scholarly journals Intrinsic Abnormalities of Cystic Fibrosis Airway Connective Tissue Revealed by an In Vitro 3D Stromal Model

Cells ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 1371
Author(s):  
Claudia Mazio ◽  
Laura S. Scognamiglio ◽  
Rossella De Cegli ◽  
Luis J. V. Galietta ◽  
Diego Di Bernardo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cystic Fibrosis ◽  
Inflammatory Response ◽  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Inflammatory Cells ◽  
Lung Model ◽  
Lung Dysfunction ◽  
Novel Therapeutic Strategies ◽  
And Function

Cystic fibrosis is characterized by lung dysfunction involving mucus hypersecretion, bacterial infections, and inflammatory response. Inflammation triggers pro-fibrotic signals that compromise lung structure and function. At present, several in vitro cystic fibrosis models have been developed to study epithelial dysfunction but none of these focuses on stromal alterations. Here we show a new cystic fibrosis 3D stromal lung model made up of primary fibroblasts embedded in their own extracellular matrix and investigate its morphological and transcriptomic features. Cystic fibrosis fibroblasts showed a high proliferation rate and produced an abundant and chaotic matrix with increased protein content and elastic modulus. More interesting, they had enhanced pro-fibrotic markers and genes involved in epithelial function and inflammatory response. In conclusion, our study reveals that cystic fibrosis fibroblasts maintain in vitro an activated pro-fibrotic state. This abnormality may play in vivo a role in the modulation of epithelial and inflammatory cell behavior and lung remodeling. We argue that the proposed bioengineered model may provide new insights on epithelial/stromal/inflammatory cells crosstalk in cystic fibrosis, paving the way for novel therapeutic strategies.

scholarly journals Dickkopf-1 Inhibition Reactivates Wnt/β-Catenin Signaling in Rhabdomyosarcoma, Induces Myogenic Markers In Vitro and Impairs Tumor Cell Survival In Vivo

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (23) ◽  
pp. 12921
Author(s):  
Irina Giralt ◽  
Gabriel Gallo-Oller ◽  
Natalia Navarro ◽  
Patricia Zarzosa ◽  
Guillem Pons ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Therapeutic Potential ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Novel Therapeutic Strategies ◽  
And Function ◽  
Myogenic Markers ◽  
First Time ◽  
Dickkopf 1 ◽  
Proliferation And Invasion

The Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway plays a pivotal role during embryogenesis and its deregulation is a key mechanism in the origin and progression of several tumors. Wnt antagonists have been described as key modulators of Wnt/β-catenin signaling in cancer, with Dickkopf-1 (DKK-1) being the most studied member of the DKK family. Although the therapeutic potential of DKK-1 inhibition has been evaluated in several diseases and malignancies, little is known in pediatric tumors. Only a few works have studied the genetic inhibition and function of DKK-1 in rhabdomyosarcoma. Here, for the first time, we report the analysis of the therapeutic potential of DKK-1 pharmaceutical inhibition in rhabdomyosarcoma, the most common soft tissue sarcoma in children. We performed DKK-1 inhibition via shRNA technology and via the chemical inhibitor WAY-2626211. Its inhibition led to β-catenin activation and the modulation of focal adhesion kinase (FAK), with positive effects on in vitro expression of myogenic markers and a reduction in proliferation and invasion. In addition, WAY-262611 was able to impair survival of tumor cells in vivo. Therefore, DKK-1 could constitute a molecular target, which could lead to novel therapeutic strategies in RMS, especially in those patients with high DKK-1 expression.

scholarly journals Effect of Prolonged Fluconazole Treatment on Candida albicans in Diffusion Chambers Implanted into Mice

2002 ◽  
Vol 46 (10) ◽  
pp. 3175-3179
Author(s):  
Peter G. Sohnle ◽  
Beth L. Hahn
Keyword(s):  
Candida Albicans ◽  
Inflammatory Response ◽  
Inflammatory Cells ◽  
Model System ◽  
Antifungal Drugs ◽  
Yeast Cells ◽  
In Vitro Susceptibility ◽  
Bonferroni Test

ABSTRACT Fluconazole is an azole agent with primarily fungistatic activity in standard in vitro susceptibility tests. The present study was undertaken to develop a diffusion chamber model system in mice in order to study the in vivo effects of prolonged fluconazole treatment on Candida albicans. Chambers containing 100 C. albicans yeast cells were implanted subcutaneously on the flanks of C57BL/6 mice and were then retrieved 6 or 14 weeks later (after fluconazole treatment for 4 or 12 weeks, respectively). Leukocyte counts demonstrated that implantation of the chambers did elicit an inflammatory response but that only small numbers of inflammatory cells were able to enter the chamber interior. Treatment with fluconazole at 10 mg/kg of body weight/day for 12 weeks not only reduced the numbers of viable organisms within the chambers compared to those in untreated mice (mean ± standard deviation of log10 CFU of 0.7 ± 1.2 versus 2.3 ± 2.0; P < 0.001 by the Bonferroni test) but also increased the numbers of chambers that became sterile over the treatment period (14 of 16 versus 6 of 19; P = 0.0009 by the chi-square test). However, treatment for only 4 weeks had minimal effects on the numbers of chamber CFU, and none of the chambers became sterile during this period. Distribution of retrieved organisms between interior fluid and the chamber filters was approximately equal in all the treatment groups. This model system appears to be useful for evaluating the effects of antifungal drugs over prolonged periods in vivo. Its use in the present study demonstrates that fluconazole can increase the rate of sterilization of C. albicans foci that are protected from the host's inflammatory response.

scholarly journals Modulation of Immune Complex–induced Inflammation In Vivo by the Coordinate Expression of Activation and Inhibitory Fc Receptors

1999 ◽  
Vol 189 (1) ◽  
pp. 179-186 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raphael Clynes ◽  
Jay S. Maizes ◽  
Rodolphe Guinamard ◽  
Masao Ono ◽  
Toshiyuki Takai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Inflammatory Response ◽  
Immune Complexes ◽  
Inflammatory Responses ◽  
Fc Receptors ◽  
Inflammatory Cells ◽  
Neutrophil Infiltration ◽  
Calcium Flux ◽  
Deficient Mice

Autoantibodies and immune complexes are major pathogenic factors in autoimmune injury, responsible for initiation of the inflammatory cascade and its resulting tissue damage. This activation results from the interaction of immunoglobulin (Ig)G Fc receptors containing an activation motif (ITAM) with immune complexes (ICs) and cytotoxic autoantibodies which initiates and propagates an inflammatory response. In vitro, this pathway can be interrupted by coligation to FcγRIIB, an IgG Fc receptor containing an inhibitory motif (ITIM). In this report, we describe the in vivo consequences of FcγRII deficiency in the inflammatory response using a mouse model of IC alveolitis. At subthreshold concentrations of ICs that fail to elicit inflammatory responses in wild-type mice, FcγRII-deficient mice developed robust inflammatory responses characterized by increased hemorrhage, edema, and neutrophil infiltration. Bronchoalveolar fluids from FcγRII−/− stimulated mice contain higher levels of tumor necrosis factor and chemotactic activity, suggesting that FcγRII deficiency lowers the threshold of IC stimulation of resident cells such as the alveolar macrophage. In contrast, complement- and complement receptor–deficient mice develop normal inflammatory responses to suprathreshold levels of ICs, while FcRγ−/− mice are completely protected from inflammatory injury. An inhibitory role for FcγRII on macrophages is demonstrated by analysis of FcγRII−/− macrophages which show greater phagocytic and calcium flux responses upon FcγRIII engagement. These data reveal contrasting roles for the cellular receptors for IgG on inflammatory cells, providing a regulatory mechanism for setting thresholds for IC sensitivity based on the ratio of ITIM to ITAM FcγR expression. Exploiting the FcγRII inhibitory pathway could thus provide a new therapeutic approach for modulating antibody-triggered inflammation.

scholarly journals Could Arachidonic Acid-Derived Pro-Resolving Mediators Be a New Therapeutic Strategy for Asthma Therapy?

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniella Bianchi Reis Insuela ◽  
Maximiliano Ruben Ferrero ◽  
Diego de Sá Coutinho ◽  
Marco Aurélio Martins ◽  
Vinicius Frias Carvalho
Keyword(s):  
Arachidonic Acid ◽  
Inflammatory Response ◽  
Lung Inflammation ◽  
Clinical Investigation ◽  
Inflammatory Cells ◽  
Airway Epithelial ◽  
Asthmatic Patients ◽  
Beneficial Effects

Asthma represents one of the leading chronic diseases worldwide and causes a high global burden of death and disability. In asthmatic patients, the exacerbation and chronification of the inflammatory response are often related to a failure in the resolution phase of inflammation. We reviewed the role of the main arachidonic acid (AA) specialized pro-resolving mediators (SPMs) in the resolution of chronic lung inflammation of asthmatics. AA is metabolized by two classes of enzymes, cyclooxygenases (COX), which produce prostaglandins (PGs) and thromboxanes, and lypoxygenases (LOX), which form leukotrienes and lipoxins (LXs). In asthma, two primary pro-resolving derived mediators from COXs are PGE2 and the cyclopentenone prostaglandin15-Deoxy-Delta-12,14-PGJ2 (15d-PGJ2) while from LOXs are the LXA4 and LXB4. In different models of asthma, PGE2, 15d-PGJ2, and LXs reduced lung inflammation and remodeling. Furthermore, these SPMs inhibited chemotaxis and function of several inflammatory cells involved in asthma pathogenesis, such as eosinophils, and presented an antiremodeling effect in airway epithelial, smooth muscle cells and fibroblasts in vitro. In addition, PGE2, 15d-PGJ2, and LXs are all able to induce macrophage reprogramming to an alternative M2 pro-resolving phenotype in vitro and in vivo. Although PGE2 and LXA4 showed some beneficial effects in asthmatic patients, there are limitations to their clinical use, since PGE2 caused side effects, while LXA4 presented low stability. Therefore, despite the strong evidence that these AA-derived SPMs induce resolution of both inflammatory response and tissue remodeling in asthma, safer and more stable analogs must be developed for further clinical investigation of their application in asthma treatment.

scholarly journals Characterization of Alanine Catabolism in Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Its Importance for Proliferation In Vivo

2009 ◽  
Vol 191 (20) ◽  
pp. 6329-6334 ◽  
Author(s):  
Megan L. Boulette ◽  
Patricia J. Baynham ◽  
Peter A. Jorth ◽  
Irena Kukavica-Ibrulj ◽  
Aissa Longoria ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cystic Fibrosis ◽  
Pseudomonas Aeruginosa ◽  
Carbon Sources ◽  
Opportunistic Pathogen ◽  
Lung Model ◽  
Host Infection ◽  
In Vivo Growth

ABSTRACT The opportunistic pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa causes a variety of infections in immunocompromised individuals, including individuals with the heritable disease cystic fibrosis. Like the carbon sources metabolized by many disease-causing bacteria, the carbon sources metabolized by P. aeruginosa at the host infection site are unknown. We recently reported that l-alanine is a preferred carbon source for P. aeruginosa and that two genes potentially involved in alanine catabolism (dadA and dadX) are induced during in vivo growth in the rat peritoneum and during in vitro growth in sputum (mucus) collected from the lungs of individuals with cystic fibrosis. The goals of this study were to characterize factors required for alanine catabolism in P. aeruginosa and to assess the importance of these factors for in vivo growth. Our results reveal that dadA and dadX are arranged in an operon and are required for catabolism of l-alanine. The dad operon is inducible by l-alanine, d-alanine, and l-valine, and induction is dependent on the transcriptional regulator Lrp. Finally, we show that a mutant unable to catabolize dl-alanine displays decreased competitiveness in a rat lung model of infection.

scholarly journals Current and Emerging Therapies to Combat Cystic Fibrosis Lung Infections

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (9) ◽  
pp. 1874
Author(s):  
Jim Manos
Keyword(s):  
Cystic Fibrosis ◽  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Current Method ◽  
Antimicrobial Treatment ◽  
Bacterial Survival ◽  
In Vivo Testing ◽  
Lung Transplants ◽  
New Treatments

The ultimate aim of any antimicrobial treatment is a better infection outcome for the patient. Here, we review the current state of treatment for bacterial infections in cystic fibrosis (CF) lung while also investigating potential new treatments being developed to see how they may change the dynamics of antimicrobial therapy. Treatment with antibiotics coupled with regular physical therapy has been shown to reduce exacerbations and may eradicate some strains. Therapies such as hypertonic saline and inhaled PulmozymeTM (DNase-I) improve mucus clearance, while modifier drugs, singly and more successfully in combination, re-open certain mutant forms of the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) to enable ion passage. No current method, however, completely eradicates infection, mainly due to bacterial survival within biofilm aggregates. Lung transplants increase lifespan, but reinfection is a continuing problem. CFTR modifiers normalise ion transport for the affected mutations, but there is conflicting evidence on bacterial clearance. Emerging treatments combine antibiotics with novel compounds including quorum-sensing inhibitors, antioxidants, and enzymes, or with bacteriophages, aiming to disrupt the biofilm matrix and improve antibiotic access. Other treatments involve bacteriophages that target, infect and kill bacteria. These novel therapeutic approaches are showing good promise in vitro, and a few have made the leap to in vivo testing.

Abstract 114: Downregulation of Small GTPase Rnd3 in Cardiomyocytes Leads to Hyperinflammatory Response in Post-myocardial Infarction Heart

2016 ◽  
Vol 119 (suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuan Dai ◽  
Xiangsheng Yang ◽  
Xiaojing Yue ◽  
Tingli Yang ◽  
Xin Yi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Myocardial Infarction ◽  
Inflammatory Response ◽  
Cardiac Function ◽  
Inflammatory Cells ◽  
Small Gtpase ◽  
Negative Regulator ◽  
Fine Tuning ◽  
Acute Mi

Background: Hyperinflammatory response leads to maladaptive healing and remodeling after acute myocardial infarction (MI), while a balanced inflammatory response is essential for post-MI repair and remodeling. Most of the studies have focused on inflammatory cells, extracellular matrices and myofibroblasts in the regulation of acute MI-induced inflammatory response, the investigation of crucial role of cardiomyocytes in the initiation and regulation of the responsive inflammation in heart has been overlooked. Subjects and Methods: To demonstrate that small G protein Rnd3 functions as a negative regulator to refine the inflammatory response by preventing excessive inflammation in cardiomyocytes after acute MI. Genetic mouse models with cardiomyocyte-specific knockout and overexpression of Rnd3 were studied along with multiple cell culture approaches. An acute MI was introduced by ligation of the left anterior descending artery. Results: Mice with cardiomyocyte-specific deletion of Rnd3 (heterozygous, Rnd3 +/- ) showed a significantly higher mortality, worse cardiac function, and increased infarct size compared to wild-type control mice after MI. Massive inflammatory cell infiltration along with a profound increase in the expression levels of cytokines, MMP2 and MMP9 were observed in the infarcted and remote areas in Rnd3 +/- heart. Mechanistic studies revealed that Rnd3 bound to NFκB complex and attenuated NFκB activity by 1) physically interacting with NFκB component p65; 2) competing with NFκB component p50 for p65 binding; 3) blocking p65 nuclear import. The mechanisms were demonstrated in vitro and in vivo . Cardiomyocyte-specific overexpression of Rnd3 in mice inhibited hyperactivation of NFκB signaling, attenuated excessive inflammatory response, reduced infarct areas and ameliorated post-MI cardiac function. Conclusions: 1) This study demonstrates cardiomyocytes as an intrinsic and crucial component in the initiation of the inflammatory cascade in acute MI; 2) discover Rnd3 as a new “fine-tuning” factor situated at the nexus of the inflammatory response; 3) reveal a novel molecular mechanism through Rnd3-mediated NFκB signaling axes responsible for a balanced inflammatory response after acute MI.

Sodium 4-phenylbutyrate downregulates Hsc70: implications for intracellular trafficking of ΔF508-CFTR

2000 ◽  
Vol 278 (2) ◽  
pp. C259-C267 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ronald C. Rubenstein ◽  
Pamela L. Zeitlin
Keyword(s):  
Cystic Fibrosis ◽  
Epithelial Cells ◽  
Ubiquitin Proteasome System ◽  
Common Mutation ◽  
Mrna Levels ◽  
Δf508 Cftr ◽  
Protein Immunoreactivity ◽  
And Function

The most common mutation of the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR), ΔF508, is a trafficking mutant that has prolonged associations with molecular chaperones and is rapidly degraded, at least in part by the ubiquitin-proteasome system. Sodium 4-phenylbutyrate (4PBA) improves ΔF508-CFTR trafficking and function in vitro in cystic fibrosis epithelial cells and in vivo. To further understand the mechanism of action of 4PBA, we tested the hypothesis that 4PBA modulates the targeting of ΔF508-CFTR for ubiquitination and degradation by reducing the expression of Hsc70 in cystic fibrosis epithelial cells. IB3-1 cells (genotype ΔF508/W1282X) that were treated with 0.05–5 mM 4PBA for 2 days in culture demonstrated a dose-dependent reduction in Hsc70 protein immunoreactivity and mRNA levels. Immunoprecipitation with Hsc70-specific antiserum demonstrated that Hsc70 and CFTR associated under control conditions and that treatment with 4PBA reduced these complexes. Levels of immunoreactive Hsp40, Hdj2, Hsp70, Hsp90, and calnexin were unaffected by 4PBA treatment. These data suggest that 4PBA may improve ΔF508-CFTR trafficking by allowing a greater proportion of mutant CFTR to escape association with Hsc70.

scholarly journals Anti-Inflammatory Influences of Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator Drugs on Lung Inflammation in Cystic Fibrosis

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (14) ◽  
pp. 7606
Author(s):  
Kiera H. Harwood ◽  
Rachel M. McQuade ◽  
Andrew Jarnicki ◽  
Elena K. Schneider-Futschik
Keyword(s):  
Cystic Fibrosis ◽  
Inflammatory Response ◽  
Lung Inflammation ◽  
Inflammatory Cells ◽  
Neutrophil Infiltration ◽  
Transmembrane Conductance Regulator ◽  
Transmembrane Conductance ◽  
Microbial Infections ◽  
And Function ◽  
Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane

Cystic fibrosis (CF) is caused by a defect in the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator protein (CFTR) which instigates a myriad of respiratory complications including increased vulnerability to lung infections and lung inflammation. The extensive influx of pro-inflammatory cells and production of mediators into the CF lung leading to lung tissue damage and increased susceptibility to microbial infections, creates a highly inflammatory environment. The CF inflammation is particularly driven by neutrophil infiltration, through the IL-23/17 pathway, and function, through NE, NETosis, and NLRP3-inflammasome formation. Better understanding of these pathways may uncover untapped therapeutic targets, potentially reducing disease burden experienced by CF patients. This review outlines the dysregulated lung inflammatory response in CF, explores the current understanding of CFTR modulators on lung inflammation, and provides context for their potential use as therapeutics for CF. Finally, we discuss the determinants that need to be taken into consideration to understand the exaggerated inflammatory response in the CF lung.

Inhibitory effects of epimedium herb water extract on the inflammatory response in vitro and in vivo

Planta Medica ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 81 (S 01) ◽  
pp. S1-S381
Author(s):  
YC Oh ◽  
YH Jeong ◽  
WK Cho ◽  
SJ Lee ◽  
JY Ma
Keyword(s):  
Inflammatory Response ◽  
Water Extract ◽  
Inhibitory Effects
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