scholarly journals Deepening the Mechanisms of Visceral Pain Persistence: An Evaluation of the Gut-Spinal Cord Relationship

Cells ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (8) ◽  
pp. 1772 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elena Lucarini ◽  
Carmen Parisio ◽  
Jacopo J. V. Branca ◽  
Cristina Segnani ◽  
Chiara Ippolito ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Visceral Pain ◽  
Clinical Problem ◽  
Nerve Fibers ◽  
Morphological Alterations ◽  
Mhc Ii ◽  
Maladaptive Plasticity ◽  
Central Nervous Systems ◽  
Major Clinical Problem

The management of visceral pain is a major clinical problem in patients affected by gastrointestinal disorders. The poor knowledge about pain chronicization mechanisms prompted us to study the functional and morphological alterations of the gut and nervous system in the animal model of persistent visceral pain caused by 2,4-dinitrobenzenesulfonic acid (DNBS). This agent, injected intrarectally, induced a colonic inflammation peaking on day 3 and remitting progressively from day 7. In concomitance with bowel inflammation, the animals developed visceral hypersensitivity, which persisted after colitis remission for up to three months. On day 14, the administration of pain-relieving drugs (injected intraperitoneally and intrathecally) revealed a mixed nociceptive, inflammatory and neuropathic pain originating from both the peripheral and central nervous system. At this time point, the colonic histological analysis highlighted a partial restitution of the tunica mucosa, transmural collagen deposition, infiltration of mast cells and eosinophils, and upregulation of substance P (SP)-positive nerve fibers, which were surrounded by eosinophils and MHC-II-positive macrophages. A significant activation of microglia and astrocytes was observed in the dorsal and ventral horns of spinal cord. These results suggest that the persistence of visceral pain induced by colitis results from maladaptive plasticity of the enteric, peripheral and central nervous systems.

Cellular Engineering: Molecular Repair of Membranes to Rescue Cells of the Damaged Nervous System

Neurosurgery ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 49 (2) ◽  
pp. 370-379 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard B. Borgens
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
New Technology ◽  
Mechanical Damage ◽  
Nerve Impulse ◽  
Nerve Fibers ◽  
Acute Administration ◽  
Hydrophobic Core

Abstract PURPOSE The acute administration of hydrophilic polymers (polyethylene glycol) can immediately seal nerve membranes, preventing their continuing dissolution and secondary axotomy. Polymer application can even be used to reconnect, or fuse, the proximal and distal segments of severed axons in completely transected adult mammalian spinal cord. CONCEPT The sealing or fusion of damaged nerve membranes leads to a very rapid (minutes or hours) recovery of excitability in severely damaged nerve fibers, observed as a rapid return of nerve impulse conduction in vitro, as well as an in vivo recovery of spinal cord conduction and behavioral loss in spinal cord-injured adult guinea pigs. RATIONALE Surfactant application produces a rapid repair of membrane breaches through mechanisms of interaction between the polymers and the aqueous phase of damaged membranes, and their ability to insert into, or seal, the hydrophobic core of the axolemma exposed by mechanical damage. DISCUSSION This new technology applied to severe neurotrauma offers a clinically safe and practical means to rescue significant populations of spinal cord nerve fibers within 8 hours after damage—preventing their continued dissolution and secondary axotomy by secondary injury mechanisms. Application of this novel technology to other injuries to the peripheral and central nervous system is discussed, as well as a general application to soft tissue trauma.

scholarly journals An Attenuated Variant of the GDVII Strain of Theiler’s Virus Does Not Persist and Does Not Infect the White Matter of the Central Nervous System

1999 ◽  
Vol 73 (1) ◽  
pp. 801-804 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nadine Jarousse ◽  
Ekaterina G. Viktorova ◽  
Evgeny V. Pilipenko ◽  
Vadim I. Agol ◽  
Michel Brahic
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
White Matter ◽  
Gray Matter ◽  
Noncoding Region ◽  
Theiler's Virus ◽  
Recombinant Viruses ◽  
Central Nervous Systems ◽  
The Central Nervous System

ABSTRACT The DA strain of Theiler’s virus causes a persistent and demyelinating infection of the white matter of spinal cord, whereas the GDVII strain causes a fatal gray-matter encephalomyelitis. Studies with recombinant viruses showed that this difference in phenotype is controlled mainly by the capsid. However, conflicting results regarding the existence of determinants of persistence in the capsid of the GDVII strain have been published. Here we show that a GDVII virus whose neurovirulence has been attenuated by an insertion in the 5′ noncoding region does not persist in the central nervous systems of mice. Furthermore, this virus infects the gray matter efficiently, but not the white matter. These results confirm the absence of determinants of persistence in the GDVII capsid. They suggest that the DA capsid controls persistence by allowing the virus to infect cells in the white matter of the spinal cord.

Trichobilharzia regenti, a pathogen of the avian and mammalian central nervous systems

Parasitology ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 119 (6) ◽  
pp. 577-581 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. HORÁK ◽  
J. DVOŘÁK ◽  
L. KOLÁŘOVÁ ◽  
L. TREFIL
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Final Host ◽  
Host Factors ◽  
Experimental Animals ◽  
Central Nervous Systems ◽  
Avian Schistosomes ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Trichobilharzia Regenti

The development of nasal avian schistosomes of the genus Trichobilharzia in their final host is poorly known. Therefore, an experimental infection of ducklings (Anas platyrhynchos f. dom.) by T. regenti was performed. The infection resulted in leg paralysis and orientation/balance disorders of birds. The examination of the duck's spinal cord and brain confirmed the presence of developing parasites in pre-patent as well as patent periods. The absence of the worms in other tissues strongly supports our hypothesis that the parasite migrates through the central nervous system (CNS) to its final location in bird nasal mucosa. The injury level is probably dependent on number of parasites as well as yet unknown host factors. The affinity to the CNS seems to be high; also by exposure of experimental animals to low cercarial doses the growing worms in the CNS were found. In addition to the generally accepted view that bird schistosomes may cause cercarial dermatitis of mammals (including man), there is evidence of a partial development of T. regenti in mouse CNS; in certain cases leg paralysis was also recorded. Therefore, the pathogenesis spectrum caused by bird schistosomes in birds/mammals needs to be reconsidered.

scholarly journals On the question of secondary degeneration in the spinal cord

2020 ◽  
Vol V (2) ◽  
pp. 102-115
Author(s):  
S. A. Sukhanov ◽  
A. V. Agapov
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Nerve Fibers ◽  
Secondary Degeneration

At the present time, in the method of coloring the nervous system according to Marchi, we have an extremely sensitive reagent, with the help of which it is possible to ascertain early changes in nerve fibers that undergo secondary degeneration for one reason or another. Only with the help of this method more accurate and definite data were obtained regarding the order in which and on which day after the injury of the spinal cord, the degeneration begins in its individual systems.

scholarly journals About ascending degenerations in the brainstem and descending in the spinal cord (after damage to the lateral part of the brain between the occipital foramen and atlant)

2020 ◽  
Vol VI (1) ◽  
pp. 92-117
Author(s):  
S. A. Sukhanov
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Nervous Tissue ◽  
Nerve Fibers ◽  
Lateral Part ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Occipital Foramen

Among the new ways of coloring the nervous tissue, which gave us a lot of new facts and partly contributing to the changes in our previous information about the course of fibers in the central nervous system, is the Marchi method, which is very common at the present time, due to its extreme convenience and simplicity in defining degeneration nerve fibers.

Visceral Pain

2018 ◽  
pp. 469-497 ◽  
Author(s):  
David C. Bulmer ◽  
Carolina Roza
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Recent Work ◽  
Visceral Pain ◽  
Clinical Intervention ◽  
Current Understanding ◽  
Medical Emergency ◽  
Autonomic Changes

Visceral pain is qualitatively distinct from other pain types; it is poorly localized, difficult to quantify, and accompanied by marked autonomic changes. Acute visceral pain may be an indication of a medical emergency requiring urgent surgical or clinical intervention. However, chronic visceral pain, which contributes significantly to lifelong morbidity, occurs most frequently in the absence of any distinct pathology making it difficult to treat. This article reviews our current understanding of how visceral pain is detected in the periphery, and processed within the spinal cord and central nervous system. It focuses on recent work that has identified pro-nociceptive changes in the bowel of patients with chronic visceral pain and discuss how these findings could lead to the development of novel viscero-specific analgesics. Finally, the article considers how the microbiota can act locally to shape the detection of pain in the periphery and centrally to modulate our perception of visceral pain.

scholarly journals Mechanisms of Acupuncture–Electroacupuncture on Persistent Pain

2014 ◽  
Vol 120 (2) ◽  
pp. 482-503 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ruixin Zhang ◽  
Lixing Lao ◽  
Ke Ren ◽  
Brian M. Berman
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Neuropathic Pain ◽  
Pain Management ◽  
Side Effects ◽  
Inflammatory Pain ◽  
Visceral Pain ◽  
Tissue Injury ◽  
Receptor Subunit ◽  
Aspartate Receptor

Abstract In the last decade, preclinical investigations of electroacupuncture mechanisms on persistent tissue injury (inflammatory), nerve injury (neuropathic), cancer, and visceral pain have increased. These studies show that electroacupuncture activates the nervous system differently in health than in pain conditions, alleviates both sensory and affective inflammatory pain, and inhibits inflammatory and neuropathic pain more effectively at 2 to 10 Hz than at 100 Hz. Electroacupuncture blocks pain by activating a variety of bioactive chemicals through peripheral, spinal, and supraspinal mechanisms. These include opioids, which desensitize peripheral nociceptors and reduce proinflammatory cytokines peripherally and in the spinal cord, and serotonin and norepinephrine, which decrease spinal N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor subunit GluN1 phosphorylation. Additional studies suggest that electroacupuncture, when combined with low dosages of conventional analgesics, provides effective pain management which can forestall the side effects of often-debilitating pharmaceuticals.

scholarly journals Simultaneous 3D Visualization of the Microvascular and Neural Network in Mouse Spinal Cord Using Synchrotron Radiation Micro-Computed Tomography

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Liyuan Jiang ◽  
Chengjun Li ◽  
Miao Li ◽  
Xianzhen Yin ◽  
Tianding Wu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Computed Tomography ◽  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Synchrotron Radiation ◽  
3D Visualization ◽  
Nerve Fibers ◽  
Micro Computed Tomography ◽  
Mouse Spinal Cord ◽  
Morphological Alterations ◽  
Neurovascular Structure ◽  
Broad Region

AbstractEffective methods for visualizing neurovascular morphology are essential for understanding the normal spinal cord and the morphological alterations associated with diseases. However, ideal techniques for simultaneously imaging neurovascular structure in a broad region of a specimen are still lacking. In this study, we combined Golgi staining with angiography and synchrotron radiation micro-computed tomography (SRμCT) to visualize the 3D neurovascular network in the mouse spinal cord. Using our method, the 3D neurons, nerve fibers, and vasculature in a broad region could be visualized in the same image at cellular resolution without destructive sectioning. Besides, we found that the 3D morphology of neurons, nerve fiber tracts, and vasculature visualized by SRμCT were highly consistent with that visualized using the histological method. Moreover, the 3D neurovascular structure could be quantitatively evaluated by the combined methodology. The method shown here will be useful in fundamental neuroscience studies.

β-Mannosidosis: Myelin and oligodendrocyte lesions in brain and spinal cord

1984 ◽  
Vol 42 ◽  
pp. 694-695
Author(s):  
Kathryn L. Lovell ◽  
Margaret Z. Jones
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Genetic Disorder ◽  
Neurological Deficits ◽  
Axonal Spheroids ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Pendular Nystagmus ◽  
Myelin Deficits ◽  
Recessive Defect ◽  
Brain And Spinal Cord

Caprine β-mannosidosis, an autosomal recessive defect of glycoprotein catabolism, is associated with a deficiency of tissue and plasma -mannosidase and with tissue accumulation and urinary excretion of oligosaccharides, including the trisaccharide Man(β1-4)GlcNAc(βl-4)GlcNAc and the disaccharide Man(β1-4)GlcNAc. This genetic disorder is evident at birth, with severe neurological deficits including a marked intention tremor, pendular nystagmus, ataxia and inability to stand. Major pathological characteristics described in Nubian goats in Michigan and in Anglo-Nubian goats in New South Wales include widespread cytoplasmic vacuolation in the nervous system and viscera, axonal spheroids, and severe myelin paucity in the brain but not spinal cord or peripheral nerves. Light microscopic examination revealed marked regional variation in the severity of central nervous system myelin deficits, with some brain areas showing nearly complete absence of myelin and other regions characterized by the presence of 25-50% of the control number of myelin sheaths.

Central Nerve System Impairment, AMA Guides, Sixth Edition: An Overview

2018 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 10-13
Author(s):  
James B. Talmage ◽  
Jay Blaisdell
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Neurological Impairment ◽  
Sixth Edition ◽  
Central Nerve System ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The One ◽  
Nerve System ◽  
The Brain

Abstract Injuries that affect the central nervous system (CNS) can be catastrophic because they involve the brain or spinal cord, and determining the underlying clinical cause of impairment is essential in using the AMA Guides to the Evaluation of Permanent Impairment (AMA Guides), in part because the AMA Guides addresses neurological impairment in several chapters. Unlike the musculoskeletal chapters, Chapter 13, The Central and Peripheral Nervous System, does not use grades, grade modifiers, and a net adjustment formula; rather the chapter uses an approach that is similar to that in prior editions of the AMA Guides. The following steps can be used to perform a CNS rating: 1) evaluate all four major categories of cerebral impairment, and choose the one that is most severe; 2) rate the single most severe cerebral impairment of the four major categories; 3) rate all other impairments that are due to neurogenic problems; and 4) combine the rating of the single most severe category of cerebral impairment with the ratings of all other impairments. Because some neurological dysfunctions are rated elsewhere in the AMA Guides, Sixth Edition, the evaluator may consult Table 13-1 to verify the appropriate chapter to use.

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