scholarly journals Cell Biological Techniques and Cell-Biomaterial Interactions

Cells ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (9) ◽  
pp. 2094
Author(s):  
Yunqing Kang
Keyword(s):  
Tissue Engineering ◽  
Regenerative Medicine ◽  
The Body ◽  
The Self ◽  
Self Healing ◽  
Special Issue ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms

Biomaterials play a key role in modern tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. They are expected to take over the function of a damaged tissue in the long term, trigger the self-healing potential of the body, and biodegrade at an appropriate rate. To meet these requirements, it is imperative to understand the cell-biomaterial interactions and develop new cell biotechnologies. The collection of this Special Issue brings together a number of studies portraying the underlying mechanisms of cell-biomaterial interactions.

scholarly journals Why should any body have a self?

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jakob Hohwy ◽  
John Michael
Keyword(s):  
Brain Function ◽  
Prediction Error ◽  
The Body ◽  
The Self ◽  
Error Minimization ◽  
Computational Framework ◽  
Key Characteristics ◽  
Prediction Error Minimization ◽  
Hierarchical Bayesian Inference

We use a general computational framework for brain function to develop a theory of the self. The theory is that the self is an inferred model of endogenous, deeply hidden causes of behavior. The general framework for brain function on which we base this theory is that the brain is fundamentally an organ for prediction error minimization.There are three related parts to this project. In the first part (Sections 2-3), we explain how prediction error minimization must lead to the inference of a network of deeply hidden endogenous causes. The key concept here is that prediction error minimization in the long term approximates hierarchical Bayesian inference, where the hierarchy is critical to understand the place of the self, and the body, in the world.In the second part (Sections 4-5), we discuss why such a set of hidden endogenous causes should qualify as a self. We show how a comprehensive prediction error minimization account can accommodate key characteristics of the self. It turns out that, though the modelled endogenous causes are just some among other inferred causes of sensory input, the model is special in being, in a special sense, a model of itself.The third part (Sections 6-7) identifies a threat from such self-modelling: how can a self-model be accurate if it represents itself? We propose that we learn to be who we are through a positive feedback loop: from infancy onward, humans apply agent-models to understand what other agents are up to in their environment, and actively align themselves with those models. Accurate self-models arise and are sustained as a natural consequence of humans’ skill in modeling and interacting with each other. The concluding section situates this inferentialist yet realist theory of the self with respect to narrative conceptions of the self.

scholarly journals Curable Area Substantiation of Self-Healing in Concrete Using Neutral Axis

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (8) ◽  
pp. 1537 ◽  
Author(s):  
Choonghyun Kang ◽  
Taewan Kim
Keyword(s):  
Neutral Axis ◽  
The Self ◽  
Strain Gauges ◽  
Self Healing ◽  
Distinct Area ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Strength And Stiffness ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms ◽  
Healing Assessment ◽  
Physical Recovery

The self-healing nature of concrete has been proved in many studies using various methods. However, the underlying mechanisms and the distinct area of self-healing have not been identified in detail. This study focuses on the limits of the area of self-healing. A bending specimen with a notch is used herein, and its flexural strength and stiffness before and after healing are compared and used for self-healing assessment. In addition, the neutral axis of the specimen was measured using successive strain gauges attached to the crack propagation part. Although the strength and stiffness of the concrete recovered after self-healing, the change in the location of the neutral axis before and after healing was insignificant, which indicates that physical recovery did not occur for once-opened crack areas.

scholarly journals Natural Architectures for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 47
Author(s):  
Floris Honig ◽  
Steven Vermeulen ◽  
Amir A. Zadpoor ◽  
Jan de Boer ◽  
Lidy E. Fratila-Apachitei
Keyword(s):  
Tissue Engineering ◽  
Regenerative Medicine ◽  
Surface Properties ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Cell Behaviour ◽  
Cell Responses ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms ◽  
Functional Biomaterials

The ability to control the interactions between functional biomaterials and biological systems is of great importance for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. However, the underlying mechanisms defining the interplay between biomaterial properties and the human body are complex. Therefore, a key challenge is to design biomaterials that mimic the in vivo microenvironment. Over millions of years, nature has produced a wide variety of biological materials optimised for distinct functions, ranging from the extracellular matrix (ECM) for structural and biochemical support of cells to the holy lotus with special wettability for self-cleaning effects. Many of these systems found in biology possess unique surface properties recognised to regulate cell behaviour. Integration of such natural surface properties in biomaterials can bring about novel cell responses in vitro and provide greater insights into the processes occurring at the cell-biomaterial interface. Using natural surfaces as templates for bioinspired design can stimulate progress in the field of regenerative medicine, tissue engineering and biomaterials science. This literature review aims to combine the state-of-the-art knowledge in natural and nature-inspired surfaces, with an emphasis on material properties known to affect cell behaviour.

scholarly journals Sources and Clinical Applications of Mesenchymal Stem Cells: State-of-the-art review

2018 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 264 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roberto Berebichez-Fridman ◽  
Pablo R. Montero-Olvera
Keyword(s):  
Tissue Engineering ◽  
Stem Cells ◽  
Mesenchymal Stem Cells ◽  
Regenerative Medicine ◽  
Adult Stem Cells ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Clinical Applications ◽  
The Body ◽  
Differentiation Potential ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages

First discovered by Friedenstein in 1976, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are adult stem cells found throughout the body that share a fixed set of characteristics. Discovered initially in the bone marrow, this cell source is considered the gold standard for clinical research, although various other sources—including adipose tissue, dental pulp, mobilised peripheral blood and birth-derived tissues—have since been identified. Although similar, MSCs derived from different sources possess distinct characteristics, advantages and disadvantages, including their differentiation potential and proliferation capacity, which influence their applicability. Hence, they may be used for specific clinical applications in the fields of regenerative medicine and tissue engineering. This review article summarises current knowledge regarding the various sources, characteristics and therapeutic applications of MSCs.Keywords: Mesenchymal Stem Cells; Adult Stem Cells; Regenerative Medicine; Cell Differentiation; Tissue Engineering.

Exploring and Exploiting Tissue Engineering Through the Design of Multifunctional Therapeutic Systems

2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 80-82 ◽  
Author(s):  
Masoud Mozafari
Keyword(s):  
Tissue Engineering ◽  
Stem Cell ◽  
Regenerative Medicine ◽  
Stem Cell Research ◽  
Therapeutic Strategies ◽  
Common Theme ◽  
Special Issue ◽  
The Common ◽  
Lead Article

This article presents a special issue of "Current Stem Cell Research & Therapy" devoted to exploring and exploiting tissue engineering through the design of multifunctional therapeutic systems. This lead article draws from twelve contributed articles to discuss the most recent advancements in this emerging field. The common theme in the contributed articles is the emerging therapeutic strategies, and a special appeal is made for collaboration between engineers and biologists for the development of multifunctional therapeutic systems for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine.

scholarly journals Nanotechnology in the Regeneration of Complex Tissues

2014 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
pp. BTRI.S12331 ◽  
Author(s):  
John W. Cassidy
Keyword(s):  
Tissue Engineering ◽  
Stem Cells ◽  
Extracellular Matrix ◽  
Regenerative Medicine ◽  
Modern Medicine ◽  
The Self ◽  
Mechanical Support ◽  
Related Field ◽  
Biomimetic Scaffolds ◽  
Repair Mechanisms

Modern medicine faces a growing crisis as demand for organ transplantations continues to far outstrip supply. By stimulating the body's own repair mechanisms, regenerative medicine aims to reduce demand for organs, while the closely related field of tissue engineering promises to deliver “of-the-self” organs grown from patients' own stem cells to improve supply. To deliver on these promises, we must have reliable means of generating complex tissues. Thus far, the majority of successful tissue engineering approaches have relied on macroporous scaffolds to provide cells with both mechanical support and differentiative cues. In order to engineer complex tissues, greater attention must be paid to nanoscale cues present in a cell's microenvironment. As the extracellular matrix is capable of driving complexity during development, it must be understood and reproduced in order to recapitulate complexity in engineered tissues. This review will summarize current progress in engineering complex tissue through the integration of nanocomposites and biomimetic scaffolds.

Role of Cells in Freezing-Induced Cell-Fluid Matrix Interactions Within Engineered Tissues

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Angela Seawright ◽  
Altug Ozcelikkale ◽  
J. Craig Dutton ◽  
Bumsoo Han
Keyword(s):  
Tissue Engineering ◽  
Extracellular Matrix ◽  
Regenerative Medicine ◽  
Biological Tissues ◽  
Cellular Viability ◽  
Long Term Storage ◽  
Matrix Interactions ◽  
Term Storage

Cryopreservation can provide long-term storage of various biological tissues, which has significant impact on tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. For successful cryopreservation of tissues, tissue functionality must be maintained including physical properties such as mechanical, optical, and transport properties, as well as cellular viability. Such properties are associated with the extracellular matrix (ECM) microstructure. Thus, the preservation of the ECM microstructure may lead to successful cryopreservation [1,2]. Yet, there is still very little known about changes in the ECM microstructure during freezing/thawing.

scholarly journals The BioNTech / Pfizer vaccine BNT162b2 induces class-switched SARS-CoV-2-specific plasma cells and potential memory B cells as well as IgG and IgA serum and IgG saliva antibodies upon the first immunization

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anne S. Lixenfeld ◽  
Inga Künsting ◽  
Emily L. Martin ◽  
Vera von Kopylow ◽  
Selina Lehrian ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
B Cells ◽  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Development Process ◽  
Plasma Cells ◽  
Memory B Cells ◽  
The Body ◽  
Cd4 T Cell ◽  
First Line ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms

AbstractTo treat the SARS-CoV-2 virus, that enters the body through the respiratory tract, different vaccines in particular against the SARS-CoV-2 spike (S)-protein have been developed or are in the development process. For the BioNTech / Pfizer mRNA vaccine BNT162b2, which is injected twice, protection against COVID-19 has been described for the first weeks after the second vaccination. The underlying mechanisms of defense and the long-term effectiveness of this vaccine against COVID-19 are currently under investigation.In addition to the induction of systemic antibodies (Abs), Ab responses in the respiratory tract would help to form a first line of defense against SARS-CoV-2. Furthermore, protection depends on Fab-part-dependent neutralizing capacities, however, Fc-part-mediated effector mechanisms might also be important. Long-term defense would be based on the induction of long-lived antibody-producing plasma cells (PCs) and memory B cells.Here, we established different assays to analyze anti-SARS-CoV-2-S IgG and IgA Abs in blood serum and saliva as well as SARS-CoV-2-S1-reactive IgG and IgA PCs and potential memory B cells in the blood of individuals upon their first immunization with BNT162b2.We show that the vaccine induces in particular anti-SARS-CoV-2-S IgG1 and IgG3 as well as IgA1 and in some individuals also IgG2 and IgA2 serum Abs. In the saliva, we found no anti-SARS-CoV-2-S IgA, but instead IgG Abs. Furthermore, we found SARS-CoV-2-S reactive IgG+ blood PCs and potential memory B cells as well as SARS-CoV-2-S reactive IgA+ PCs and/or potential memory B cells in some individuals.Our data suggest that the vaccine induces a promising CD4+ T cell-dependent systemic IgG1 and IgG3 Ab response with IgG+ PCs and potential memory B cells. In addition to the systemic IgG response, the systemic IgA and saliva IgG response might help to improve a first line of defense in the respiratory tract against SARS-CoV-2 and its mutants.

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