scholarly journals miR-615 Fine-Tunes Growth and Development and Has a Role in Cancer and in Neural Repair

Cells ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (7) ◽  
pp. 1566 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marisol Godínez-Rubí ◽  
Daniel Ortuño-Sahagún
Keyword(s):  
Growth And Development ◽  
Target Genes ◽  
Noncoding Rnas ◽  
Tumor Promoter ◽  
Neural Repair ◽  
Small Noncoding Rnas ◽  
Physiological Processes ◽  
And Migration ◽  
Migration Of Cells ◽  
Regulation Of Growth

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small noncoding RNAs that function as epigenetic modulators regulating almost any gene expression. Similarly, other noncoding RNAs, as well as epigenetic modifications, can regulate miRNAs. This reciprocal interaction forms a miRNA-epigenetic feedback loop, the deregulation of which affects physiological processes and contributes to a great diversity of diseases. In the present review, we focus on miR-615, a miRNA highly conserved across eutherian mammals. It is involved not only during embryogenesis in the regulation of growth and development, for instance during osteogenesis and angiogenesis, but also in the regulation of cell growth and the proliferation and migration of cells, acting as a tumor suppressor or tumor promoter. It therefore serves as a biomarker for several types of cancer, and recently has also been found to be involved in reparative processes and neural repair. In addition, we present the pleiad of functions in which miR-615 is involved, as well as their multiple target genes and the multiple regulatory molecules involved in its own expression. We do this by introducing in a comprehensible way the reported knowledge of their actions and interactions and proposing an integral view of its regulatory mechanisms.

scholarly journals MicroRNAs’ Involvement in Osteoarthritis and the Prospects for Treatments

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiao-Ming Yu ◽  
Hao-Ye Meng ◽  
Xue-Ling Yuan ◽  
Yu Wang ◽  
Quan-Yi Guo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Target Genes ◽  
Noncoding Rnas ◽  
Genetic Changes ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
Small Noncoding Rnas ◽  
Cartilage Homeostasis ◽  
Target Binding ◽  
And Cartilage

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a chronic disease and its etiology is complex. With increasing OA incidence, more and more people are facing heavy financial and social burdens from the disease. Genetics-related aspects of OA pathogenesis are not well understood. Recent reports have examined the molecular mechanisms and genes related to OA. It has been realized that genetic changes in articular cartilage and bone may contribute to OA’s development. Osteoclasts, osteoblasts, osteocytes, and chondrocytes in joints must express appropriate genes to achieve tissue homeostasis, and errors in this can cause OA. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small noncoding RNAs that have been discovered to be overarching regulators of gene expression. Their ability to repress many target genes and their target-binding specificity indicate a complex network of interactions, which is still being defined. Many studies have focused on the role of miRNAs in bone and cartilage and have identified numbers of miRNAs that play important roles in regulating bone and cartilage homeostasis. Those miRNAs may also be involved in the pathology of OA, which is the focus of this review. Future studies on the role of miRNAs in OA will provide important clues leading to a better understanding of the mechanism(s) of OA and, more particularly, to the development of therapeutic targets for OA.

scholarly journals Studies on the Regulatory Roles and Related Mechanisms of lncRNAs in the Nervous System

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
Zijian Zhou ◽  
Dake Qi ◽  
Quan Gan ◽  
Fang Wang ◽  
Bengang Qin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Nerve Injury ◽  
Peripheral Nerves ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Noncoding Rnas ◽  
Regulatory Function ◽  
Full Understanding ◽  
Cellular Processes ◽  
Physiological Processes

Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) have attracted extensive attention due to their regulatory role in various cellular processes. Emerging studies have indicated that lncRNAs are expressed to varying degrees after the growth and development of the nervous system as well as injury and degeneration, thus affecting various physiological processes of the nervous system. In this review, we have compiled various reported lncRNAs related to the growth and development of central and peripheral nerves and pathophysiology (including advanced nerve centers, spinal cord, and peripheral nervous system) and explained how these lncRNAs play regulatory roles through their interactions with target-coding genes. We believe that a full understanding of the regulatory function of lncRNAs in the nervous system will contribute to understand the molecular mechanism of changes after nerve injury and will contribute to discover new diagnostic markers and therapeutic targets for nerve injury diseases.

scholarly journals miR-128b is a potent glucocorticoid sensitizer in MLL-AF4 acute lymphocytic leukemia cells and exerts cooperative effects with miR-221

Blood ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 114 (19) ◽  
pp. 4169-4178 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ai Kotani ◽  
Daon Ha ◽  
James Hsieh ◽  
Prakash K. Rao ◽  
Diana Schotte ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Poor Prognosis ◽  
Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia ◽  
Target Genes ◽  
Noncoding Rnas ◽  
Lymphocytic Leukemia ◽  
Leukemia Cells ◽  
Published Data ◽  
Fusion Genes ◽  
Cooperative Effects ◽  
Small Noncoding Rnas

Abstract MLL-AF4 acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) has a poor prognosis. MicroRNAs (miRNA) are small noncoding RNAs that posttranscriptionally regulate expression of target mRNAs. Our analysis of previously published data showed that expression of miR-128b and miR-221 is down-regulated in MLL-rearranged ALL relative to other types of ALL. Reexpression of these miRNAs cooperatively sensitizes 2 cultured lines of MLL-AF4 ALL cells to glucocorticoids. Target genes down-regulated by miR-128b include MLL, AF4, and both MLL-AF4 and AF4-MLL fusion genes; miR-221 down-regulates CDKN1B. These results demonstrate that down-regulation of miR-128b and miR-221 is implicated in glucocorticoid resistance and that restoration of their levels is a potentially promising therapeutic in MLL-AF4 ALL.

scholarly journals miR-30 Family: A Promising Regulator in Development and Disease

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ling Mao ◽  
Shiming Liu ◽  
Lin Hu ◽  
Li Jia ◽  
Hairong Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Target Genes ◽  
Noncoding Rnas ◽  
Small Noncoding Rnas ◽  
Related Disease ◽  
The Future

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small noncoding RNAs that negatively regulate posttranscriptional expression of target genes. Accumulating evidences have demonstrated that the miR-30 family, as a member of microRNAs, played a crucial regulating role in the development of tissues and organs and the pathogenesis of clinical diseases, which indicated that it may be a promising regulator in development and disease. This review aims to clarify the current progress on the regulating role of miR-30 family in tissues and organs development and related disease and highlight their research prospective in the future.

scholarly journals Identification and Comparative Profiling of microRNAs at Different Diapause Stages of Galeruca Daurica Adults

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tian-Feng Duan ◽  
Ling Li ◽  
Yao Tan ◽  
Yan-Yan Li ◽  
Bao-Ping Pang
Keyword(s):  
Small Rna ◽  
Target Genes ◽  
Expression Profiles ◽  
Mapk Signaling ◽  
Transcriptional Level ◽  
Regulate Gene Expression ◽  
Small Noncoding Rnas ◽  
Physiological Processes ◽  
Summer Diapause ◽  
G Protein Coupled

Abstract Background: MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of small noncoding RNAs of approximately 22 nt in length, which regulate gene expression at the post-transcriptional level. Although the regulatory roles of miRNAs in various physiological processes throughout insect development have been investigated, it is almost unknown about the roles of miRNAs involved in the regulation of diapause in insects.Results: We constructed 12 small RNA libraries from Galeruca daurica adults at different diapause stages: pre-diapause (PD), diapause (D), post-diapause 1 (TD1), and post-diapause 2 (TD2). Using Illumina sequencing, a total of 95.06 million valid reads was obtained, and 230 miRNAs, including 143 conserved and 87 novel miRNAs, were identified from G. daurica. The expression profiles of these miRNAs were assessed across different diapause stages and miRNAs that were highly expressed at different diapause stages were identified. Comparative analysis of read counts indicated that both conserved and novel miRNAs were differently expressed among the four different diapause stages, and the differential expression was validated via qRT-PCR. The 25, 11, 15, 14, 26, and one miRNAs were differentially expressed in D/PD, D/TD1, D/TD2, TD1/PD, TD2/PD, and TD2/TD1, respectively. The KEGG and GO analysis of the predicted target genes suggested the essential roles of miRNAs in the regulation of summer diapause in G. daurica, especially via the juvenile hormone, ribosome, MAPK signaling, mTOR signaling, Ca2+ signaling, and G-protein coupled receptor signaling pathways.Conclusion: Our research results indicate that miRNAs may be involved in the regulation of summer diapause in G. daurica, and these results also provide an important new small RNA genomics resource for further studies on insect diapause.

scholarly journals Long Noncoding RNA LOC100129940-N Is Upregulated in Papillary Thyroid Cancer and Promotes the Invasion and Progression

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manting Choy ◽  
Yan Guo ◽  
Hai Li ◽  
Guohong Wei ◽  
Runyi Ye ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Thyroid Cancer ◽  
Papillary Thyroid Cancer ◽  
Noncoding Rna ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Target Genes ◽  
Noncoding Rnas ◽  
Papillary Thyroid ◽  
Invasion And Migration ◽  
Downstream Target ◽  
And Migration

Thyroid cancer is the most common endocrine malignancy, and its incidence has increased rapidly in recent decades worldwide. Papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) is the most common type of all thyroid cancers. The molecular mechanisms underlying the disease still need to be further investigated. Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs), a class of noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) longer than 200 nucleotides, are aberrantly expressed in malignant diseases, including PTC. Here, we identified a novel isoform of LOC100129940 and designated it as LOC100129940-N. We demonstrated that the expression level of LOC100129940-N was elevated in PTC, indicating that LOC100129940-N may be involved in PTC development and progression. Moreover, our results showed that overexpression of LOC100129940-N promoted, whereas silencing of LOC100129940-N suppressed, PTC cell proliferation, invasion, and migration. Mechanistically, LOC100129940-N played an important role in activating Wnt/β-catenin signaling and upregulating downstream target genes. Taken together, we demonstrate that LOC100129940-N promotes the activation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling, which in turn regulates the downstream target genes, thereby enhancing invasion and progression of PTC.

scholarly journals Functional Annotation of Small Noncoding RNAs Target Genes Provides Evidence for a Deregulated Ubiquitin-Proteasome Pathway in Spinocerebellar Ataxia Type 1

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephan Persengiev ◽  
Ivanela Kondova ◽  
Ronald E. Bontrop
Keyword(s):  
Spinocerebellar Ataxia ◽  
Target Genes ◽  
Neurodegenerative Disorder ◽  
Noncoding Rnas ◽  
Cag Repeats ◽  
Spinocerebellar Ataxia Type ◽  
Spinocerebellar Ataxia Type 1 ◽  
Small Noncoding Rnas ◽  
Ubiquitin Proteasome

Spinocerebellar ataxia type 1 (SCA1) is a neurodegenerative disorder caused by the expansion of CAG repeats in the ataxin 1 (ATXN1) gene. In affected cerebellar neurons of patients, mutant ATXN1 accumulates in ubiquitin-positive nuclear inclusions, indicating that protein misfolding is involved in SCA1 pathogenesis. In this study, we functionally annotated the target genes of the small noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) that were selectively activated in the affected brain compartments. The primary targets of these RNAs, which exhibited a significant enrichment in the cerebellum and cortex of SCA1 patients, were members of the ubiquitin-proteasome system. Thus, we identified and functionally annotated a plausible regulatory pathway that may serve as a potential target to modulate the outcome of neurodegenerative diseases.

scholarly journals Epi-miRNAs: Regulators of the Histone Modification Machinery in Human Cancer

2022 ◽  
Vol 2022 ◽  
pp. 1-22
Author(s):  
Deniz Mortazavi ◽  
Behnoush Sohrabi ◽  
Meysam Mosallaei ◽  
Ziba Nariman-Saleh-Fam ◽  
Milad Bastami ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Histone Modification ◽  
Cell Fate ◽  
Target Genes ◽  
Human Cancer ◽  
Noncoding Rnas ◽  
Fine Tuning ◽  
Small Noncoding Rnas ◽  
Histone Modifiers ◽  
Histone Modifying Enzymes

Cancer is a leading cause of death and disability worldwide. Epigenetic deregulation is one of the most critical mechanisms in carcinogenesis and can be classified into effects on DNA methylation and histone modification. MicroRNAs are small noncoding RNAs involved in fine-tuning their target genes after transcription. Various microRNAs control the expression of histone modifiers and are involved in a variety of cancers. Therefore, overexpression or downregulation of microRNAs can alter cell fate and cause malignancies. In this review, we discuss the role of microRNAs in regulating the histone modification machinery in various cancers, with a focus on the histone-modifying enzymes such as acetylases, deacetylases, methyltransferases, demethylases, kinases, phosphatases, desumoylases, ubiquitinases, and deubiquitinases. Understanding of microRNA-related aberrations underlying histone modifiers in pathogenesis of different cancers can help identify novel therapeutic targets or early detection approaches that allow better management of patients or monitoring of treatment response.

Identification of target genes of microRNAs in retinoic acid-induced neuronal differentiation

2005 ◽  
Vol 77 (1) ◽  
pp. 313-318 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hiroaki Kawasaki ◽  
Kazunari Taira
Keyword(s):  
Retinoic Acid ◽  
Neuronal Differentiation ◽  
Small Rnas ◽  
Target Genes ◽  
Noncoding Rnas ◽  
Messenger Rnas ◽  
Regulate Gene Expression ◽  
Small Noncoding Rnas ◽  
Translational Level ◽  
Regulate Gene

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are phylogenetically widespread, small noncoding RNAs of 18–25 nucleotides in length, and are expressed in animals and plants. These small RNAs can regulate gene expression at the translational level through interactions with their target messenger RNAs, and have a role in the development of Caenorhabditis elegans, plants, and mammals. Although more than 200 miRNAs have been found in mammals, it is not easy to identify their targets. We investigated the target genes of miRNAs and analyzed the function of these miRNAs during retinoic acid (RA)-induced neuronal differentiation.

scholarly journals Conditional destabilization of the TPLATE complex impairs endocytic internalization

2021 ◽  
Vol 118 (15) ◽  
pp. e2023456118
Author(s):  
Jie Wang ◽  
Klaas Yperman ◽  
Peter Grones ◽  
Qihang Jiang ◽  
Jonathan Dragwidge ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heat Treatment ◽  
Plasma Membrane ◽  
Nutrient Uptake ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
In Planta ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Physiological Processes ◽  
Conserved Domain ◽  
Regulation Of Growth

In plants, endocytosis is essential for many developmental and physiological processes, including regulation of growth and development, hormone perception, nutrient uptake, and defense against pathogens. Our toolbox to modulate this process is, however, rather limited. Here, we report a conditional tool to impair endocytosis. We generated a partially functional TPLATE allele by substituting the most conserved domain of the TPLATE subunit of the endocytic TPLATE complex (TPC). This substitution destabilizes TPC and dampens the efficiency of endocytosis. Short-term heat treatment increases TPC destabilization and reversibly delocalizes TPLATE from the plasma membrane to aggregates in the cytoplasm. This blocks FM uptake and causes accumulation of various known endocytic cargoes at the plasma membrane. Short-term heat treatment therefore transforms the partially functional TPLATE allele into an effective conditional tool to impair endocytosis. Next to their role in endocytosis, several TPC subunits are also implicated in actin-regulated autophagosomal degradation. Inactivating TPC via the WDX mutation, however, does not impair autophagy, thus enabling specific and reversible modulation of endocytosis in planta.

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