scholarly journals Immunomodulatory Expression of Cathelicidins Peptides in Pulp Inflammation and Regeneration: An Update

2021 ◽  
Vol 43 (1) ◽  
pp. 116-126
Author(s):  
Nireeksha ◽  
Sudhir Rama Varma ◽  
Marah Damdoum ◽  
Mohammed Amjed Alsaegh ◽  
Mithra N. Hegde ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Differentiation ◽  
Dental Pulp ◽  
Secretory Activity ◽  
Local Environment ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Reparative Dentin ◽  
Pulp Inflammation ◽  
Dentin Formation ◽  
Immunomodulatory Potential

The role of inflammatory mediators in dental pulp is unique. The local environment of pulp responds to any changes in the physiology that are highly fundamental, like odontoblast cell differentiation and other secretory activity. The aim of this review is to assess the role of cathelicidins based on their capacity to heal wounds, their immunomodulatory potential, and their ability to stimulate cytokine production and stimulate immune-inflammatory response in pulp and periapex. Accessible electronic databases were searched to find studies reporting the role of cathelicidins in pulpal inflammation and regeneration published between September 2010 and September 2020. The search was performed using the following databases: Medline, Scopus, Web of Science, SciELO and PubMed. The electronic search was performed using the combination of keywords “cathelicidins” and “dental pulp inflammation”. On the basis of previous studies, it can be inferred that LL-37 plays an important role in odontoblastic cell differentiation and stimulation of antimicrobial peptides. Furthermore, based on these outcomes, it can be concluded that LL-37 plays an important role in reparative dentin formation and provides signaling for defense by activating the innate immune system.

Midkine Promotes Odontoblast-like Differentiation and Tertiary Dentin Formation

2020 ◽  
Vol 99 (9) ◽  
pp. 1082-1091 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y.H. Park ◽  
Y.S. Lee ◽  
Y.M. Seo ◽  
H. Seo ◽  
J.S. Park ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Differentiation ◽  
Dental Pulp ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Exposure Model ◽  
Tooth Pulp ◽  
Dental Pulp Cells ◽  
Tertiary Dentin ◽  
Pulp Cells ◽  
Dentin Formation

Autophagy is an intracellular self-degradation process that is essential for tissue development, cell differentiation, and survival. Nevertheless, the role of autophagy in tooth development has not been definitively identified. The goal of this study was to investigate how autophagy is involved in midkine (MK)–mediated odontoblast-like differentiation, mineralization, and tertiary dentin formation in a mouse tooth pulp exposure model. In vitro studies show that MK and LC3 have similar expression patterns during odontoblast-like cell differentiation. Odontoblast-like cell differentiation is promoted through MK-mediated autophagy, which leads to increased mineralized nodule formation. Subcutaneous transplantation of hydroxyapatite/tricalcium phosphate with rMK-treated human dental pulp cells led to dentin pulp–like tissue formation through MK-mediated autophagy. Furthermore, MK-mediated autophagy induces differentiation of dental pulp cells into odontoblast-like cells that form DSP-positive tertiary dentin in vivo. Our findings may provide 1) novel insight into the role of MK in regulating odontoblast-like differentiation and dentin formation in particular via autophagy and 2) potential application of MK in vital pulp therapy.

scholarly journals Lithium Chloride Exerts Differential Effects on Dentinogenesis and Osteogenesis in Primary Pulp Cultures

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anushree Vijaykumar ◽  
Mina Mina
Keyword(s):  
Dental Pulp ◽  
Osteoblast Differentiation ◽  
Prolonged Treatment ◽  
Odontoblast Differentiation ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Reparative Dentin ◽  
Dentin Formation ◽  
Reparative Dentin Formation

Wnt/β-catenin signaling is known to play essential roles in odontoblast differentiation and reparative dentin formation. Various Wnt activators including LiCl have been increasingly studied for their effectiveness to induce repair of the dentin-pulp complex. LiCl is a simple salt thought to activate Wnt/β-catenin signaling by inhibiting GSK3β. Previous in vitro and in vivo studies showed that LiCl increased odontoblast differentiation and enhanced reparative dentin formation. However, the underlying molecular and cellular mechanisms by which LiCl regulates odontoblast and osteoblast differentiation during reparative dentinogenesis are not well-understood. Our in vitro studies show that exposure of early dental pulp progenitors to LiCl increased the survival and the pool of αSMA+ progenitors, leading to enhanced odontoblast and osteoblast differentiation. The positive effects of LiCl in the differentiation of osteoblasts and odontoblasts from αSMA+ progenitors are mediated by Wnt/β-catenin signaling. Our results also showed that continuous and late exposure of dental pulp cells to LiCl increased the expression of odontoblast markers through Wnt/β-catenin signaling, and the number of odontoblasts expressing DMP1-Cherry and DSPP-Cerulean transgenes. However, unlike the early treatment, both continuous and late treatments decreased the expression of Bsp and the expression of BSP-GFPtpz transgene. These observations suggest that prolonged treatment with LiCl in more mature cells of the dental pulp has an inhibitory effect on osteoblast differentiation. The inhibitory effects of LiCl on osteogenesis and Bsp were not mediated through Wnt/β-catenin signaling. These observations suggest that the effects of LiCl, and GSK3β antagonists on reparative dentinogenesis involve multiple pathways and are not specific to Wnt/β-catenin signaling.

scholarly journals Melatonin as an Agent for Direct Pulp-Capping Treatment

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 1043 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julia Guerrero-Gironés ◽  
Antonia Alcaina-Lorente ◽  
Clara Ortiz-Ruiz ◽  
Eduardo Ortiz-Ruiz ◽  
María P. Pecci-Lloret ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Dental Pulp ◽  
Bone Growth ◽  
Study Groups ◽  
Histological Evaluation ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Direct Pulp Capping ◽  
Pulp Capping ◽  
Reparative Dentin ◽  
Pulp Inflammation

Melatonin plays an essential role in the regulation of bone growth. The actions that melatonin exerts on odontoblasts may be similar to its action on osteoblasts. This research aimed to evaluate the pulp response to melatonin used for direct pulp capping to evaluate the antioxidant effect of melatonin administered orally and its influence on dental pulp. Direct pulp capping was performed on the upper molars of Sprague Dawley rats using melatonin or Mineral Trioxide Aggregate (MTA). The study groups were: MTA; Melatonin; MTA + Melatonin administered orally; and Melatonin + Melatonin administered orally. In the latter two groups, the animals drank water dosed with melatonin ad libitum (10 mg/100 mL). After 30 days, the animals were sacrificed, and 5 ml of blood, the kidneys, and the liver were extracted in order to evaluate oxidative stress using thiobarbituric acid reactive substances testing (TBARS). Fragments of the maxilla containing the study molars were prepared for histological evaluation. The degree of pulp inflammation and pulp necrosis, the presence of reparative dentin and dentin bridging the pulp chamber, the presence and regularity of the odontoblastic layer, and the presence of pulp fibrosis were evaluated. No significant differences were found between the four study groups for any of the studied histological variables. The oral administration of melatonin did not modify the local effects of MTA or melatonin on dental pulp, or reduce basal-level oxidative stress. The effect of melatonin on pulp is similar to that of MTA and may be used as an agent for direct pulp capping.

scholarly journals Dental Pulp Defence and Repair Mechanisms in Dental Caries

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-16 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jean-Christophe Farges ◽  
Brigitte Alliot-Licht ◽  
Emmanuelle Renard ◽  
Maxime Ducret ◽  
Alexis Gaudin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dental Caries ◽  
Dental Pulp ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Inflammatory Responses ◽  
Oral Bacteria ◽  
Barrier Formation ◽  
Reparative Dentin ◽  
Pulp Inflammation

Dental caries is a chronic infectious disease resulting from the penetration of oral bacteria into the enamel and dentin. Microorganisms subsequently trigger inflammatory responses in the dental pulp. These events can lead to pulp healing if the infection is not too severe following the removal of diseased enamel and dentin tissues and clinical restoration of the tooth. However, chronic inflammation often persists in the pulp despite treatment, inducing permanent loss of normal tissue and reducing innate repair capacities. For complete tooth healing the formation of a reactionary/reparative dentin barrier to distance and protect the pulp from infectious agents and restorative materials is required. Clinical andin vitroexperimental data clearly indicate that dentin barrier formation only occurs when pulp inflammation and infection are minimised, thus enabling reestablishment of tissue homeostasis and health. Therefore, promoting the resolution of pulp inflammation may provide a valuable therapeutic opportunity to ensure the sustainability of dental treatments. This paper focusses on key cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in pulp responses to bacteria and in the pulpal transition between caries-induced inflammation and dentinogenic-based repair. We report, using selected examples, different strategies potentially used by odontoblasts and specialized immune cells to combat dentin-invading bacteriain vivo.

scholarly journals The role of fibroblasts in the modulation of dental pulp inflammation

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chia-Lun Tsai ◽  
Shan-Ling Hung ◽  
Ya-Yun Lee ◽  
Yi-Ching Ho ◽  
Shue-Fen Yang
Keyword(s):  
Dental Pulp ◽  
Pulp Inflammation

scholarly journals The Role of microRNAs in Pulp Inflammation

Cells ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 2142
Author(s):  
José Luis Muñoz-Carrillo ◽  
Silverio Jafet Vázquez-Alcaraz ◽  
Jazmín Monserrat Vargas-Barbosa ◽  
Luis Guillermo Ramos-Gracia ◽  
Israel Alvarez-Barreto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Inflammatory Response ◽  
Small Molecules ◽  
Dental Pulp ◽  
Target Genes ◽  
Pulp Tissue ◽  
Physical Chemical ◽  
Pulp Inflammation ◽  
Systematized Review ◽  
Affected Tissue

The dental pulp can be affected by thermal, physical, chemical, and bacterial phenomena that stimulate the inflammatory response. The pulp tissue produces an immunological, cellular, and vascular reaction in an attempt to defend itself and resolve the affected tissue. The expression of different microRNAs during pulp inflammation has been previously documented. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are endogenous small molecules involved in the transcription of genes that regulate the immune system and the inflammatory response. They are present in cellular and physiological functions, as well as in the pathogenesis of human diseases, becoming potential biomarkers for diagnosis, prognosis, monitoring, and safety. Previous studies have evidenced the different roles played by miRNAs in proinflammatory, anti-inflammatory, and immunological phenomena in the dental pulp, highlighting specific key functions of pulp pathology. This systematized review aims to provide an understanding of the role of the different microRNAs detected in the pulp and their effects on the expression of the different target genes that are involved during pulp inflammation.

scholarly journals Combinations of propolis and Ca(OH)2 in dental pulp capping treatment for the stimulation of reparative dentin formation in a rat model

F1000Research ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. 308 ◽  
Author(s):  
Retno Pudji Rahayu ◽  
Nirawati Pribadi ◽  
Ira Widjiastuti ◽  
Nur Ariska Nugrahani
Keyword(s):  
Treatment Group ◽  
Dental Pulp ◽  
Tissue Repair ◽  
Treatment Process ◽  
Pulp Tissue ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Pulp Capping ◽  
Reparative Dentin ◽  
Dental Pulp Capping ◽  
Dentin Formation

Background: Caries in the dental pulp result in inflammation and damage to the pulp tissue. During inflammation of the pulp, various inflammatory mediators and growth factors are released, including IL-8, IL-10, TLR-2, VEGF and TGF-β through the NF-kB pathway. In the present study, therapy for pulpal caries was performed through pulp capping by giving a combination of propolis and calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2). This treatment was expected to stimulate the formation of reparative dentin as an anti-inflammatory material to prevent pulp tissue damage. Methods: 28 Wistar rats were divided into four groups and treated with Ca(OH)2 with or without the addition of propolis for either 7 or 14 days. Immunohistochemical examination was used to determine the expression of IL-8, IL-10, TLR-2, VEGF, TGF-β in the four treatment groups. Results: The group treated with a combination of propolis and Ca(OH)2 for 7 days showed that the expression of IL-10, IL-8, TLR-2, VEGF, TGF-β increased significantly compared to the treatment group treated with only Ca(OH)2. The expression of IL-10, TLR-2, TGF-β, VEGF increased in the treatment group treated with propolis and Ca(OH)2 for 14 days, while the expression of IL-8 in the decreased significantly. Conclusions: Administration of a combination of propolis and Ca(OH)2 has efficacy in the pulp capping treatment process because it has anti-bacterial and immunomodulatory properties. The results show that it is able to stimulate the process of pulp tissue repair through increased expression of IL-10, TGF-β, VEGF, TLR -2 and decreased expression of IL-8.

scholarly journals Secreted Frizzled-Related Protein 1 Promotes Odontoblastic Differentiation and Reparative Dentin Formation in Dental Pulp Cells

Cells ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 2491
Author(s):  
Keita Ipposhi ◽  
Atsushi Tomokiyo ◽  
Taiga Ono ◽  
Kozue Yamashita ◽  
Muhammad Anas Alhasan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dental Pulp ◽  
Nodule Formation ◽  
Dental Pulp Cells ◽  
Related Protein ◽  
Direct Pulp Capping ◽  
Odontoblastic Differentiation ◽  
Reparative Dentin ◽  
Pulp Cells ◽  
Dentin Formation ◽  
Reparative Dentin Formation

Direct pulp capping is an effective treatment for preserving dental pulp against carious or traumatic pulp exposure via the formation of protective reparative dentin by odontoblast-like cells. Reparative dentin formation can be stimulated by several signaling molecules; therefore, we investigated the effects of secreted frizzled-related protein (SFRP) 1 that was reported to be strongly expressed in odontoblasts of newborn molar tooth germs on odontoblastic differentiation and reparative dentin formation. In developing rat incisors, cells in the dental pulp, cervical loop, and inner enamel epithelium, as well as ameloblasts and preodontoblasts, weakly expressed Sfrp1; however, Sfrp1 was strongly expressed in mature odontoblasts. Human dental pulp cells (hDPCs) showed stronger expression of SFRP1 compared with periodontal ligament cells and gingival cells. SFRP1 knockdown in hDPCs abolished calcium chloride-induced mineralized nodule formation and odontoblast-related gene expression and decreased BMP-2 gene expression. Conversely, SFRP1 stimulation enhanced nodule formation and expression of BMP-2. Direct pulp capping treatment with SFRP1 induced the formation of a considerable amount of reparative dentin that has a structure similar to primary dentin. Our results indicate that SFRP1 is crucial for dentinogenesis and is important in promoting reparative dentin formation in response to injury.

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