scholarly journals Cell Biology of Viral Infections

Cells ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (11) ◽  
pp. 2431
Author(s):  
Pierre-Yves Lozach
Keyword(s):  
Host Cell ◽  
Cell Biology ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Life Forms ◽  
Original Research ◽  
Cellular Processes ◽  
Intracellular Parasites ◽  
Technological Developments ◽  
Life Threatening ◽  
Host Cell Interactions

Viruses exhibit an elegant simplicity, as they are so basic, but so frightening. Although only a few are life threatening, they have substantial implications for human health and the economy, as exemplified by the ongoing coronavirus pandemic. Viruses are rather small infectious agents found in all types of life forms, from animals and plants to prokaryotes and archaebacteria. They are obligate intracellular parasites, and as such, subvert many molecular and cellular processes of the host cell to ensure their own replication, amplification, and subsequent spread. This special issue addresses the cell biology of viral infections based on a collection of original research articles, communications, opinions, and reviews on various aspects of virus-host cell interactions. Together, these articles not only provide a glance into the latest research on the cell biology of viral infections, but also include novel technological developments.

scholarly journals Toxoplasma gondii Development of Its Replicative Niche: in Its Host Cell and Beyond

2014 ◽  
Vol 13 (8) ◽  
pp. 965-976 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ira J. Blader ◽  
Anita A. Koshy
Keyword(s):  
Toxoplasma Gondii ◽  
Host Cell ◽  
Host Cells ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Obligate Intracellular ◽  
Cellular Processes ◽  
High Prevalence ◽  
Life Threatening ◽  
Cell Processes ◽  
Cellular Pathways

ABSTRACTIntracellular pathogens can replicate efficiently only after they manipulate and modify their host cells to create an environment conducive to replication. While diverse cellular pathways are targeted by different pathogens, metabolism, membrane and cytoskeletal architecture formation, and cell death are the three primary cellular processes that are modified by infections.Toxoplasma gondiiis an obligate intracellular protozoan that infects ∼30% of the world's population and causes severe and life-threatening disease in developing fetuses, in immune-comprised patients, and in certain otherwise healthy individuals who are primarily found in South America. The high prevalence ofToxoplasmain humans is in large part a result of its ability to modulate these three host cell processes. Here, we highlight recent work defining the mechanisms by whichToxoplasmainteracts with these processes. In addition, we hypothesize why some processes are modified not only in the infected host cell but also in neighboring uninfected cells.

scholarly journals Pathogens and polymers: Microbe–host interactions illuminate the cytoskeleton

2011 ◽  
Vol 195 (1) ◽  
pp. 7-17 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cat M. Haglund ◽  
Matthew D. Welch
Keyword(s):  
Host Cell ◽  
Membrane Trafficking ◽  
Cell Biology ◽  
Cytoskeletal Proteins ◽  
Intracellular Pathogens ◽  
Regulatory Pathways ◽  
Host Interactions ◽  
Cellular Processes ◽  
Cytoskeletal Function ◽  
Common Target

Intracellular pathogens subvert the host cell cytoskeleton to promote their own survival, replication, and dissemination. Study of these microbes has led to many discoveries about host cell biology, including the identification of cytoskeletal proteins, regulatory pathways, and mechanisms of cytoskeletal function. Actin is a common target of bacterial pathogens, but recent work also highlights the use of microtubules, cytoskeletal motors, intermediate filaments, and septins. The study of pathogen interactions with the cytoskeleton has illuminated key cellular processes such as phagocytosis, macropinocytosis, membrane trafficking, motility, autophagy, and signal transduction.

scholarly journals Metabolic Reprogramming of the Host Cell by Human Adenovirus Infection

Viruses ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 141 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin A. Prusinkiewicz ◽  
Joe S. Mymryk
Keyword(s):  
Viral Replication ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Cellular Metabolism ◽  
Human Adenovirus ◽  
Metabolic Reprogramming ◽  
Cancer Treatments ◽  
Cellular Processes ◽  
Intracellular Parasites ◽  
Tumor Virus ◽  
Altered Metabolism

Viruses are obligate intracellular parasites that alter many cellular processes to create an environment optimal for viral replication. Reprogramming of cellular metabolism is an important, yet underappreciated feature of many viral infections, as this ensures that the energy and substrates required for viral replication are available in abundance. Human adenovirus (HAdV), which is the focus of this review, is a small DNA tumor virus that reprograms cellular metabolism in a variety of ways. It is well known that HAdV infection increases glucose uptake and fermentation to lactate in a manner resembling the Warburg effect observed in many cancer cells. However, HAdV infection induces many other metabolic changes. In this review, we integrate the findings from a variety of proteomic and transcriptomic studies to understand the subtleties of metabolite and metabolic pathway control during HAdV infection. We review how the E4ORF1 protein of HAdV enacts some of these changes and summarize evidence for reprogramming of cellular metabolism by the viral E1A protein. Therapies targeting altered metabolism are emerging as cancer treatments, and similar targeting of aberrant components of virally reprogrammed metabolism could have clinical antiviral applications.

scholarly journals Imaging Flow Cytometry and Confocal Immunofluorescence Microscopy of Virus-Host Cell Interactions

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ryley D. McClelland ◽  
Tyce N. Culp ◽  
David J. Marchant
Keyword(s):  
Flow Cytometry ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Structural Information ◽  
Host Factors ◽  
Live Cells ◽  
Cellular Processes ◽  
Imaging Flow Cytometry ◽  
Confocal Immunofluorescence Microscopy ◽  
Confocal Immunofluorescence ◽  
Host Cell Interactions

Viruses are diverse pathogens that use host factors to enter cells and cause disease. Imaging the entry and replication phases of viruses and their interactions with host factors is key to fully understanding viral infections. This review will discuss how confocal microscopy and imaging flow cytometry are used to investigate virus entry and replication mechanisms in fixed and live cells. Quantification of viral images and the use of cryo-electron microscopy to gather structural information of viruses is also explored. Using imaging to understand how viruses replicate and interact with host factors, we gain insight into cellular processes and identify novel targets to develop antiviral therapeutics and vaccines.

scholarly journals Protein Palmitoylation and Pathogenesis in Apicomplexan Parasites

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Martha Corvi ◽  
Andres Mariano Alonso ◽  
Marina Cecilia Caballero
Keyword(s):  
Toxoplasma Gondii ◽  
Host Cell ◽  
Cell Biology ◽  
Protozoan Parasites ◽  
Apicomplexan Parasites ◽  
Intracellular Parasites ◽  
Protein Palmitoylation ◽  
Broad Variety ◽  
Species Being

Apicomplexan parasites comprise a broad variety of protozoan parasites, includingToxoplasma gondii, Plasmodium, Eimeria,andCryptosporidiumspecies. Being intracellular parasites, the success in establishing pathogenesis relies in their ability to infect a host-cell and replicate within it. Protein palmitoylation is known to affect many aspects of cell biology. Furthermore, palmitoylation has recently been shown to affect important processes inT. gondiisuch as replication, invasion, and gliding. Thus, this paper focuses on the importance of protein palmitoylation in the pathogenesis of apicomplexan parasites.

scholarly journals Effect of the Large and Small T-Antigens of Human Polyomaviruses on Signaling Pathways

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (16) ◽  
pp. 3914 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ugo Moens ◽  
Andrew Macdonald
Keyword(s):  
Host Cell ◽  
Signaling Pathways ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
T Antigen ◽  
Progeny Virus ◽  
T Antigens ◽  
Dna Viruses ◽  
Intracellular Parasites ◽  
Host Signaling ◽  
Small T Antigen

Viruses are intracellular parasites that require a permissive host cell to express the viral genome and to produce new progeny virus particles. However, not all viral infections are productive and some viruses can induce carcinogenesis. Irrespective of the type of infection (productive or neoplastic), viruses hijack the host cell machinery to permit optimal viral replication or to transform the infected cell into a tumor cell. One mechanism viruses employ to reprogram the host cell is through interference with signaling pathways. Polyomaviruses are naked, double-stranded DNA viruses whose genome encodes the regulatory proteins large T-antigen and small t-antigen, and structural proteins that form the capsid. The large T-antigens and small t-antigens can interfere with several host signaling pathways. In this case, we review the interplay between the large T-antigens and small t-antigens with host signaling pathways and the biological consequences of these interactions.

scholarly journals The diverse roles and dynamic rearrangement of vimentin during viral infection

2020 ◽  
Vol 134 (5) ◽  
pp. jcs250597
Author(s):  
Yue Zhang ◽  
Zeyu Wen ◽  
Xuemeng Shi ◽  
Yan-Jun Liu ◽  
John E. Eriksson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Viral Infection ◽  
Host Cell ◽  
Cell Biology ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Epithelial Mesenchymal Transition ◽  
Regulation Of Expression ◽  
Mesenchymal Transition ◽  
Cell Defense ◽  
Interaction Sites

ABSTRACTEpidemics caused by viral infections pose a significant global threat. Cytoskeletal vimentin is a major intermediate filament (IF) protein, and is involved in numerous functions, including cell signaling, epithelial–mesenchymal transition, intracellular organization and cell migration. Vimentin has important roles for the life cycle of particular viruses; it can act as a co-receptor to enable effective virus invasion and guide efficient transport of the virus to the replication site. Furthermore, vimentin has been shown to rearrange into cage-like structures that facilitate virus replication, and to recruit viral components to the location of assembly and egress. Surprisingly, vimentin can also inhibit virus entry or egress, as well as participate in host-cell defense. Although vimentin can facilitate viral infection, how this function is regulated is still poorly understood. In particular, information is lacking on its interaction sites, regulation of expression, post-translational modifications and cooperation with other host factors. This Review recapitulates the different functions of vimentin in the virus life cycle and discusses how they influence host-cell tropism, virulence of the pathogens and the consequent pathological outcomes. These insights into vimentin–virus interactions emphasize the importance of cytoskeletal functions in viral cell biology and their potential for the identification of novel antiviral targets.

scholarly journals Oligonucleotide-Based Approaches to Inhibit Dengue Virus Replication

Molecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 956
Author(s):  
Kingshuk Panda ◽  
Kalichamy Alagarasu ◽  
Deepti Parashar
Keyword(s):  
Dengue Virus ◽  
Viral Replication ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Denv Infection ◽  
Viral Rna ◽  
Effective Vaccine ◽  
Cellular Processes ◽  
Antiviral Therapies ◽  
Life Threatening

Dengue fever is one of the most common viral infections affecting humans. It is an expanding public health problem, particularly in tropical and subtropical regions. No effective vaccine or antiviral therapies against Dengue virus (DENV) infection are available. Therefore, there is a strong need to develop safe and effective therapeutic strategies that can reduce the burden and duration of hospitalizations due to this life-threatening disease. Oligonucleotide-based strategies are considered as an attractive means of inhibiting viral replication since oligonucleotides can be designed to interact with any viral RNA, provided its sequence is known. The resultant targeted destruction of viral RNA interferes with viral replication without inducing any adverse effects on cellular processes. In this review, we elaborate the ribozymes, RNA interference, CRISPR, aptamer and morpholino strategies for the inhibition of DENV replication and discuss the challenges involved in utilizing such approaches.

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