scholarly journals Role of Inflammasomes in HIV-1 and Drug Abuse Mediated Neuroinflammaging

Cells ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (8) ◽  
pp. 1857
Author(s):  
Susmita Sil ◽  
Fang Niu ◽  
Ernest T. Chivero ◽  
Seema Singh ◽  
Palsamy Periyasamy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Drug Abuse ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Premature Aging ◽  
Inflammasome Activation ◽  
People Living With Hiv ◽  
Abused Drugs ◽  
Hiv 1

Despite the effectiveness of combined antiretroviral therapy (cART) in suppressing virus replication, chronic inflammation remains one of the cardinal features intersecting HIV-1, cART, drug abuse, and likely contributes to the accelerated neurocognitive decline and aging in people living with HIV-1 (PLWH) that abuse drugs. It is also estimated that ~30–60% of PLWH on cART develop cognitive deficits associated with HIV-1-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND), with symptomatology ranging from asymptomatic to mild, neurocognitive impairments. Adding further complexity to HAND is the comorbidity of drug abuse in PLWH involving activated immune responses and the release of neurotoxins, which, in turn, mediate neuroinflammation. Premature or accelerated aging is another feature of drug abusing PLWH on cART regimes. Emerging studies implicate the role of HIV-1/HIV-1 proteins, cART, and abused drugs in altering the inflammasome signaling in the central nervous system (CNS) cells. It is thus likely that exposure of these cells to HIV-1/HIV-1 proteins, cART, and/or abused drugs could have synergistic/additive effects on the activation of inflammasomes, in turn, leading to exacerbated neuroinflammation, ultimately resulting in premature aging referred to as “inflammaging” In this review, we summarize the current knowledge of inflammasome activation, neuroinflammation, and aging in central nervous system (CNS) cells such as microglia, astrocytes, and neurons in the context of HIV-1 and drug abuse.

scholarly journals Crucial Role of Central Nervous System as a Viral Anatomical Compartment for HIV-1 Infection

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (12) ◽  
pp. 2537
Author(s):  
Ana Borrajo ◽  
Valentina Svicher ◽  
Romina Salpini ◽  
Michele Pellegrino ◽  
Stefano Aquaro
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
People Living With Hiv ◽  
Viral Reservoirs ◽  
Virus Eradication ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Neurological Research ◽  
Living With Hiv ◽  
Hiv 1

The chronic infection established by the human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1) produces serious CD4+ T cell immunodeficiency despite the decrease in HIV-1 ribonucleic acid (RNA) levels and the raised life expectancy of people living with HIV-1 (PLWH) through treatment with combined antiretroviral therapies (cART). HIV-1 enters the central nervous system (CNS), where perivascular macrophages and microglia are infected. Serious neurodegenerative symptoms related to HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) are produced by infection of the CNS. Despite advances in the treatment of this infection, HAND significantly contribute to morbidity and mortality globally. The pathogenesis and the role of inflammation in HAND are still incompletely understood. Principally, growing evidence shows that the CNS is an anatomical reservoir for viral infection and replication, and that its compartmentalization can trigger the evolution of neurological damage and thus make virus eradication more difficult. In this review, important concepts for understanding HAND and neuropathogenesis as well as the viral proteins involved in the CNS as an anatomical reservoir for HIV infection are discussed. In addition, an overview of the recent advancements towards therapeutic strategies for the treatment of HAND is presented. Further neurological research is needed to address neurodegenerative difficulties in people living with HIV, specifically regarding CNS viral reservoirs and their effects on eradication.

scholarly journals Compartmentalization of HIV-1 in the central nervous system: role of the choroid plexus

AIDS ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 19 (7) ◽  
pp. 675-684 ◽  
Author(s):  
Evan J Burkala ◽  
Jun He ◽  
John T West ◽  
Charles Wood ◽  
Carol K Petito
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Choroid Plexus ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Hiv 1

scholarly journals Neuroinflammation as Fuel for Axonal Regeneration in the Injured Vertebrate Central Nervous System

2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 ◽  
pp. 1-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ilse Bollaerts ◽  
Jessie Van houcke ◽  
Lien Andries ◽  
Lies De Groef ◽  
Lieve Moons
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Axonal Regeneration ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Cord Injury ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Novel Therapeutic Strategies ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Vertebrate Central Nervous System

Damage to the central nervous system (CNS) is one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality in elderly, as repair after lesions or neurodegenerative disease usually fails because of the limited capacity of CNS regeneration. The causes underlying this limited regenerative potential are multifactorial, but one critical aspect is neuroinflammation. Although classically considered as harmful, it is now becoming increasingly clear that inflammation can also promote regeneration, if the appropriate context is provided. Here, we review the current knowledge on how acute inflammation is intertwined with axonal regeneration, an important component of CNS repair. After optic nerve or spinal cord injury, inflammatory stimulation and/or modification greatly improve the regenerative outcome in rodents. Moreover, the hypothesis of a beneficial role of inflammation is further supported by evidence from adult zebrafish, which possess the remarkable capability to repair CNS lesions and even restore functionality. Lastly, we shed light on the impact of aging processes on the regenerative capacity in the CNS of mammals and zebrafish. As aging not only affects the CNS, but also the immune system, the regeneration potential is expected to further decline in aged individuals, an element that should definitely be considered in the search for novel therapeutic strategies.

scholarly journals Plectin in the Central Nervous System and a Putative Role in Brain Astrocytes

Cells ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 2353
Author(s):  
Maja Potokar ◽  
Jernej Jorgačevski
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Cellular Proteins ◽  
Bidirectional Communication ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Brain And Spinal Cord ◽  
The Brain

Plectin, a high-molecular-mass cytolinker, is abundantly expressed in the central nervous system (CNS). Currently, a limited amount of data about plectin in the CNS prevents us from seeing the complete picture of how plectin affects the functioning of the CNS as a whole. Yet, by analogy to its role in other tissues, it is anticipated that, in the CNS, plectin also functions as the key cytoskeleton interlinking molecule. Thus, it is likely involved in signalling processes, thereby affecting numerous fundamental functions in the brain and spinal cord. Versatile direct and indirect interactions of plectin with cytoskeletal filaments and enzymes in the cells of the CNS in normal physiological and in pathologic conditions remain to be fully addressed. Several pathologies of the CNS related to plectin have been discovered in patients with plectinopathies. However, in view of plectin as an integrator of a cohesive mesh of cellular proteins, it is important that the role of plectin is also considered in other CNS pathologies. This review summarizes the current knowledge of plectin in the CNS, focusing on plectin isoforms that have been detected in the CNS, along with its expression profile and distribution alongside diverse cytoskeleton filaments in CNS cell types. Considering that the bidirectional communication between neurons and glial cells, especially astrocytes, is crucial for proper functioning of the CNS, we place particular emphasis on the known roles of plectin in neurons, and we propose possible roles of plectin in astrocytes.

Potential neuroprotective role of astroglial exosomes against smoking-induced oxidative stress and HIV-1 replication in the central nervous system

2018 ◽  
Vol 22 (8) ◽  
pp. 703-714 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sabina Ranjit ◽  
Benjamin J. Patters ◽  
Kelli A. Gerth ◽  
Sanjana Haque ◽  
Sanjeev Choudhary ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Hiv 1

scholarly journals The role of gut microbiota in the pathogenesis of neuropsychiatric and neurodegenerative diseases

2019 ◽  
Vol 73 ◽  
pp. 865-886
Author(s):  
Aleksandra Szewczyk ◽  
Apolonia Witecka ◽  
Anna Kiersztan
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Autism Spectrum ◽  
Nervous System Diseases ◽  
Central Nervous System Diseases ◽  
Brain Functions ◽  
Number Of Microorganisms ◽  
The Central Nervous System

According to current knowledge, the number of microorganisms living in our body slightly exceeds the number of our own cells, and most of them occupy the large intestine. New methods for analyzing microorganisms residing in our intestine (intestinal microbiota) enable a better understanding of their metabolic, protective and structural functions as well as complex interactions with the host. The development of microbiota is dynamic, and its composition may change during our lifetime. Many factors can affect the composition of microbiota, such as diet, stress, age, genetic factors and antibiotic therapy. Microbiota-gut-brain communication is bi-directional and is mediated via neuronal, immunological and humoral pathways. This article focuses on gut-brain axis elements, such as the vagus nerve, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA), cytokines, neurotransmitters, hormones and intestinal peptides, allowing microbiota to contact with the central nervous system. Moreover, this article shows the mechanisms by which microbiota affects the brain functions related to our behavior, mood and cognitive processes. In addition, the role of microbiota composition disorders in the pathogenesis of central nervous system diseases (such as depression, autism spectrum disorder, schizophrenia, multiple sclerosis, Parkinson’s disease and Alzheimer’s disease) is discussed. This article also focuses on the results from studies in which probiotics have been used as potential therapeutic agents in the treatment of gastrointestinal disorders and also alleviating the symptoms of the central nervous system diseases.

scholarly journals New Challenges of HIV-1 Infection: How HIV-1 Attacks and Resides in the Central Nervous System

Cells ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (10) ◽  
pp. 1245 ◽  
Author(s):  
Victoria Rojas-Celis ◽  
Fernando Valiente-Echeverría ◽  
Ricardo Soto-Rifo ◽  
Daniela Toro-Ascuy
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Latent Reservoir ◽  
People Living With Hiv ◽  
Viral Load Suppression ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Immunodeficiency Syndrome ◽  
Living With Hiv ◽  
Hiv 1

Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) has become one of the most devastating pandemics in recorded history. The main causal agent of AIDS is the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), which infects various cell types of the immune system that express the CD4 receptor on their surfaces. Today, combined antiretroviral therapy (cART) is the standard treatment for all people with HIV; although it has improved the quality of life of people living with HIV (PLWH), it cannot eliminate the latent reservoir of the virus. Therefore HIV/AIDS has turned from a fatal disease to a chronic disease requiring lifelong treatment. Despite significant viral load suppression, it has been observed that at least half of patients under cART present HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND), which have been related to HIV-1 infection and replication in the central nervous system (CNS). Several studies have focused on elucidating the mechanism by which HIV-1 can invade the CNS and how it can generate the effects seen in HAND. This review summarizes the research on HIV-1 and its interaction with the CNS with an emphasis on the generation of HAND, how the virus enters the CNS, the relationship between HIV-1 and cells of the CNS, and the effect of cART on these cells.

Role of HIV-1 Tat and CC Chemokine MIP-1α in the pathogenesis of HIV associated central nervous system disorders

1999 ◽  
Vol 5 (6) ◽  
pp. 685-694 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Bonwetsch ◽  
Sidney Croul ◽  
Max W Richardson ◽  
Carlos Lorenzana ◽  
Luis Del Valle ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Cc Chemokine ◽  
Central Nervous System Disorders ◽  
Hiv 1
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