scholarly journals Insights into HP1a-Chromatin Interactions

Cells ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (8) ◽  
pp. 1866
Author(s):  
Silvia Meyer-Nava ◽  
Victor E. Nieto-Caballero ◽  
Mario Zurita ◽  
Viviana Valadez-Graham
Keyword(s):  
Genome Stability ◽  
Direct Relationship ◽  
Protein Characterization ◽  
Regulatory Mechanisms ◽  
Crucial Aspect ◽  
Heterochromatin Protein ◽  
Chromatin Interactions ◽  
Gene Regulatory ◽  
Cellular Development

Understanding the packaging of DNA into chromatin has become a crucial aspect in the study of gene regulatory mechanisms. Heterochromatin establishment and maintenance dynamics have emerged as some of the main features involved in genome stability, cellular development, and diseases. The most extensively studied heterochromatin protein is HP1a. This protein has two main domains, namely the chromoshadow and the chromodomain, separated by a hinge region. Over the years, several works have taken on the task of identifying HP1a partners using different strategies. In this review, we focus on describing these interactions and the possible complexes and subcomplexes associated with this critical protein. Characterization of these complexes will help us to clearly understand the implications of the interactions of HP1a in heterochromatin maintenance, heterochromatin dynamics, and heterochromatin’s direct relationship to gene regulation and chromatin organization.

scholarly journals The Tiger Rattlesnake genome reveals a complex genotype underlying a simple venom phenotype

2021 ◽  
Vol 118 (4) ◽  
pp. e2014634118
Author(s):  
Mark J. Margres ◽  
Rhett M. Rautsaw ◽  
Jason L. Strickland ◽  
Andrew J. Mason ◽  
Tristan D. Schramer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Regulatory Network ◽  
Complex Traits ◽  
Gene Loss ◽  
Chromatin Accessibility ◽  
Model System ◽  
Complete Characterization ◽  
Regulatory Mechanisms ◽  
Snake Venoms ◽  
Gene Regulatory

Variation in gene regulation is ubiquitous, yet identifying the mechanisms producing such variation, especially for complex traits, is challenging. Snake venoms provide a model system for studying the phenotypic impacts of regulatory variation in complex traits because of their genetic tractability. Here, we sequence the genome of the Tiger Rattlesnake, which possesses the simplest and most toxic venom of any rattlesnake species, to determine whether the simple venom phenotype is the result of a simple genotype through gene loss or a complex genotype mediated through regulatory mechanisms. We generate the most contiguous snake-genome assembly to date and use this genome to show that gene loss, chromatin accessibility, and methylation levels all contribute to the production of the simplest, most toxic rattlesnake venom. We provide the most complete characterization of the venom gene-regulatory network to date and identify key mechanisms mediating phenotypic variation across a polygenic regulatory network.

scholarly journals The origin of animals: an ancestral reconstruction of the unicellular-to-multicellular transition

Open Biology ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 200359
Author(s):  
Núria Ros-Rocher ◽  
Alberto Pérez-Posada ◽  
Michelle M. Leger ◽  
Iñaki Ruiz-Trillo
Keyword(s):  
Gene Regulation ◽  
Cell Communication ◽  
Regulatory Mechanisms ◽  
Comparative Genomic ◽  
Ancestral Reconstruction ◽  
Genomic Analyses ◽  
Gene Regulatory ◽  
Key Events ◽  
Early Developmental

How animals evolved from a single-celled ancestor, transitioning from a unicellular lifestyle to a coordinated multicellular entity, remains a fascinating question. Key events in this transition involved the emergence of processes related to cell adhesion, cell–cell communication and gene regulation. To understand how these capacities evolved, we need to reconstruct the features of both the last common multicellular ancestor of animals and the last unicellular ancestor of animals. In this review, we summarize recent advances in the characterization of these ancestors, inferred by comparative genomic analyses between the earliest branching animals and those radiating later, and between animals and their closest unicellular relatives. We also provide an updated hypothesis regarding the transition to animal multicellularity, which was likely gradual and involved the use of gene regulatory mechanisms in the emergence of early developmental and morphogenetic plans. Finally, we discuss some new avenues of research that will complement these studies in the coming years.

scholarly journals Odorant-binding protein. Characterization of ligand binding.

1990 ◽  
Vol 265 (11) ◽  
pp. 6118-6125
Author(s):  
J Pevsner ◽  
V Hou ◽  
A M Snowman ◽  
S H Snyder
Keyword(s):  
Ligand Binding ◽  
Binding Protein ◽  
Protein Characterization ◽  
Odorant Binding Protein ◽  
Odorant Binding

scholarly journals RAD6 Promotes Homologous Recombination Repair by Activating the Autophagy-Mediated Degradation of Heterochromatin Protein HP1

2014 ◽  
Vol 35 (2) ◽  
pp. 406-416 ◽  
Author(s):  
Su Chen ◽  
Chen Wang ◽  
Luxi Sun ◽  
Da-Liang Wang ◽  
Lu Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Homologous Recombination ◽  
Genome Stability ◽  
Chromosomal Rearrangements ◽  
Strand Break ◽  
Open Chromatin ◽  
Dsb Repair ◽  
Heterochromatin Protein ◽  
Dna Double Strand Break ◽  
Recombination Repair ◽  
Ubiquitin Conjugating Enzyme

Efficient DNA double-strand break (DSB) repair is critical for the maintenance of genome stability. Unrepaired or misrepaired DSBs cause chromosomal rearrangements that can result in severe consequences, such as tumorigenesis. RAD6 is an E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme that plays a pivotal role in repairing UV-induced DNA damage. Here, we present evidence that RAD6 is also required for DNA DSB repair via homologous recombination (HR) by specifically regulating the degradation of heterochromatin protein 1α (HP1α). Our study indicates that RAD6 physically interacts with HP1α and ubiquitinates HP1α at residue K154, thereby promoting HP1α degradation through the autophagy pathway and eventually leading to an open chromatin structure that facilitates efficient HR DSB repair. Furthermore, bioinformatics studies have indicated that the expression of RAD6 and HP1α exhibits an inverse relationship and correlates with the survival rate of patients.

scholarly journals Characterization of Glycoside Hydrolase Family 5 Proteins in Schizosaccharomyces pombe

2010 ◽  
Vol 9 (11) ◽  
pp. 1650-1660 ◽  
Author(s):  
Encarnación Dueñas-Santero ◽  
Ana Belén Martín-Cuadrado ◽  
Thierry Fontaine ◽  
Jean-Paul Latgé ◽  
Francisco del Rey ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Schizosaccharomyces Pombe ◽  
Protein Characterization ◽  
Wall Material ◽  
Glycoside Hydrolase Family ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Hydrolysis Of ◽  
Controlled Hydrolysis ◽  
Hydrolase Family

ABSTRACT In yeast, enzymes with β-glucanase activity are thought to be necessary in morphogenetic events that require controlled hydrolysis of the cell wall. Comparison of the sequence of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae exo-β(1,3)-glucanase Exg1 with the Schizosaccharomyces pombe genome allowed the identification of three genes that were named exg1 + (locus SPBC1105.05), exg2 + (SPAC12B10.11), and exg3 + (SPBC2D10.05). The three proteins have different localizations: Exg1 is secreted to the periplasmic space, Exg2 is a membrane protein, and Exg3 is a cytoplasmic protein. Characterization of the biochemical activity of the proteins indicated that Exg1 and Exg3 are active only against β(1,6)-glucans while no activity was detected for Exg2. Interestingly, Exg1 cleaves the glucans with an endohydrolytic mode of action. exg1 + showed periodic expression during the cell cycle, with a maximum coinciding with the septation process, and its expression was dependent on the transcription factor Sep1. The Exg1 protein localizes to the septum region in a pattern that was different from that of the endo-β(1,3)-glucanase Eng1. Overexpression of Exg2 resulted in an increase in cell wall material at the poles and in the septum, but the putative catalytic activity of the protein was not required for this effect.

scholarly journals Genomic, Tissue Expression, and Protein Characterization of pCLCA1, a Putative Modulator of Cystic Fibrosis in the Pig

2009 ◽  
Vol 57 (12) ◽  
pp. 1169-1181 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephanie Plog ◽  
Lars Mundhenk ◽  
Nikolai Klymiuk ◽  
Achim D. Gruber
Keyword(s):  
Cystic Fibrosis ◽  
Tissue Expression ◽  
Protein Characterization
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