scholarly journals Veterinary Regenerative Medicine for Musculoskeletal Disorders: Can Mesenchymal Stem/Stromal Cells and Their Secretome Be the New Frontier?

Cells ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 1453
Author(s):  
Michela Mocchi ◽  
Silvia Dotti ◽  
Maurizio Del Bue ◽  
Riccardo Villa ◽  
Elia Bari ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Regenerative Medicine ◽  
Stromal Cells ◽  
Musculoskeletal Diseases ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Good Manufacturing Practice ◽  
Normal Function ◽  
Research Field ◽  
The Body ◽  
Repair System ◽  
Multipotent Progenitor Cells

Regenerative medicine aims to restore the normal function of diseased or damaged cells, tissues, and organs using a set of different approaches, including cell-based therapies. In the veterinary field, regenerative medicine is strongly related to the use of mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs), which belong to the body repair system and are defined as multipotent progenitor cells, able to self-replicate and to differentiate into different cell types. This review aims to take stock of what is known about the MSCs and their use in the veterinary medicine focusing on clinical reports on dogs and horses in musculoskeletal diseases, a research field extensively reported in the literature data. Finally, a perspective regarding the use of the secretome and/or extracellular vesicles (EVs) in the veterinary field to replace parental MSCs is provided. The pharmaceuticalization of EVs is wished due to the realization of a Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP product suitable for clinical trials.

scholarly journals Extracellular Vesicles in Musculoskeletal Regeneration: Modulating the Therapy of the Future

Cells ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 43
Author(s):  
Hugo Abreu ◽  
Elena Canciani ◽  
Davide Raineri ◽  
Giuseppe Cappellano ◽  
Lia Rimondini ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rheumatoid Arthritis ◽  
Regenerative Medicine ◽  
Extracellular Vesicles ◽  
Tissue Regeneration ◽  
Stromal Cells ◽  
Ethical Issues ◽  
Musculoskeletal Diseases ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Health Sciences ◽  
Bone Homeostasis

Tissue regeneration is a hot topic in health sciences, particularly because effective therapies promoting the healing of several cell types are lacking, specifically those of the musculoskeletal system. Mesenchymal Stem/Stromal Cells (MSCs) have been identified as crucial players in bone homeostasis, and are considered a promising therapy for diseases such as osteoarthritis (OA) and Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA). However, some known drawbacks limit their use, particularly ethical issues and immunological rejections. Thus, MSCs byproducts, namely Extracellular Vesicles (EVs), are emerging as potential solutions to overcome some of the issues of the original cells. EVs can be modulated by either cellular preconditioning or vesicle engineering, and thus represent a plastic tool to be implemented in regenerative medicine. Further, the use of biomaterials is important to improve EV delivery and indirectly to modulate their content and secretion. This review aims to connect the dots among MSCs, EVs, and biomaterials, in the context of musculoskeletal diseases.

scholarly journals POSTNATAL EXTRA-EMBRYONIC TISSUES AS A SOURCE OF MULTIPLE CELL TYPES FOR REGENERATIVE MEDICINE APPLICATIONS

2017 ◽  
Vol 39 (3) ◽  
pp. 186-190 ◽  
Author(s):  
O S Gubar ◽  
A I Rodnichenko ◽  
R G Vasylie ◽  
A V Zlatska ◽  
D O Zubov
Keyword(s):  
Regenerative Medicine ◽  
Umbilical Cord ◽  
Mesenchymal Stromal Cells ◽  
Stromal Cells ◽  
Umbilical Vein ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Population Doubling ◽  
Embryonic Tissues ◽  
Chorionic Membrane ◽  
Multiple Cell

Aim: We aimed to isolate and characterize the cell types which could be obtained from postnatal extra-embryonic tissues. Materials and Methods: Fresh tissues (no more than 12 h after delivery) were used for enzymatic or explants methods of cell isolation. Obtained cultures were further maintained at 5% oxygen. At P3 cell phenotype was assessed by fluorescence-activated cell sorting, population doubling time was calculated and the multilineage differentiation assay was performed. Results: We have isolated multiple cell types from postnatal tissues. Namely, placental mesenchymal stromal cells from placenta chorionic disc, chorionic membrane mesenchymal stromal cells (ChM-MSC) from free chorionic membrane, umbilical cord MSC (UC-MSC) from whole umbilical cord, human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) from umbilical vein, amniotic epithelial cells (AEC) and amniotic MSC (AMSC) from amniotic membrane. All isolated cell types displayed high proliferation rate together with the typical MSC phenotype: CD73+CD90+CD105+CD146+CD166+CD34-CD45-HLA-DR-. HUVEC constitutively expressed key markers CD31 and CD309. Most MSC and AEC were capable of osteogenic and adipogenic differentiation. Conclusion: We have shown that a wide variety of cell types can be easily isolated from extra-embryonic tissues and expanded ex vivo for regenerative medicine applications. These cells possess typical MSC properties and can be considered an alternative for adult MSC obtained from bone marrow or fat, especially for allogeneic use.

scholarly journals MicroRNAs as Important Regulators Mediate the Multiple Differentiation of Mesenchymal Stromal Cells

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chao Yang ◽  
Maowen Luo ◽  
Yu Chen ◽  
Min You ◽  
Qiang Chen
Keyword(s):  
Regenerative Medicine ◽  
Stromal Cells ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
The Body ◽  
Disease Treatment ◽  
Multipotent Stem Cells ◽  
Physiological Processes ◽  
Multiple Differentiation ◽  
Differentiation Efficiency

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are endogenous short non-encoding RNAs which play a critical role on the output of the proteins, and influence multiple biological characteristics of the cells and physiological processes in the body. Mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs) are adult multipotent stem cells and characterized by self-renewal and multidifferentiation and have been widely used for disease treatment and regenerative medicine. Meanwhile, MSCs play a critical role in maintaining homeostasis in the body, and dysfunction of MSC differentiation leads to many diseases. The differentiation of MSCs is a complex physiological process and is the result of programmed expression of a series of genes. It has been extensively proven that the differentiation process or programmed gene expression is also regulated accurately by miRNAs. The differentiation of MSCs regulated by miRNAs is also a complex, interdependent, and dynamic process, and a full understanding of the role of miRNAs will provide clues on the appropriate upregulation or downregulation of corresponding miRNAs to mediate the differentiation efficiency. This review summarizes the roles and associated signaling pathways of miRNAs in adipogenesis, chondrogenesis, and osteogenesis of MSCs, which may provide new hints on MSCs or miRNAs as therapeutic strategies for regenerative medicine and biotherapy for related diseases.

Stem Cell-Based Personalized Medicine

2012 ◽  
pp. 1855-1866
Author(s):  
Alessandro Prigione
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Stem Cell ◽  
Personalized Medicine ◽  
Regenerative Medicine ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Research Field ◽  
Cellular Reprogramming ◽  
Differentiated Cells ◽  
New Therapeutic Approaches

Regenerative medicine is a rapidly evolving research field whose main aims are to provide new therapeutic approaches and to repair or replace injured tissues with functional cells derived from stem cells. In the past few years, research breakthroughs have revolutionized the field by showing that all somatic cells have the potential to re-acquire stem cell-like properties. Thus, it appears possible to generate relevant cell types starting from cells easily obtained from affected individuals. The obtained differentiated cells could eventually serve as in vitro tools for the study of disease-associated mechanisms and for performing customized drug screenings. Moreover, in the context of cellular transplantation, these cells represent the ideal cell source given that they posses the same genetic code and thus will avoid the occurrence of unwanted immune reactions. Overall, this revolutionary technique called cellular reprogramming might provide substantial support for the future development of personalized medicine. In this chapter, I describe the recent advances in the field of stem cell-based regenerative medicine applications. Parkinson’s disease is chosen as a paradigmatic example in which the use of stem cells for study and therapy could have a relevant impact and potentially represent a future cure for this debilitating disorder.

scholarly journals Hematopoiesis during Ontogenesis, Adult Life, and Aging

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (17) ◽  
pp. 9231
Author(s):  
Alexander Belyavsky ◽  
Nataliya Petinati ◽  
Nina Drize
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Stromal Cells ◽  
Adult Life ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Molecular Techniques ◽  
The Body ◽  
Hematopoietic Stem ◽  
Adult Organism ◽  
Functional Features ◽  
Blood Elements

In the bone marrow of vertebrates, two types of stem cells coexist—hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) and mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). Hematopoiesis only occurs when these two stem cell types and their descendants interact. The descendants of HSCs supply the body with all the mature blood cells, while MSCs give rise to stromal cells that form a niche for HSCs and regulate the process of hematopoiesis. The studies of hematopoiesis were initially based on morphological observations, later extended by the use of physiological methods, and were subsequently augmented by massive application of sophisticated molecular techniques. The combination of these methods produced a wealth of new data on the organization and functional features of hematopoiesis in the ontogenesis of mammals and humans. This review summarizes the current views on hematopoiesis in mice and humans, discusses the development of blood elements and hematopoiesis in the embryo, and describes how the hematopoietic system works in the adult organism and how it changes during aging.

scholarly journals Mesenchymal Stem Cell Secretome: Cell-free Therapeutic Strategy in Regenerative Medicine

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 113-24 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Meiliana ◽  
Nurrani Mustika Dewi ◽  
Andi Wijaya
Keyword(s):  
Regenerative Medicine ◽  
Stromal Cells ◽  
Messenger Rna ◽  
Therapeutic Strategy ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Extracellular Vesicle ◽  
Micro Rna ◽  
Cell Therapies ◽  
Cells Of Origin ◽  
A Cell

BACKGROUND: Mesenchymal stem (stromal) cells (MSCs) have a multipotent character, able to differentiate into several cell types, thus MSC serve as a cell reservoir for regenerative medicine. MSC therapeutic potency more associated to their immunosuppressive and anti-inflammatory properties rather than the multipotency, by its mechanism to secrete soluble factors with paracrine actions.CONTENT: MSC paracrine function was known to mediated partly by extracellular vesicles (EVs), which were released predominantly from the endosomal compartment contained in MSC secretome. EV contain a cargo bring micro RNA (miRNA), messenger RNA (mRNA), and proteins from their cells of origin, propose EV as a novel alternative to whole cell therapies, regarding the benefit of EV in safety and easier storage compared to the parent cells.SUMMARY: The discovery of EVs including exosomes in MSC secretome as key of stem cells beneficial function lead to the future hope of using cell-free regenerative therapies.KEYWORDS: MSC, secretome, conditioned media, extracellular vesicle, exosome

scholarly journals Four grams of glucose

2009 ◽  
Vol 296 (1) ◽  
pp. E11-E21 ◽  
Author(s):  
David H. Wasserman
Keyword(s):  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Distributed Control ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Normal Function ◽  
The Body ◽  
Blood Glucose Homeostasis ◽  
Glucose Phosphorylation ◽  
Glucagon And Insulin ◽  
Muscle Glucose Transport

Four grams of glucose circulates in the blood of a person weighing 70 kg. This glucose is critical for normal function in many cell types. In accordance with the importance of these 4 g of glucose, a sophisticated control system is in place to maintain blood glucose constant. Our focus has been on the mechanisms by which the flux of glucose from liver to blood and from blood to skeletal muscle is regulated. The body has a remarkable capacity to satisfy the nutritional need for glucose, while still maintaining blood glucose homeostasis. The essential role of glucagon and insulin and the importance of distributed control of glucose fluxes are highlighted in this review. With regard to the latter, studies are presented that show how regulation of muscle glucose uptake is regulated by glucose delivery to muscle, glucose transport into muscle, and glucose phosphorylation within muscle.

scholarly journals Effect of Melatonin for Regulating Mesenchymal Stromal Cells and Derived Extracellular Vesicles

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zi-Yi Feng ◽  
Shu-De Yang ◽  
Ting Wang ◽  
Shu Guo
Keyword(s):  
Regenerative Medicine ◽  
Extracellular Vesicles ◽  
Mesenchymal Stromal Cells ◽  
Stromal Cells ◽  
Free Radical Scavenger ◽  
The Body ◽  
Research Interest ◽  
Radical Scavenger ◽  
Paracrine Signaling ◽  
Anti Inflammatory

Melatonin is a hormone, synthesized in the pineal gland, which primarily controls the circadian rhythm of the body. In recent years, melatonin has also been shown to regulate metabolism, provide neuroprotection, and act as an anti-inflammatory, free radical scavenger. There has also been a recent research interest in the role of melatonin in regulating mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs). MSCs are pivotal for their ability to differentiate into a variety of different tissues. There is also increasing evidence for the therapeutic prospects of MSCs via paracrine signaling. In addition to secreting cytokines and chemokines, MSCs can secrete extracellular vesicles (EVs), allowing them to respond to injury and promote tissue regeneration. While there has been a major research interest in the use of MSCs for regenerative medicine, the clinical application is limited by many risks, including tumorigenicity, senescence, and sensitivity to toxic environments. The use of MSC-derived EVs for cell-free therapy can potentially avoid the disadvantages of MSCs, which makes this an exciting prospect for regenerative medicine. Prior research has shown that MSCs, via paracrine mechanisms, can identify receptor-independent responses to melatonin and then activate a series of downstream pathways, which exert a variety of effects, including anti-tumor and anti-inflammatory effects. Here we review the synthesis of melatonin, its mechanisms of action, and the effect of melatonin on MSCs via paracrine signaling. Furthermore, we summarize the current clinical applications of melatonin and discuss future prospects.

scholarly journals Stromal Vascular Fraction and Amniotic Epithelial Cells: Preclinical and Clinical Relevance in Musculoskeletal Regenerative Medicine

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-22
Author(s):  
Francesca Veronesi ◽  
Melania Maglio ◽  
Deyanira Contartese ◽  
Lucia Martini ◽  
Aurelio Muttini ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Regenerative Medicine ◽  
Clinical Studies ◽  
Musculoskeletal Diseases ◽  
Stromal Vascular Fraction ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Long Term Results ◽  
Musculoskeletal Tissue ◽  
Preclinical And Clinical Studies ◽  
Different Cell Types

Musculoskeletal regenerative medicine is mainly based on the use of cell therapy to heal damaged tissues such as bone, cartilage, and tendons. Throughout the years, different cell types have been employed for the treatment of musculoskeletal diseases, in particular, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) derived from bone marrow (BMSCs) and adipose tissue (ADSCs). Though the results of these literature studies have been encouraging, there are some limitations, especially on long-term results. Recently, some interest has shifted towards new cell types such as the stromal vascular fraction (SVF) and amniotic endothelial cells (AECs). The aim of the present literature review is to evaluate preclinical and clinical studies that used SVF and AECs for musculoskeletal tissue regeneration. Forty-eight preclinical and clinical studies, performed in the last 10 years, were identified. Both SVF and AECs, injected or implanted with or without scaffolds, were shown to be valid alternatives, and in some ways superior, to ADSCs and BMSCs, being able to differentiate towards osteogenic, chondrogenic, and tenogenic lineages, and to promote cell and tissue regenerative potential. The use of SVF and AECs could represent a new regenerative treatment in several musculoskeletal pathologies, solving the problem of cell expansion in vitro.

scholarly journals Inflamm-Aging: A New Mechanism Affecting Premature Ovarian Insufficiency

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yaoqi Huang ◽  
Chuan Hu ◽  
Haifeng Ye ◽  
Ruichen Luo ◽  
Xinxin Fu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ovarian Function ◽  
Follicular Development ◽  
Normal Function ◽  
Research Field ◽  
The Body ◽  
Premature Ovarian Insufficiency ◽  
Ovarian Insufficiency ◽  
Low Degree ◽  
Sexual Characteristics ◽  
The Relationship

The normal function of ovaries, along with the secretion of sex hormones, is among the most important endocrine factors that maintain the female sexual characteristics and promote follicular development and ovulation. Premature ovarian insufficiency (POI) is a common cause in the etiology of female infertility. It is defined as the loss of ovarian function before the age of 40. The characteristics of POI are menstrual disorders, including amenorrhea and delayed menstruation, accompanied by a raised gonadotrophin level and decreased estradiol level. Inflammatory aging is a new concept in the research field of aging. It refers to a chronic and low-degree proinflammatory state which occurs with increasing age. Inflammatory aging is closely associated with multiple diseases, as excessive inflammation can induce the inflammatory lesions in certain organs of the body. In recent years, studies have shown that inflammatory aging plays a significant role in the pathogenesis of POI. This paper begins with the pathogenesis of inflammatory aging and summarizes the relationship between inflammatory aging and premature ovarian insufficiency in a comprehensive way, as well as discussing the new diagnostic and therapeutic methods of POI.

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