communication ◽  
Electrically Conducting ◽  
Electrically Conducting Polymers ◽  
Significant Attention

Electrically conducting polymers (ECPs) are finding applications in various fields of science owing to their fascinating characteristic properties such as binding molecules, tuning their properties, direct communication to produce a range of analytical signals and new analytical applications. Polyaniline (PANI) is one such ECP that has been extensively used and investigated over the last decade for direct electron transfer leading towards fabrication of mediator-less biosensors. In this review article, significant attention has been paid to the various polymerization techniques of polyaniline as a transducer material, and their use in enzymes/biomolecules immobilization methods to study their bio-catalytic properties as a biosensor for potential biomedical applications.

scholarly journals Direct Electrochemical Enzyme Electron Transfer on Electrodes Modified by Self-Assembled Molecular Monolayers

Catalysts ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 1458
Author(s):  
Xiaomei Yan ◽  
Jing Tang ◽  
David Tanner ◽  
Jens Ulstrup ◽  
Xinxin Xiao
Keyword(s):  
Electron Transfer ◽  
Electrode Materials ◽  
Direct Electron Transfer ◽  
Fine Tuning ◽  
Enzyme Adsorption ◽  
Redox Proteins ◽  
Characterization Methods ◽  
Molecular Monolayers ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Self Assembled

Self-assembled molecular monolayers (SAMs) have long been recognized as crucial “bridges” between redox enzymes and solid electrode surfaces, on which the enzymes undergo direct electron transfer (DET)—for example, in enzymatic biofuel cells (EBFCs) and biosensors. SAMs possess a wide range of terminal groups that enable productive enzyme adsorption and fine-tuning in favorable orientations on the electrode. The tunneling distance and SAM chain length, and the contacting terminal SAM groups, are the most significant controlling factors in DET-type bioelectrocatalysis. In particular, SAM-modified nanostructured electrode materials have recently been extensively explored to improve the catalytic activity and stability of redox proteins immobilized on electrochemical surfaces. In this report, we present an overview of recent investigations of electrochemical enzyme DET processes on SAMs with a focus on single-crystal and nanoporous gold electrodes. Specifically, we consider the preparation and characterization methods of SAMs, as well as SAM applications in promoting interfacial electrochemical electron transfer of redox proteins and enzymes. The strategic selection of SAMs to accord with the properties of the core redox protein/enzymes is also highlighted.

Group Experiences and Individual Differences in Stuttering

2019 ◽  
Vol 62 (12) ◽  
pp. 4335-4350 ◽  
Author(s):  
Seth E. Tichenor ◽  
J. Scott Yaruss
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Support Groups ◽  
Support Group ◽  
Affective States ◽  
Life Outcomes ◽  
Self Help ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Group Experiences ◽  
History Of ◽  
Adults Who Stutter

Purpose This study explored group experiences and individual differences in the behaviors, thoughts, and feelings perceived by adults who stutter. Respondents' goals when speaking and prior participation in self-help/support groups were used to predict individual differences in reported behaviors, thoughts, and feelings. Method In this study, 502 adults who stutter completed a survey examining their behaviors, thoughts, and feelings in and around moments of stuttering. Data were analyzed to determine distributions of group and individual experiences. Results Speakers reported experiencing a wide range of both overt behaviors (e.g., repetitions) and covert behaviors (e.g., remaining silent, choosing not to speak). Having the goal of not stuttering when speaking was significantly associated with more covert behaviors and more negative cognitive and affective states, whereas a history of self-help/support group participation was significantly associated with a decreased probability of these behaviors and states. Conclusion Data from this survey suggest that participating in self-help/support groups and having a goal of communicating freely (as opposed to trying not to stutter) are associated with less negative life outcomes due to stuttering. Results further indicate that the behaviors, thoughts, and experiences most commonly reported by speakers may not be those that are most readily observed by listeners.

Introduction: Emotion, History and the Arts

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 117-128 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erin Sullivan ◽  
Marie Louise Herzfeld-Schild
Keyword(s):  
Historical Change ◽  
Carson Mccullers ◽  
Emotional Life ◽  
Review Section ◽  
The Arts ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
War Correspondents ◽  
History Of ◽  
Johan Huizinga

This introduction surveys the rise of the history of emotions as a field and the role of the arts in such developments. Reflecting on the foundational role of the arts in the early emotion-oriented histories of Johan Huizinga and Jacob Burkhardt, as well as the concerns about methodological impressionism that have sometimes arisen in response to such studies, the introduction considers how intensive engagements with the arts can open up new insights into past emotions while still being historically and theoretically rigorous. Drawing on a wide range of emotionally charged art works from different times and places—including the novels of Carson McCullers and Harriet Beecher-Stowe, the private poetry of neo-Confucian Chinese civil servants, the photojournalism of twentieth-century war correspondents, and music from Igor Stravinsky to the Beatles—the introduction proposes five ways in which art in all its forms contributes to emotional life and consequently to emotional histories: first, by incubating deep emotional experiences that contribute to formations of identity; second, by acting as a place for the expression of private or deviant emotions; third, by functioning as a barometer of wider cultural and attitudinal change; fourth, by serving as an engine of momentous historical change; and fifth, by working as a tool for emotional connection across communities, both within specific time periods but also across them. The introduction finishes by outlining how the special issue's five articles and review section address each of these categories, while also illustrating new methodological possibilities for the field.

History of the Study of Apocrypha in Early Medieval England

2020 ◽  
Vol 48 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 13-26
Author(s):  
Brandon W. Hawk
Keyword(s):  
Old Testament ◽  
Medieval England ◽  
Medieval Period ◽  
Early Medieval ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Early Judaism ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Early English

Literature written in England between about 500 and 1100 CE attests to a wide range of traditions, although it is clear that Christian sources were the most influential. Biblical apocrypha feature prominently across this corpus of literature, as early English authors clearly relied on a range of extra-biblical texts and traditions related to works under the umbrella of what have been called “Old Testament Pseudepigrapha” and “New Testament/Christian Apocrypha." While scholars of pseudepigrapha and apocrypha have long trained their eyes upon literature from the first few centuries of early Judaism and early Christianity, the medieval period has much to offer. This article presents a survey of significant developments and key threads in the history of scholarship on apocrypha in early medieval England. My purpose is not to offer a comprehensive bibliography, but to highlight major studies that have focused on the transmission of specific apocrypha, contributed to knowledge about medieval uses of apocrypha, and shaped the field from the nineteenth century up to the present. Bringing together major publications on the subject presents a striking picture of the state of the field as well as future directions.

FROM THE HISTORY OF THE FORMATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF PERIODICALS IN NAMANGAN

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 49-54
Author(s):  
Dildora Alinazarova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
The Past ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
History Of ◽  
Printing House

In this article, based on an analysis of a wide range of sources, discusses the emergence and development of periodicals and printing house in Namangan. The activities of Ibrat- as the founder of the first printing house in Namangan are considered. In addition, it describes the functioning and development of "Matbaai Ishokia" in the past and present

Young Scholars Conference “Slavic World: Commonality and Diversity”. 21–22 May 2019. Session “Linguistics”

2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 295-297
Author(s):  
Sergej A. Borisov
Keyword(s):  
Czech Republic ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
The Czech Republic ◽  
International Context ◽  
Slavic Languages ◽  
Russian Academy Of Sciences ◽  
Current State ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
History Of ◽  
Academy Of Sciences

For more than twenty years, the Institute of Slavic Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences celebrates the Day of Slavic Writing and Culture with a traditional scholarly conference.”. Since 2014, it has been held in the young scholars’ format. In 2019, participants from Moscow, St. Petersburg, Kazan, Togliatti, Tyumen, Yekaterinburg, and Rostov-on-Don, as well as Slovakia, the Czech Republic, Hungary, and Romania continued this tradition. A wide range of problems related to the history of the Slavic peoples from the Middle Ages to the present time in the national, regional and international context were discussed again. Participants talked about the typology of Slavic languages and dialects, linguo-geography, socio- and ethnolinguistics, analyzed formation, development, current state, and prospects of Slavic literatures, etc.

From the history of the development of electronic dictionaries: foreign and domestic experience

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 6-12
Author(s):  
O. Y. Balalaieva ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Human Activity ◽  
Current Level ◽  
Ease Of Use ◽  
Advanced Search ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Promising Area ◽  
History Of ◽  
Machine Readable ◽  
Everyday Communication ◽  
Educational Professional

The purpose of the article is to study the dynamics of electronic dictionaries development abroad and in Ukraine using methods of analysis of scientific sources, comparison, generalization and systematization. Electronic dictionaries have been found to be a relatively new phenomenon in the lexicographic market, evolving from machine-readable dictionaries, exact copies of paper editions to complex digital lexicographic systems with a powerful arsenal of functions over the decades. The stages of development of autonomous and online dictionaries are described. Electronic dictionaries due to the advanced search capabilities, speed, simplicity, ease of use, accessibility and compactness have gained popularity among a wide range of users. Today they are used in many spheres of human activity – scientific, educational, professional, everyday communication. However, the analysis of the current level of development of Ukrainian electronic resources indicates a shortage of electronic dictionaries both common and terminological vocabulary. The lack of electronic dictionaries is due to a number of objective problems, both practical and theoretical, that is why research in the field of domestic computer lexicography is a promising area of further research.

Network Organizational Structure (a Scientific and Practical Review)

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 (6) ◽  
pp. 613-618
Author(s):  
A. V. Altukhov ◽  
S. A. Tishchenko
Keyword(s):  
Organizational Structure ◽  
Network Structure ◽  
Business Models ◽  
Scientific Development ◽  
Network Structures ◽  
Scientific Publications ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Modern Business ◽  
History Of ◽  
Business Structures

The presented study reviews practically relevant research papers in the field of network structures, modern network business models and platforms.Aim. The study aims to elaborate and explain the concept of network structure and platform and to show the reasons for the progressiveness and potential of network organizational structure at the current stage of socio-economic and scientific development.Tasks. The authors highlight the main scientific ideas about network structures in business, including significant studies in this area; provide and explain the main terms and definitions and examine the key characteristics of network business structures; characterize “platforms” as an important concept for modern business and show the relationship between platforms and network structures.Methods. This study uses analysis of information and subsequent synthesis of new knowledge in the form of the authors’ conclusions and a wide range of relevant scientific publications of Russian and foreign authors, including original publications in English and French.Results. The history of network structures is briefly provided. Definitions and characteristics of such concepts as “network structure” and “platform” in relation to business are provided and explained by the authors.

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